A    HISTORY 


OF 


THE  COLLEGE  OE  CALIEORNIA 


Samuel  H.  Willky,  D.  D. 


SAN  FRANCISCO: 
SAMUKL     CARSON     &     CO, 

Publishers  and  Booksellers. 

1887. 


n 


s^ 


COl'VRIC.H'IKI)    liV 

SAiMUKi.   H.   WIIJ.KV,   l»    I ). 
1SS7. 


CONTENTS. 


Introductory v 

I.  Preliminary   Work i 

II.  The  Incorporation  of  the  College 8 

III.  Search  for  a  Permanent  Site i6 

IV.  Preparation  of  the  First  College  Class 35 

V.  Appointment  of  College  Professors 54 

VI.  New  Efforts  to  Get  Funds  at  the  East C9 

VII.  The  Appointment  of  Vice-President 78 

VIII.  Inside  View  of  the  College  at  Work 88 

IX.  The  First  Commencement 96 

X.  The  Religious  Spirit  of  the  College 114 

XI.  Calls  for  Funds  and  Students. 130 

XII.  Progress  in  the  College  Work 145 

XIII.  The  'Ihird  Com.mencement 153 

XIV.  The  College  Water  Supply 167 

XV.  Graduation  of  the  Fourth  Class 175 

XVI.  The  College  Water  Works 198 

XVII.  Origin  of  the  University  Idea 204 

XVIII.  The  University  Organized 214' 

-XIX.  Graduation  of  the  F"ifth  Class 222 

XX.  Summary  of  the  Work  of  the  College 232. 

Appendix 249 


INTRODUCTORY. 


The  history  of  the  College  of  California  is  an  important  chapter 
in  the  educational  history  of  the  State.  As  such  it  deserves  a 
permanent  record,  which  it  has  not  hitherto  had.  It  deserves  it  all 
the  more,  because  it  belongs  to  the  earliest  period  of  that  history, 
and  if  unwritten  would  be  forgotten. 

Inasmuch  as  I  was  Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  from  the 
beginning,  and  the  executive  officer  of  the  College  for  eight  years, 
the  duty  of  writing  this  history  seemed  to  fall  to  me.  Perhaps  I 
am  the  only  one  who  could  write  it  with  so  full  a  recollection  of  the 
facts.  Besides,.  I  have  carefully  preserved  the  materials  necessary 
to  its  composition,  such  as  the  record  of  the  transactions  of  the' 
Board  of  Trustees,  the  Treasurer's  books,  the  correspondence  of  the 
College,  its  annual  catalogues  and  occasional  circulars,  the  reports 
of  the  Faculty  of  Instruction,  also  copies  of  printed  addresses,  ora- 
tions, poems.  Alumni  proceedings,  reports,  etc.  These  materials  I 
have  freely  used,  guided  by  my  own  recollection  of  events  as  they 
took  place.  It  has  been  my  purpose,  not  only  to  give  a  correct  view 
of  the  progress  of  the  institution  in  a  general  way,  but  also  a  clear 
idea  of  its  prade  of  scholarship,  and  of  its  principles  and  aims,  both 
educational  and  religious.  At  the  same  time  I  have  made  it  to  rep- 
resent quite  fully  the  literature  which  grew  up  within  the  College  and 
around  it,  giving  u\  full  most  of  its  publications. 


•'  -EESITY 


CHAPTER    I. 

PRELIMINARY   WORK. 

The  idea  of  founding  a  college  in  California  was  entertained 
as  earlv  as  the  year  1849.  The  emigration  from  the  United 
States,  consequent  upon  the  discovery  of  gold,  brought  some 
people  to  this  country  who,  even  then,  proposed  to  settle  here 
and  make  it  their  home.  A  few  of  these  who  became 'known 
to  each  other,  began  at  once  to  plan  for  the  founding  of  a 
college.  They  wanted  it  to  start  early  enough  to  come  into 
actual  existence,  as  a  college,  in  their  own  life-time.  But  in 
order  to  do  this,  they  were  well  aware  that  it  must  be  a  col- 
lege in  which  all  could  unite.  Otherwise,  in  a  country  new 
and  remote,  and  likely  to  be  settled  slowly,  it  would  have  no 
prospect  of  the  desired  growth  within  that  length  of  time. 
Nor  was  this  any  disadvantage  or  hindrance  in  their  view, 
because  the  sphere  of  a  college  education  is  common  ground. 

My  own  home  was  at  that  time  in  Monterey,  the  capital  of 
the  country.  Thomas  O.  Larkin  resided  there,  and  I  found 
on  becoming  acquainted  with  him,  that  he  also  felt  a  decided 
interest  in  the  idea  of  founding  a  college  in  California.  He 
may  have  been  led  to  this  partly  through  the  influence  of  the 
Rev.  Dr.  William  M.  Rogers,  of  Boston,  who  was  a  relative 
of  his.  Dr.  Rogers  was  at  that  time  one  of  the  overseers  of 
Harvard  University;  and  I  suggested  to  Mr.  Larkin  that  he 
should  write  to  him,  and  get  his  ideas  as  to  the  best  plan  for 
the  organization  of  a  college  in  a  new  country.  Mr.  Larkin 
approved  of  the  plan  of  writing,  but  referred  the  work  of 
doing  it  to  me.  Accordingly  I  wrote  a  letter  to  Dr.  Rogers, 
dated  April  17,  1849.  In  due  time,  a  carefully  prepared  reply 
I 


I 


2  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

came,  dated  Boston,  June  25,  1849.  The  points  as  Dr. 
Rogers  made  them,  were  these: — 

"  I.  A  college  or  University  ought  to  be  established,  (a) 
For  the  general  good  of  California.  Your  distance  from  the 
Atlantic  renders  it  indispensable  that  you  look  to  yourselves, 
and  not  to  us  for  the  benefits  of  college  education,  {b)  The 
character  and  well-being  of  the  people  of  Califonnia  will  de- 
pend, as  they  have  depended  in  New  England,  on  the  educated 
men  of  the  country,  and  on  the  educated  sons  of  the  country. 

"II.  The  site  should  be  .so  chosen  as  to  give  the  college 
for  all  time  the  benefits  of  a  country  location. 

"III.  A  University  includes  the  studies  compri.sed  in  a 
liberal  education,  as  well  as  schools  of  law,  divinity,  and 
mciiicinc.and  endowments  to  meet  these  wants,  whether  from 
individuals  or  the  Government,  must  be  generous.  Indeed,  a 
University  with  all  its  apparatus,  mu.st  be  the  growth  of  time, 
and  I  think  that  the  benefactors  of  the  institution  contem- 
plated with  you,  ought  to  be  content  if,  at  the  out.set,  they 
can  secure  what  will  equal  a  New  England  high  .school, 
waiting  for  the  gradual  growth  of  the  country,  and  the  insti- 
tution, ia)  All  lands  given  for  this  purpose  around  the  site, 
should  be  inalienable,  and  the  sale  of  such  lands  should  be  a 
forfeiture  to  the  heirs  of  the  donors,  or  in  their  default,  to  the 
commonwealth  of  Alta  California.  I  write  this  because 
landed  property  is  safest,  and  because  the  college  would 
increase  in  wealth  exactl\-  in  proportion  with  the  country 
{b)  One  quarter  part  of  the  yearly  avails  of  lands  other  than 
the  site  of  the  institution,  should  be  devoted  to  the  giving  of 
gratuitous  instruction  to  indigent  and  promising  young  men. 

"IV.  Somebody  must  hold  all  funds,  and  be  responsible 
for  their  due  apjilication.  After  watching  very  carefully  the 
result  of  many  plans  in  founding  colleges,  I  am  satisfied  that 
it  is  unilesirable  to  have  a  State  college,  because,  among  other 
reasons,  such  a  foumlation  will,  of  necessity,  be  affected  by 
the  political  agitations  of  the  country.  I  suggest  that  a 
definite  number  of  gentlemen,  say  seven,  to  begin  with,  be 
constitiitci!  a  Hoard  of  Trustees,  with  i)Ower  to  hold  the  prop- 


/ 


PKELnrrNAKY  WORK.  3 

crly  and  administer  its  affairs,  and  that  the  power  and  rights 
of  visitation  and  supervision,  so  far  as  to  see  that  the  trust  is 
fulfilled,  be  vested  in  the  commonwealth  of  California." 

The  subject,  as  presented  in  this  letter,  was  discussed 
among  us,  by  correspondence  and  otherwise,  during  the  sum- 
mer of  1849;  but  nothing  could  really  be  done  in  the  matter 
at  that  time.  For,  although  we  were  under  the  United  States 
flag,  we  were  still  under  Mexican  law.  The  proclamation, 
however,  had  been  made,  calling  a  convention  to  form  a  State 
constitution.  This  convention  was  to  meet  in  Monterey,  in 
the  following  September,  and  would  bring  together,  as  we 
knew,  many  gentlemen  from  all  parts  of  the  country,  and 
among  them  might  be  found,  as  we  thought,  those  who  would 
take  an  interest  in  the  college  plan. 

At  the  proposed  time  the  convention  met,  and  brought 
together  a  large  number  of  able  men,  mostly  young,  and 
nearly  all  entire  strangers  one  to  another.  All  who  came 
from  the  mines  were  in  great  haste  to  do  their  work  and  get 
back  to  the  placers,  for  then  was  their  harvest  season,  and 
days  were  precious.  But  in  the  hurry  and  rush  of  things, 
some  friends  were  made  to  the  college  enterprise.  It  was 
easy  to  get  attention  to  the  matter  of  a  foundation  for  com- 
mon schools,  and  secure  a  generous  provision  for  their  support 
by  the  setting  apart  for  that  purpose,  through  the  constitution, 
the  sixteenth  and  thirty-sixth  sections  of  public  land;-  but, 
in  that  hurrying  time,  to  awaken  an  interest  in  the  remoter 
idea  of  building  a  college,  was  not  so  easy.  It  is  not  wonder- 
ful that  this  was  so.  Indeed  it  is  surprising  that  there  were 
any  disposed  to  enlist  in  the  work.  There  was  not  a  single 
school  then,  in  the  whole  of  California.  There  had  been  a 
school  in  San  Francisco,  and  perhaps  in  one  or  two  other 
places,  temporarily,  but  at  this  time  there  was  none.  There 
were  very  few  children,  very  few  certainly,  except  those  of 
the  native  Californians,  using  the  Spanish  language.  And 
there  was  no  near  prospect  of  a  youthful  population  to  need 
a  college.  But  there  were  some  who  foresaw  that  this  coun- 
try would   soon  attract  hither  a   population,  and    hold  it,  and 


4  ///sioh-y  or  THE  college  oe  ca/jfokx/a. 

become  a  thriving  State.  To  be  sure,  its  great  resources,  as 
they  have  since  been  developed,  were  not  then  known  or 
dreamed  of;  but  the  most  discerning  people  felt  assured  of  a 
prosperous  future  for  the  country.  And  in  that  future,  they 
knew  that  a  college  would  be  a  necessity.  And  they  knew, 
at  the  same  time,  that  a  college  could  not  be  built  in  a  day; 
and  therefore  deemed  it  wise  to  lay  the  foundation,  so  far  as 
possible,  then,  in  order  to  have  it  somewhere  near  to  readiness 
when  it  should  be  wanted. 

The  State  constitution,  which  was  formed  in  September, 
1849,  and  adapted  by  vote  of  the  people,  in  November,  made 
San  Jose  the  capital,  and  appointed  the  meeting  of  the  first 
Legislature  there  on  the  fifteenth  day  of  the  following  Decem- 
ber. At  that  session  it  was  believed  a  law  for  the  incorpora- 
tion of  colleges  could  be  passed,  under  which,  if  it  should  be 
desireii,  a  charter  in  pursuance  of  our  plan  could  be  obtained. 
Meanwhile,  efforts  looking  towards  location  and  the  beginning 
of  Ludowment  were  being  made. 

James  Stokes  and  Kimball  H.  Dimmick  owned  land  situ- 
ated on  the  Guadaloupe  River,  in  San  Jose.  Rev.  S.  V. 
Hlakcslee  obtained  from  them  the  promise  of  a  gift  of  a  gen- 
erous portion  of  that  land  as  a  site,  and  for  the  use  and 
benefit  of  the  proposed  college  as  soon  as  a  charter  should  be 
obtained,  and  a  Board  of  Trustees  organized.  The  persons 
named  in  the  writing,  as  those  who  should  be  members  of  the 
Hoard  at  the  beginning,  were:  h'orrest  Shepard,  Chester  S. 
Lyman,  John  \V.  Douglass,  Benjamin  Corey,  Samuel  H. 
VVilley,  T.  Dwight  Hunt,  Thomas  Douglass,  and  S.  V. 
Hlakcslee.  The  next  movement  was  for  a  law  providing  for 
college  incorporations.  When  the  time  for  the  assembling  of 
the  first  Legislature  came,  a  few  friends  of  this  college  project 
met  at  San  Jos(5.  To  attend  that  meeting,  I  remember  riding 
to  San  Jose  on  horseback  from  Monterey,  with  the  party  of 
officers  who  accompanied  General  Riley,  when  he  went  to 
turn  over  the  civil  government  into  the  hands  of  the  recently 
chosen  Stale  ofiicials.  In  the  interviews  that  followed,  touch- 
ing the  college  matter,  it  was  understood  that  a  bill  would  be 


PRELIMINARY  WORK.  5 

introduced  for  a  law  under  which  colleges  could  be  chartered, 
and  that  one  provision  of  the  law  should  be,  that  the  proposed 
college  should  possess  property  to  the  amount  of  at  least 
twenty  thousand  dollars.  It  was  found,  at  this  meeting,  that 
some  of  the  gentlemen  who  had  been  previously  named  as 
Trustees,  had,  even  so  soon,  left  the  country,  and  others  had 
gone  where  they  could  not  act.  Therefore  a  somewhat  dif- 
ferent list  of  names  was  agreed  upon  for  the  first  Trustees,  as 
appears  by  a  memorandum  dated  San  Jose,  December  i8 
1849.     It  reads  as  follows: — 

"  It  is  the  understanding  that  Chester  S.  Lyman,  Sherman 
Day,  Forrest  Shepard,  Frederick  l^illings,  and  S.  II.  Willcy, 
become  a  corporate  body  according  to  the  laws  of  this  State, 
as  soon  as  the  Legislature  shall  have  passed  the  necessary 
acts,  to  hold  property  for  the  foundation  of  California 
University  or  College,  and  to  be  part  of  a  Board  of  Trustees 
of  such  university  or  college.  That  as  soon  as  convenient 
after  they  have  obtained  the  charter,  they  will  meet  and  fill 
the  Board  of  Trustees,  to  the  number  stated  in  the  instrument 
of  incorporation.  That  the  Governor,  and  the  Superintend- 
ent of  Schools  of  the  State  of  California,  be  ex  officio  mem- 
bers of  the  Board.  That,  at  the  same  meeting,  measures  be 
devised  for  raising  funds  for  the  endowment  of  the  Univer- 
sity. That  the  proposed  plans  be  stated  in  a  circular,  and 
sent  to  such  persons  in  the  State,  as  may  be  expected  to  co- 
operate in  founding  such  an  institution." 

The  plan  thus  outlined  was  brought  to  the  attention  of  the 
Presbytery  of  San  Francisco.  The  Presbytery  consisted  of 
Rev.  T.  D.  Hunt,  Rev.  J.  W.  Douglas.s,and  Rev.  S.  H.  Willey. 
Acting  with  them  at  this  time,  were,  Rev.  J.  A.  Benton,  Rev. 
S.  V.  Blakeslee,  and  Hon.  Sherman  Day.  At  the  meeting  of 
May  15,  1850,  the  following  minute  was  adopted: — 

"  The  members  of  the  Presbytery,  deeply  impressed  with 
the  need  of  common  schools  and  higher  institutions  of  learn- 
ing being  early  established  among  us,  for  the  purpose  of  culti- 
vating the  intellect  and  developing  the  genius,  and  securing 
moral  worth   of  the   community,   look   with    particular   favor 


6  IIISTOA'V  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

upon  every  effort  made  to  advance  the  interests  of  schools, 
and  will,  as  individuals,  heartily  co-operate  with  such  as  may 
undertake  to  found  a  college  or  University  on  broad  and  lib- 
eral principles,  and  would  earnestly  commend  any  such  en- 
terprise to  the  favor  and  support  of  their  fellow-citizens." 

In  due  time  the  bill  providing  for  college  charters  was 
passed,  and  became  a  law.  It  required  that  application  should 
be  made  to  the  Supreme  Court,  which  was  to  determine 
whether  the  property  possessed  by  the  proposed  college,  was 
equal  to  the  required  twenty  thousand  dollars,  and  whether 
in  other  respects  it  ought  to  be  chartered.  Not  long  after 
this  law  went  into  effect,  Frederick  Billings,  on  behalf  of  the 
proposed  Trustees,  applied  to  the  Supreme  Court  for  a  charter. 
He  placed  before  that  body  the  agreements  which  had  been 
entered  into  by  parties,  to  give  land  and  other  property  for 
the  foundation  and  endowment  of  the  institution. 

When  the  matter  was  considered  by  the  court,  the  majority 
of  the  judges  chose  to  give  so  strict  a  construction  to  the 
requirements  of  the  statute,  as  to  the  property,  that  they 
could  not  be  complied  with.  There  had  then  been  no  surveys 
of  lantl.  or  determination  of  titles,  such  as  the  court  held  to 
be  necessary  to  meet  the  requirements  of  the  law  under  which 
a  charter  must  be  granted,  and  for  that  reason  they  declined 
to  give  it.  The  case  is  recorded  in  California  Reports,  I, 
page  330. 

It  may  throw  some  light  on  the  prospects  of  the  college 
plans  to  indicate  the  Protestant  Churches  at  this  time  existing 
in  the  principal  towns  of  California.  There  were,  in  San 
I'Vancisco,  two  Episcopal  Churches,  one  Methodist,  one  Con- 
gregational, one  Baptist,  and  one  Presbyterian,  each  having 
a  chapel  built  of  boards,  and  cloth  lined;  in  Sacramento,  one 
Methodist  Church,  with  a  similarly  constructed  chapel,  one 
Congregational  Church,  with  a  chapel  in  process  of  construc- 
tion; also  small  Baptist  and  Kpiscopal  congregations;  in 
Stockton,  a  Presbyterian  and  a  Methodist  Church;  in  San 
Jos<5,  a  Presbyterian  and  a  Baj^ist  Church;  in  Benicia,  a 
Presbyterian  Chinch,  with  a  convenient  chapel.     There  was 


PRELIMINARY  WORK.  7 

a  Presbyterian  minister  preaching  in  Napa  Valley.  There 
may  have  been  a  few  other  Protestant  clergymen  in  the  State, 
but  a  very  few. 

Another  branch  of  educational  work  called  for  attention  at 
this  time.  It  was  that  of  organizing  common  schools,  and 
getting  them  into  operation  according  to  the  laws  which  the 
Legislature  had  enacted  for  that  purpose.  This  was  a  work 
of  no  little  difficulty.  It  required  a  great  deal  of  time,  and 
there  were  very  few  who  had  time  to  give.  In  San  Francisco 
the  City  Council  hesitated  to  assess  a  tax  for  the  support  of 
schools.  Business  men,  in  their  hurry,  said,  "  Schools  arc  not 
needed."  To  show  that  they  were  needed,  the  pupils  of  three 
or  four  private  schools  that  had  been  started,  were  got  to- 
gether, and  marched  in  a  procession  through  Montgomery 
Street.  There  were  about  one  hundred  in  all.  Men  saw  the 
little  procession,  and  said,  "  There  are  more  children  needing 
schools  in  San  Francisco,  than  we  thought,  after  all." 
Thereupon,  the  city  government,  in  185 1,  adopted  the  schools 
and  provided  for  their  support.  But  the  question  of  their 
continuance,  and  the  adoption  in  the  State  of  the  common- 
school  system  as  it  existed  in  the  Northern  States,  was  an 
open  one  for  several  years.  It  had  its  advocates,  and  it  had 
warm  opponents.  Its  friends  were  very  earnest  in  its  behalf, 
and  only  carried  their  point  against  sharp  opposition.  It  was 
not  possible  for  them  to  give  attention  to  the  founding  of  in- 
stitutions for  higher  education  until  the  question  of  popular 
education  was  settled.  Some  of  them,  however,  in  the  mean- 
time, undertook  the  establishment  of  the  Young  Ladies' 
Seminary,  at  Benicia,  which  was  commenced  and  was  well 
under  way  in  1852,  and  continued  to  be,  for  more  than  thirty 
years,  an  honor  to  learning  in  the  State. 


CHAPTER  II. 

THE  INCORPORATION  OF  THE  COLLEGE. 

Early  in  the  year  1853,  the  Rev.  Henry  Diirant  came  to 
Cahfornia  on  purpose  to  teach  and  to  give  himself  wholly  to 
the  work  of  founding  a  college.  Mr.  Durant  brought  letters 
of  high  commendation  from  officers  in  Yale  College,  where 
he  himself  had  once  been  a  tutor,  and  from  such  ministers  as 
Rev.  Dr.  William  Adams,  of  New  York,  and,  of  course,  was 
very  cordially  welcomed.  liy  the  increase  of  population, 
there  were  now  .some  boys  here  to  be  taught,  and  the  question 
was  as  to  the  best  place  for  the  opening  of  a  school.  In  the 
changetl  circumstances  of  the  time,  it  seemed  to  be  Oakland. 
Some  attention  had  begun  to  be  turned  to  that  side  of  the 
bay  already.  The  mildness  of  the  climate  was  observed. 
The  extensive  forest  of  fine  oak  trees  was  especially  admired. 
One  single  wheezy  little  steamer  had  begun  to  cross  two  or 
three  times  a  day  from  San  I''rancisco,  to  accommodate  pas- 
sengers, which  she  did  well  enough,  save  when  she  got  aground 
on  the  "bar"  and  luid  to  wait  for  a  tide!  But,  all  things 
considcreil,  Oakland  was  elecidcd  to  be  the  best  place  for  the 
school,  and  preparation  was  therefore  at  once  made  to  open 
it  there. 

The  matter  came  up  as  one  for  consultation  and  advice 
before  the  jcjint  meeting  of  the  I'resbytery  of  San  Francisco, 
and  the  Congregational  Association  of  California,  held  in 
Nevada  City,  in  May,  1853.  Mr.  Durant  was  there.  The 
entiiusiasm  of  youth — for  we  were  all  young  then — and  the 
stimulus  of  the  mountain  air,  made  the  most  difficult  work 
seem  (juitc  possible.  S.  H.  Willey,  S.  B.  Hell,  T.D.Hunt, 
and  J.  A.  Benton,  were  api)()intcil  a  committee  to  co-operate 


INCORPORATION  OF  TIfR  COIJ.EGE.  0 

with  Mr.  Durant,  and  establish  an  academy.  A  Board  of 
Academy  Trustees  was  soon  thereafter  organized,  and  Mr. 
Durant  went  at  once  to  work  to  find  a  house  in  which  to  be- 
l^in.  This  proved  to  be  not  an  easy  thing  to  do.  There  were 
then  but  few  houses  in  Oakland,  and  they  were  mostly  situ- 
ated on  Broadway,  near  the  landing  at  the  foot  of  that  street. 
A  house  was  at  last  obtained,  which  stood  on  the  corner  of 
Broadway  and  Fifth  Street.  The  rent  was  one  hundred  and 
fifty  dollars  a  month,  to  be  paid  in  gold  coin  monthly,  in  ad- 
vance. The  school  opened  with  tJiree  pupils,  but  increased 
somewhat  during  the  first  two  or  three  months,  but  at  best, 
was  far  from  paying  expenses.  The  balance  was  made  up 
regularly,  for  some  time,  by  private  contributions.  But  this 
arrangement  was  only  temporary. 

Ground  was  selected  for  a  permanent  site  for  the  school. 
The  spot  chosen  was  the  highest  above  tide-water  in  what  is 
now  the  city,  and  was  covered  with  the  very  finest  growth  of 
oaks.  It  consisted  of  four  blocks,  numbered  one  hundred  ' 
and  seventy-two  and  one  hundred  and  ninety-three,  and  the 
included  streets,  and  was  found,  when  the  streets  were  opened, 
to  be  between  Twelfth  and  Fourteenth,  and  between  Franklin 
and  Harrison  Streets.  But  the  selection  of  a  site  was  one 
thing,  and  the  getting  possession  of  it  was  quite  another. 
Titles  and  claims  on  the  "  encinal  "  may  almost  be  said  to 
have  been  knee-deep.  Mr.  Durant  described  one  step  in  the 
process,  in  this  way: — 

"Just  at  this  time,  'the  jumpers,'  as  they  are  called — a  cer- 
tain order  of  squatters — assembled  in  pretty  large  numbers 
at  the  end  of  Broadway — two  or  three  hundred  of  them.  It 
seems  a  plan  had  been  arranged,  and  they  had  been  gathering 
in  small  numbers  until  there  was  a  large  crowd  of  them. 
They  were  discussing,  haranguing,  and  working  themselves 
up  to  the  point  of  taking  possession  of  all  the  unoccupied 
grounds  in  Oakland.  Learning  what  they  were  about — that 
they  were  about  to  take  possession  of  the  various  lands  of 
the  city,  and  divide  them  off  by  drawing  lots,  giving  each  one 
something — I  went  down   into  that  crowd,  took  off  my  hat. 


10  HISTORY  OF  rilE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

got  their  attention  somehow,  and  proclaimed  that  negotiations 
were  pending  for  the  purpose  of  securing  four  blocks  that  had 
been  selected  for  the  purpose  of  building  a  college.  A  mo- 
tion was  made  that  three  cheers  be  given  for  the  coming  col- 
lege. A  committee  was  appointed  to  take  charge  of  these 
four  blocks,  to  keep  them  safe  from  interference  from  any 
quarter,  and  to  hold  them  sacred  to  the  use  for  which  they 
had  been  voted." 

Funds  were  raised  by 'Subscription,  and  after  a  great  deal 
of  difficulty,  a  house  was  erected  on  one  of  these  blocks,  and 
the  school  was  moved  into  its  own  home.  There  it  had  a 
better  chance  to  live.  One  trouble  encountered  in  getting 
possession  of  this  site  and  house,  was  characteristic  of  the 
times,  and  is  thus  described  by  Mr.  Durant: — 

"  The  house  was  building,  and  it  had  been  roofed  in,  the 
outside  of  the  house  pretty  nearly  finished,  some  of  the  rooms 
quite  well  under  way,  and  one  room  finished  inside.  The 
funds  now  gave  out,  and  the  contractors,  as  I  understood, 
were  about  making  arrangements  with  some  parties  to  let 
them  have  the  money  to  finish  up  the  building — some  six  or 
seven  hundred  dollars — and  to  take  a  lien  on  the  building. 
They  pro[)osed  to  get  the  whole  property  for  themselves  in 
thai  way.  This  thing  had  been  done,  I  knew,  with  regard  to 
a  pretty  good  house  that  had  been  built  a  little  while  before. 
The  builder  was  not  able  to  pay  for  it  immediately,  and  the 
contractors  got  somebody  to  advance  the  money  to  complete 
the  house.  They  put  into  the  house  a  man  armed  with  a 
pistol  to  keep  the  proprietor  away,  and  took  possession  of  it 
themselves;  and  lie  lost  the  house.  Knowing  that  fact,  and 
not  knowing  but  something  of  that  kind  might  occur,  I  con- 
sulted a  lawyer,  who  told  me  what  I  might  do.  Said  he: 
Vou  go  and  take  possession  of  that  house.  Be  beforehand. 
You  have  had  to  do  with  the  contractors;  you  really  may  be 
regarded  as  the  proprietor  of  it.'  I  came  over  at  night,  took 
a  man  with  me,  went  into  the  house,  put  a  table,  chairs,  etc., 
into  one  of  the  rooms  upstairs,  and  went  to  bed.  Pretty 
carl\   in  tli.-  in<.rniii<;  the  contractor  came  into  the  house  and 


IiVCOKPOKAT/ON  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  11 

looked  about.  Presently  he  came  to  our  door.  Looking  in, 
said  he  :  '  What  is  here  ?  ' 

"  I  was  getting  up.  I  told  him  I  didn't  mean  any  hurt  to 
him  but  I  was  a  little  in  a  hurry  to  go  into  my  new  home,  and 
I  thought  I  would  make  a  beginning  the  night  before.  I 
asked  him  if  he  would  not  walk  in  and  take  a  seat.  I  claimed 
to  be  the  proprietor  and  in  possession.  He  went  off.  My 
friend  went  away,  and  in  a  little  while  the  contractor  came 
back  with  two  burly  fellows.  They  came  into  the  room  and 
helped  themselves  to  seats.  I  had  no  means  of  defense  ex- 
cept an  ax  that  was  under  the  bed.  The  contractor  said  to 
one  of  the  men:  '  Well,  what  will  you  do  ?  '  Said  he:  '  If  you 
ask  my  advice,  I  say,  proceed  summarily,'  and  he  began  to 
get  up.  I  rose,  too,  then — about  two  feet  taller  than  usual;  I 
felt  as  if  I  was  monarch  of  all  I  surveyed.  I  told  him  that  if 
I  understood  him,  he  intended  to  move  into  the  room.  Said 
I:  'You  will  not  only  commit  a  trespass  upon  my  property, 
but  you  will  do  violence  upon  my  body.  I  don't  intend  to 
leave  this  room  in  a  sound  condition.  If  you  undertake  to 
do  that,  you  will  commit  a  crime  as  well  as  a  trespass  ! '  That 
seemed  to  stagger  them,  and  finally  they  left  me  in  posses- 
sion." 

California  was  not  yet  settled  to  any  great  extent  with 
families,  and  there  were  not  many  boys  to  be  taught.  The 
school  had  up-hill  work,  and  made  slow  progress  for  some 
years.  And  yet  it  succeeded  as  well  as  any  other  school  at 
that  time.  It  kept  on  slowly  growing  from  year  to  year,  in- 
creasing its  teaching  force  as  its  income  would  warrant,  and 
increasing  its  accommodation.  It  came  to  be  the  characteris- 
ing feature  of  Oakland,  and  its  anniversary  occasions  were  the 
great  days  of  the  year  in  the  place.  Through  all  these  years, 
the  college  plan  was  kept  distinctly  in  view,  and  everything 
was  done  with  reference  to  it.  It  was  kept  before  the  boys, 
and  they  were  stimulated  with  the  promise  that  if  they  would 
fit  for  college,  and  go  through  the  course,  the  college  instruc- 
tion should  be  made  ready  for  them.  A  few  resolved  to  pre- 
pare for  college,  and  began  to  shape  their  course  of  study  in 
that  direction. 


12  niSTOR  Y  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

In  the  year  1855,  it  was  thought  the  time  had  come  to  re- 
organize the  Board  of  Academy  Trustees,  and  obtain  a  col- 
lege charter  from  the  State.  A  petition  was  prepared  and 
presented  to  the  State  Board  of  Education,  which  at  this  time, 
by  a  change  of  law,  consisted  of  the  Governor,  the  State 
Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  and  the  State  Surveyor 
General.  This  petition  was  signed  by  John  Caperton,  John 
C.  Hayes,  J.  A.  Freaner,  H.  S.  Foote,  Joseph  C.  Palmer,  Y.  W. 
Page,  Henry  Haight,  Robert  Simson,  N.  W.  Chittenden, 
Theodore  Payne,  J.  A.  Benton,  Sherman  Day,  G.  A.  Swezy, 
Samuel  B.  Bell,  and  John  Bigler;  and  the  gentlemen  nomin- 
ated in  the  petition  as  the  first  Trustees,  were:  Frederick  Bill- 
ings, Sherman  Day,  S.  H.  VVilley,  T.  Dwight  Hunt,  Mark 
Brummagim,  Edward  B.  Walsworth,  Edward  McLean,  Joseph 
A.  Benton,  Henry  Durant,  Francis  W.  Page,  A.  H.  Wilder, 
and  S.  B.  Bell.  After  due  examination,  the  State  Board  of 
Education  chartered  the  College  of  California,  April  13,  iS^S- 
The  following  is  a  copy  of 

THE    DECLARATION    OF    INCORPORATION. 

"  We,  the  State  Board  of  Education  of  the  State  of  California,  in 
accordance  with  the  provisions  of  an  act  to  provide  for  the  incorpo- 
ration of  colleges,  passed  April   13,  1855,  do  hereby  incorporate  the 
College  of   California,   situated   in   the  city  of  Oakland,  county  of 
Alameda,  of  this  State,  of  which  college  the  following  named  persons 
are  the  Trustees,  to  wit:  Frederick  Billings,  Sherman  Day,  Samuel 
W.  Willey,  T.   Dwight  Hunt,  Mark  Brummagim,  Edward  B.  Wals- 
worth, Joseph  A.  Benton,  I'^lward  McLean,  Henry  Durant,  1-rancis 
W.  i'age,  Robert  Simson,  A.  H.  Wilder,  Samuel  B.  Bell. 
John  Bigi.kr,  Governor, 
S.  H.  Mari.k'ITE,  Surveyor  General, 
Paul  K.  Huhhs,  Supt.  Public  lustruetion. 
Dated,  Sacramento,  April  /j,  iS§^. 

The  ownership  of  all  the  Academy  property  was  now 
vested  in  this  Board  of  College  Trustees,  and  also  the  control 
of  the  school.  Anil  while  it  continued  to  be  the  object  to 
give  the  best  instruction  in  the  ordinarj-  branches  of  an  En- 
glish education,  the  work  of  preparing  students  for  college 
canw-  into  greater  prdinincnce. 


/NCORPOKAT/ON  (^/-    THI-.   CO/./EGE.  13 

Thus,  in  the  spring  of  the  year  1855,  the  COLLEGE  OK 
California  began  its  legal  existence.  Its  first  college  class 
was  then  to  be  fitted  from  the  beginning.  This  would  require, 
as  things  were,  at  least  four  years.  Meanwhile  the  Academy 
had  come  to  be  self-supporting,  though  the  erection  of  the 
buildings  had  left  a  five-thousand-dollar  debt  upon  the  prop- 
erty. But  no  great  additional  expense  seemed  likely  to  come 
on  the  enterprise  till  the  first  classes  should  be  ready  to  enter 
upon  college  studies,  and  need  the  instruction  of  a  college 
faculty,  and  this  was  at  least  four  years  off. 

At  the  time  of  the  incorporation,  and  for  the  whole  of  the 
year  1855  afterwards,  I  was  at  the  East  with  my  family.  The 
Board  of  Trustees,  at  their  first  meeting  after  their  incorpora- 
tion, sent  a  commission,  asking  me  to  solicit  funds  for  the 
College,  hoping  that  I  might  obtain  at  least  money  enough  to 
pay  its  debt.  It  was  autumn  when  I  received  it,  and  there 
was  but  little  time  to  work  before  my  return  home.  I  was 
glad  to  give  what  then  remained  of  my  vacation  to  this  busi- 
ness, and  did  so.  California  was  at  that  time  very  little 
known  except  as  a  gold-producing  country,  and  a  country  of 
reckless  adventure.  To  prepare  the  way  for  personal  appli- 
cation for  money,  I  wrote  a  pamphlet  circular,  and  sent  it  to 
such  people  as  I  intended  to  ask. 

The  circular  gave  the  reasons  why  a  college  was  contem- 
plated so  soon.  It  told  what  had  been  done  by  the  few  on 
the  ground.  It  described  the  location  of  the  preparatory 
school,  and  told  of  the  heroic  work  and  manifest  success  of 
its  Principal,  Henry  Durant.  It  stated  that  soon  classes 
would  be  fitted  to  enter  college,  and  that  we  could  not  get  the 
college  ready  for  them  without  help.  The  fact  that  colleges 
in  all  the  newer  .States  had  received  help  when  they  were  be- 
ginning, was  referred  to,  and  that  it  was  not  expected  that  in 
their  early  settlement  the  )'oung  States  would  be  able  to  build 
their  own  colleges.  Much  more,  it  was  argued,  must  av  look 
to  the  East  for  help,  because  we  were  the  farthest  west,  sepa- 
rated from  the  rest  of  the  country  by  a  very  long  and  expen- 
sive journey,  where  settlement  must  necessarily  be  slow,  and 


14  HISTORY  or  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

everything  must  be  built  up  from  the  very  beginning.  The 
pamphlet  stated  the  facts,  showing  that  we  were  ready  to  help 
ourselves  up  to  the  full  measure  of  our  ability,  and  asked  aid 
of  our  Kastern  friends. 

I  followed  the  circular  with  personal  solicitation,  so  far  as  I 
had  time.  But  I  soon  found  that  money  would  not  be  given 
to  California.  California  was  famous  as  a  gold-producing 
country,  and  it  seemed  to  people  absurd  that  California  should 
be  asking  for  money!  There  were  other  reasons  for  declining 
our  application  of  more  or  less  weight,  but  this  one,  that  Cal- 
ifornia was  itself  a  gold-producing  State,  stood  in  the  way  of 
ever)'  apjjeal.  I  obtained  a  few  thousand  dollars  in  small 
sums,  but  my  cause  did  not  take  hold  as  I  knew  it  ought  to 
have  ilone,  and  it  never  did  afterward. 

It  seems  somewhat  singular,  but  no  educational  institution 
of  any  kind  in  California  has  ever  been  able  to  get  help,  to 
any  consiilcrable  amount,  from  the  East !  It  is  not  because 
we  have  not  sorely  needed  it,  nor  because  we  have  not  sent 
the  very  best  men  to  represent  the  facts,  and  ask  for  it.  We 
have  done  this  over  and  over  again,  but  nothing  amounting 
to  an  endowment  has  ever  come  of  it.  In  making  my  appli- 
cations for  a  week  or  two  in  the  fall  of  ICS55,  I  had  many 
pleasant  interviews  with  most  excellent  gentlemen.  They 
had  not  become  millionaires  as  yet,  as  some  of  them  became 
afterwartl.  but  they  gave  the  subject  their  attention,  and  gen- 
erally contributed  something.  Mr.  Aspinwall  did  so,  cheer- 
fully, perhaps  because  his  connection  with  the  Pacific  Mail 
Steamship  Company  mule  him  acquainted  with  the  real  need 
of  California.  Mr.  C.  R.  Robert,  who,  years  afterwards, 
founded  Robert  College,  in  Constantinople,  listened  with  in- 
terest to  what  I  had  to  say,  and  so  did  William  E.  Dodge, 
and  Ansoji  G.  Thelps,  and  others,  and  all  subscribed  some- 
thing, but  the  sums  were  not  large.  I  went  to  see  Commo- 
dore Vanderbilt.  I  unfortunately  found  him  in  bad  humor. 
Things  had* evidently  been  going  wrong  with  his  Nicaragua 
Steamship  line.  He  was  very  severe  that  day  on  California, 
and    in   very  emphatic  words,  not  worth  while  to  repeat,  he 


lA'COA'FOh'ArJON  O/-'  77//-    COLLEGE.  15 

wished  the  country  no  good.  It  was  an  odd  interview,  and 
amused  me  very  much,  but  it  yielded  no  money.  I  went  to 
Rochester,  New  York,  to  present  my  case  to  Aristarchus 
Champion,  a  man  of  well-known  generosity  in  those  days, 
lie  entertained  me  handsomely,  and  listened  appreciatively 
to  what  I  had  to  say,  and  made  a  fair  subscription.  But 
somehow  he  could  not  get  over  the  feeling  that  it  was  rather 
absurd  to  be  sending  money  to  California,  when  California 
was  shipping  away  millions  of  dollars  in  gold-dust  every 
month. 

But  in  a  few  weeks  my  vacation-time  was  up,  and  we 
sailed  for  our  home  in  San  Francisco.  On  January  29,  1856, 
I  met  the  Board  of  Trustees  for  the  first  time,  and  found  that 
I  had  been  appointed  Secretary.  I  made  a  report  of  what  I 
had  done  and  learned  at  the  East,  and  turned  oVer  to  the 
Treasurer  what  money  I  had  brought.  I  was  able  to  state 
that  the  "Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Collegiate  and  Theo- 
logical Education  in  the  West"  had  put  our  College  on  the 
list  of  institutions  deserving  help,  which  meant  that  they 
endorsed  any  application  for  funds  that  we  might  see  fit  to 
make.  This  endorsement  was  important.  Indeed,  it  was  at 
that  time  essential.  But  of  itself,  it  yielded  no  funds,  nor 
was  it  sufficient  to  overcome  the  objection  to  giving  money  to 
found  a  college  in  California.  But  notwithstanding  the  fact 
that  we  found  ourselves  thus  left  substantially  to  our  own 
re.sources,  we  determined  to  go  forward,  and  do  the  best  we 
could.  With  renewed  energy  we  set  to  work  to  build  up  the 
Preparatory  School  in  Oakland  as  fast  as  possible,  and  supply 
it  with  the  best  of  teaching.  According  to  the  catalogue  of 
1855,  the  number  of  pupils  in  attendance  was  sixty.  The 
school  was  popular,  well  conducted,  and  self-supporting. 


MIVEBaJT\ 


CHAPTER   III. 

SEARCH   FOR  A  PERMANENT  SITE. 

In  March,  1S56,  there  appeared  a  possible  help  from  an 
unexpected  quarter.  The  Rev.  Dr.  Horace  Bushnell  came  to 
California  for  the  benefit  of  his  health.  His  lungs  and  throat 
were  in  such  a  contlition  that  he  did  not  wish  to  preach  or 
speak  in  public  much,  but  he  wanted  rather  "  to  rough  it,"  and 
live  an  outr-of-door  life.  The  query  arose  at  once  whether  he 
could  not  be  induced  to  join  us,  and  in  some  ways  aid  in  the 
founding  of  the  College.  He  and  Mr.  Du rant  were  members 
of  the  same  class  in  Yale,  and  were  graduated  together.  They 
were  life-long  friends.  At  once  Dr.  Bushnell  was  consulted, 
lie  took  to  the  idea.  He  inquired  into  the  facts  of  the  situation. 
After  reflection,  he  told  us  that  he  would  do  what  he  could. 
He  said  that  he  was  a  pastor  of  a  church,  and  that  he  was 
here  seeking  health.  He  could  not  tell  what  the  California 
climate  would  do  for  him.  If  he  recovered  sufficiently,  he 
would  hasten  back  to  I  lartford  U>  his  pulpit.  If  he  did  not,  and 
found  he  could  live  and  be  useful  onlj'  here,  he  might  remain. 
Meanwhile,  if,  for  tiic  time  being,  he  could  serve  the  College 
plan  in  any  way  consistent  with  his  purpose  to  regain  his 
health,  he  wouUl  gladly  do  so.  Acting  upon  these  sugges- 
tions, the  Trustees  thought  best  to  invite  Dr.  Bu.shncll  to  the 
Presidency  of  the  College,  in  order  that  he  might  be  in  the 
best  possible  [position  to  represent  the  institution  to  the  com- 
munity, and  aid  in  its  organization  and  endowment.  Dr. 
Bushnell's  reply  to  the  notice  of  his  election  was  as  follows: — 

"  July  10,  1S56. 
"The  resolution  of  your    Hoard  invitinji   me   to  the  Tresidency  of 
the  College  of  California  I  have  sufficiently  considered  to  return  the 


SE.tRCH  FOK  ,>   PERMANENT  SITE.  17 

qualified  answer  that  appears,  by  the  terms  of  it,  to  be  expected.  I 
am  duly  sensible  of  the  honor  conferred  on  me  by  their  appoint- 
ment,— an  honor  which  is  only  the  greater,  in  the  fact  that  the  Col- 
lege can  hardly  be  said  to  exist,  and  is,  as  yet,  to  be  created.  I  will 
interest  myself  at  once  in  the  institution,  and  will  endeavor  to  do 
what  I  can,  privately,  during  two  or  three  months  to  come,  to  excite 
an  interest  in  it,  and  to  assist  you  in  plans  regarding  its  endowment, 
and  its  final  location,  if  a  change  in  this  latter  respect  should  be 
deemed  desirable.  In  this  manner  I  shall  be  able  to  learn  what 
friends  it  is  likely  to  have,  or  whether  it  will  have  any  whose  views 
are  sufificiently  expanded  to  fulfill  the  conditions  that  must  be  ful- 
filled, in  case  I  should  finally  assume  the  office.  Further  than  this, 
I  can  make  no  definite  answer  at  present  "  ' 

In  the  prosecution  of  the  plan  thus  outlined,  the  first  ques- 
tion that  presented  itself  was  that  of  the  permanent  location 
of  the  Collejre.  The  tract  of  eight  acres  heretofore  described, 
in  the  city  of  Oakland,  was  never  considered  as  suitable  for. 
that  purpose.  It  was  not  large  enough;  it  was  too  low  to 
have  a  good  outlook;  it  could  have  no  stream- of  running 
water,  and  it  was  likely  in  time  to  be  too  much  in  town  to 
have  the  quiet  desirable  for  a  college.  Where  was  the  best 
place  for  it?  That  was  the  question.  To  solve  it  by  per- 
sonal examination  was  the  first  work  undertaken  by  Dr. 
Bushnell. 

In  the  "  Life  and  Letters  of  Horace  Bushnell,"  published 
since  his  death,  are  given  extracts  from  letters  written  by 
him  while  engaged  in  this  business: — 

"San  Fr.ancisco,  July  i8,  1856. 
"  I  set  off  on  Friday  for  Martinez,  a  small  town  with  whose  beauty 
I  had  been  struck  in  sailing  by,  some  weeks  ago.  Here  I  have 
stayed,  examining,  trying  climate,  riding  over  the  whole  region 
adjacent,  etc.,  till  yesterday  (Thursday).  Last  night  I  came  down 
in  the  steamer  on  my  way  back  to  the  Mission,  staying  over  to-day, 
consulting,  etc.  In  about  three  weeks  I  shall  come  up  again  to  visit 
Martinez  with  the  Trustees,  or  with  as  many  as  can  go.  I  have  been 
to  two  or  three  other  locations  near  by,  and  there  is  also  another 
near  the  Mission.  I  have  gone  into  this  con  af/iore,  as  you  know  I 
naturally  would.  It  is  an  occupation,  and  a  most  pleasant  and 
refreshing  one." 


18  ULSTORY  OF  THE  UNIVERi^lTY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

"Mission  San  Jose,  September  3,  1856. 
'•  I  went  out  yesterday  morning  to  ray  College  paradise,  to  go 
through  a  scries  of  levels  and  measures  of  distance,  to  find  whether 
the  water  will  run  to  the  ground,  and  how  far  it  must  be  brought. 
I  drove  a  pair  of  mules  ten  miles  and  walked  twelve  miles,  working 
at  the  engineer's  tools  all  the  while,  and  keeping  on  my  feet  all  day 
from  morning  to  night,  exce|)t  what  time  I  was  in  the  wagon.  I  ate 
nothing  till  dusk,  when,  out  of  sense  of  need,  when  I  did  not  want 
it,  I  ate  a  pretty  full  dinner.  But  I  had  no  power  left  for  digestion. 
I  went  to  bed  and  rolled  all  night,  sleeping  only  about  an  hour  and 
a  half,  just  at  dawn.  I  was  never  so  completely  fagged,  though  I 
really  did  not  know  it  till  after  I  went  to  bed.  This  morning  I  was 
obliged  to  go  over  again  on  horseback,  and  I  have  just  now  returned 
(three  o'clock  i'.  m.).  I  was  obliged  to  press  this  matter  so  hard, 
because  Mr.  McLean,  an  engineer,  one  of  the  Trustees,  had  come 
up  from  San  Francisco  to  make  the  examination,  and  could  get  on 
with  it  only  by  the  help  of  another.  I  hurried  and  pressed  yester- 
day afternoon  to  get  on,  but  we  could  not  finish.  You  would  have 
laughed  to  see  me  running  with  the  rod  from  one  station  to  another, 
sometimes  half  a  mile." 

'■  Mission  San  Jo>i,.  November  3,  i<S56. 

"  I  begin  to  guess  that  we  shall  finally  settle  on  a  site  at  Clinton,  a 
city  that  was  to  be  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  bay  from  San  Fran- 
cisco. The  last  time  I  went  up  in  the  stage  1  noticed  while  passing 
over  the  plain,  about  half  a  mile  across,  two  promontories  setting  out 
endwise  towards  it,  and  presenting  beautifully  graded  eminences, 
with  a  gently  scooped  valley  between,  which  runs  back  upon  the 
same  level  six  or  eight  hundred  feet.  I  said,  this  must  be- looked  to. 
1  rode  out  with  Durant  and  McLean,  two  or  three  days  after,  and 
found  the  view  from  these  points  magnificently  beautiful. 

"  Hack  in  the  hills  I  clambered  down  into  a  deej)  ravine,  and 
found,  to  our  surprise,  a  stream  of  mountain  water  that  will  run  one 
hundred  and  fifty  thousand  gallons  per  day,  which  can  be  brought  in. 
a  distance  of  less  than  two  miles,  so  as  to  have  a  head  of  at  least  one 
hundred  feet.  I  don't  know,  as  yet,  what  terms  we  can  get  for  the 
plain.  It  was  laid  off,  years  ago,  into  a  regular  (juadrated  city,  but 
has  come  to  nothing  and  the  owners  talk  well.  Hut  then  we  have 
also  to  get  the  right  of  the  stream,  which  I  think  will  not  be  ditifi- 
<:ult,  because  it  sinks  as  soon  as  it  reaches  the  plain  and  is  seen  no 


SEAKC//  FOh'  A  PEKMANENT  SITE.  lU 

more.  .  There  is  only  one  fault,  viz.,  that  the  city   is  too 

near,  too  easily  reached  by  the  ferry-boats  continually  plying.  This 
one  fault  staggers  me;  and  yet  it  will  make  it  more  convenient  to  live, 
and  the  College  will  excite  a  more  living  interest  in  the  city,  before 
which  it  stands  beautifully  prominent.  There  is  also  more  real 
virtue  and  more  of  good  influence  in  the  city,  with  all  its  vices,  than 
anywhere  else, — a  more  elevating  and  conserving  power  of  society." 

"San  Fk.ancisco,  November  15,  1856. 
"  I  left  the  Mission  a  little  more  than  a  week  ago,  and  since  that 
time  I  have  been  up  again  to  take  a  more  deliberate  view  of  the 
Petaluma  and  Sonoma  Valleys.  I  have  also  taken  the  gauge  of  the 
Clinton  site,  and  of  all  the  country  north  of  it  on  the  opposite  side 
of  the  bay,  getting  water  levels,  terms  of  cost,  etc.  .  .  .  If  I 
can  get  a  University  on  its  feet,  or  only  the  nest-egg  laid,  before  I 
return,  I  shall  not  have  come  to  this  new  world  in  vain.  I  should 
like  to  be  known  as  having  started  into  life,  on  these  new  and  distant 
shores,  a  University  that  hereafter  will  be  looked  upon  as  a  great  • 
source  of  light  and  Christian  power;  nor  any  the  less  to  have  done  it, 
when  seeking  my  health,  as  a  substitute  for  idleness." 

"San  Francisco,  December  3,  1856. 
"  I  am  going  to  set  off,  this  afternoon,  up  to  San  Pablo,  east  of  the 
bay,  and  north  of  the  city,  to  see  if  I  can  discover  another  location, 
so  as  to  be  ready,  when  the  Trustees  meet,  to  report  another.  .  .  . 
The  difficulty  here  is  the  wind  of  the  summer  months,  which  I  think 
is  too  cold  and  too  continual, — the  few  trees  of  the  region  being  all 
combed  in  their  tops  in  a  slope,  or  slant  away  from  it,  and  the  very 
stubble  of  the  fields  leaning  off  in  the  same  direction." 

"  San  Francisco,  January  3,  1857. 
"  This  is  my  la.-,t  letter;  I  am  down  for  a  passage  by  the  "  Colden 
date,"  of  the  20th.  I  will  give  you  a  history  of  the  last  week.  As  1 
was  going  down  to  S  in  Jose  last  Saturday  to  preach,  the  captain  of 
the  boat  told  me  of  a  beautiful  site  about  three  miles  northeast  ot 
Napa  City,  where  there  was  a  fine  stream  of  water.  I  decided 
instantly  to  go  there  on  my  return.  I  left  San  Jose  on  Monday 
morning,  and  a  terrible  gale  took  us  on  the  bay,  that  made  rather  a 
serious  time  for  us,  carried  off"  one  of  the  wheel-houses,  poured  a 
heavy  sea  across  the  boat,  carried  off"  the  scuttles,  and  sent  a  grand 
cascade  into  the  hold,  filling  it  ten    or  twelve    inches  deep.     The 


20  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALlFORNLi. 

prospect  was  that  we  should  be  swamped  in  the  middle  of  the  bay, 
where  it  was  ten  miles  wide.  The  sailors  thought  we  were  going  to 
'  Davy  Jones's  locker,'  and  began  to  get  drunk.  But  we  fenced 
out  the  water,  pumped  out  what  we  had  taken,  and  in  half  an  hour 
were  comparatively  snuc,  arriving  only  three  hours  behind  our  time, 
all  safe.  Tuesday  morning  I  set  off  by  boat  for  Napa  City,  which 
is  a  little  western  town  at  the  landing,  or  head  of  tide-water,  in  the 
valley  of  that  name,  and  is  the  third  in  order  of  the  three  valleys 
that  open  on  the  San  Pablo  Bay  beginning  at  the  west, — Petaluma, 
Sonoma,  Napa.  I  made  a  rush  to  the  spot  just  in  time  to  see  it  and 
get  back  to  the  hotel  before  the  rain  of  the  night  began  to  pour; 
found  a  nice  stream  ol  water,  and  nothing  else  !  Lay  awake  with 
rheumatic  pains,  which  for  some  reason  took  me  that  night,  and 
heard  the  roaring,  driving  storm  all  the  night  long.  Thought  I  had 
not  exhausted  the  place, — that  I  might  possibly  take  the  water  to 
another  place  and  get  a  good  lookout.  Gave  the  morning  to  another 
trial.  Forded  the  stream,  when  the  water  came  almost  to  my  saddle- 
top,  dipping  in  my  knees,  with  my  legs  drawn  uj).  The  new  spot  is 
no  improvement.  Took  the  afternoon  stage  to  Bcniria,  thence  to 
go  down  in  the  night  boat  from  Sacramento. 

"  Before  leaving  the  hotel  I  pointed  several  persons  to  a  fine, 
lofty  terrace  in  the  hills  on  the  other  side  of  the  valley,  the  western, 
in(|uiring  whether  no  water  came  out  of  the  deep  gorge  close  by  it. 
Some  said,  '  None;'  some,  '  A  little.'  All  agreed  that  jhcre  was  no 
good  stream  at  all.  I  had  made  the  same  inquiry  two  months 
before,  with  the  same  result.  I  found  on  board  the  stage  a  gentle- 
manly pas.senger  who  lives  right  in  the  spot  itself,  who  said  there  was 
water  there.  Running  water  ?  Yes.  How  much  ?  That  he  could 
not  find  any  terms  to  show.  By  and  by,  when  about  half-way  down 
to  Benicia,  it  came  out  that  there  is  a  saw-mill  on  the  stream !  I 
reached  San  I-'rancisco  that  night,  and  took  the  steamer  again  the 
next  morning  for  Napa.  Went  to  the  ground  as  fast  as  I  could  ride 
in  the  awful  mud  of  three  miles,  and  got  back  just  at  dark.  Attended 
a  great  ball  that  night, — /".  <•.,  the  noise  of  it, — went  back  to  San 
Francisco,  wrote  my  report  describing  the  place  at>  full  length  and 
was  ready  for  the  adjourneil  meeting  of  the  Trustees  last  evening. 
The  climate  is  perfect,  the  scenery  is  beautiful;  a  fine,  rich  valley, 
about  eight  miles  across  in  all  directions,  surrounded  by  mountains 
on  .ill  sides,  sjjrinkled  over  with  trees;  the  site  imposing,  the  back- 
ground magnificent,  tidewater  only  three  miles  away." 


SKARC/I  FOR  A  PERMANENT  SITE.  21 

These  extracts  from  Dr.  Bushnell's  letters  written  at  the 
time,  show  how  much  pains  was  taken  to  find  the  very  best 
location  for  the  permanent  home  of  the  College.  They  show, 
also,  what  things  were  regarded  as  essential  tea  good  location, 
among  which,  an  abundance  of  pure  running  water  was 
deemed  indispensable.  Members  of  the  Board  of  Trustees 
accompanied  Dr.  Bushnell,  as  they  could  from  time  time,  in 
his  tours  of  observation,  and  no  pains  was  spared  to  Hnd  the 
choicest  possible  College  site.  Just  before  Dr.  Bushnell  left 
California,  he  made  a  detailed  report  of  his  observations  to 
the  Trustees.  It  is  to  be  found  engrossed  in  the  records  of 
t!ie  Board,  and  covers  over  t\vcnt>-  closely  written  pages. 
Besides,  in  behalf  of  the  College  in  which  his  pleasant  sum- 
mer's work  had  led  him  to  become  deeply  interested,  he  ad- 
dressed to  the  public  the  following  "  Appeal  ": — 

"  Requested  by  the  Trustees  of  the  College  of  California  to  pre- 
sent their  cause  to  the  public,  I  offer  the  following  representation  of 
their  designs  and  objects,  and  also  of  the  steps  they  have  taken  t(j 
prepare  the  founding  of  a  University  for  the  State. 

"  Arriving  in  California,  some  nine  months  since,  as  an  invalid  in 
pursuit  of  health,  I  was  chosen  to  assume  the  Presidency  of  the 
College  they  have  undertaken  to  organize  and  establish.  My 
answer  to  the  appointment  they  have  reported. 

"  In  founding  the  proposed  institution,  it  was  evidently  a  first 
point  to  select  and  secure  a  favorable  site — the  best  site  possible. 
Regarding  this  out-door  employment  as  precisely  adapted  to  my 
wants,  and  as  being  actually  better  than  none  at  all,  I  entered  imme- 
diately upon  it  and  without  charge  to  the  institution,  which  I  am  most 
happy  to  have  served  in  this  manner.  I  have  occupied  my  whole 
time,  down  to  the  last  of  December,  examining  views  and  prospects, 
exploring  water-courses,  determining  their  levels  and  guaging  their 
quantities  of  water,  discovering  quarries,  finding  supplies  of  .sand 
and  gravel,  testing  climates,  inquiring  and  even  prospecting  to  form 
some  judgment  of  the  probabilities  of  railroads,  obtaining  terms, 
looking  after  titles,  and  neglecting  nothing  necessary  to  jirepare  the 
question  for  a  proper  settlement.  The  labor,  1  believe,  has  been 
faithfully  done;  and  because  it  could  be,  has  been  the  more  enjoyed. 

"The  site  of  a   University,   I    have  not   forgotten,  can  be  chosen 


22  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

but  once;  or,  that  whatever  disadvantages  or  incumbrances  are  once 
assumed  by  the  choice  made  must  be  borne  forever  after  by  it,  as  a 
burden  on  its  prosperity.  Some  such,  I  very  soon  learned,  must  be 
borne;  for  no  one,  looking  for  a  perfect  place,  will  be  long  in  discov- 
ering that  it  does  not  exist.  The  only  feasible  and  rational  problem 
is  to  find  what  sites  unite  the  best  advantages  with  the  fewest  and 
most  manageable  defects. 

"  In  this  view  I  have  reported  on  a  site  at  Martinez;  also  another 
in  the  Petaluma  Valley ;  on  another  in  the  Sonoma  Valley  ;  another 
in  the  valley  owned  by  Senor  Sunol,  back  of  the  Contra  Costa 
chain,  and  five  miles  distant  from  the  Mission  San  Jose;  another 
at  the  Mission  San  Jose  itself;  another  at  San  Pablo;  still 
another  at  Clinton,  or  Brooklyn,  opf)osite  the  city  ;  and  still  another 
in  the  Napa  Valley.  These  places,  it  will  be  observed,  all  lie  in  a 
circle  round  the  bay,  between  the  Mission  San  Jose  and  Petaluma. 
T  have  examined  the  western  side  of  the  bay  sufficiently  to  ascertain 
that  there  is  no  place  there  which  can  be  recommended  for  this 
particular  use.  Some  attention  has  been  paid  to  the  vicinity  of  San 
Jose  and  the  valley  region  south  of  it;  but  my  explorations  there 
have  not  been  pressed;  partly  from  an  apprehension  thai,  in  taking  a 
position  so  far  south,  we  might  fall  beyond  the  gravitating  center  of 
capital  and  po])ulation,  and  partly  from  the  consideration  that  there 
are  two  institutions  already  at  Santa  ('lara,  whose  position  there 
ought  not  to  be  invaded  by  a  third  in  close  proximity.  The  two 
great  valleys,  the  Sacramento  and  the  San  Joaquin,  have  been 
regarded  as  less  appropriate  to  the  condition  of  study,  because  of 
the  intense  heat  of  their  climate  in  summer.  The  upper  parts  of 
the  Napa,  Sonoma,  and  Petaluma,  or  Santa  Rosa  Valleys,  have  been 
omitted  as  being  too  much  one  side,  or  too  much  out  of  the  line  of 
travel  and  public  observation.  Reducing,  in  this  manner,  the  ground 
to  be  gone  o\er,  I  have  made  a  very  close  and  careful  inspection  of 
the  central  region  east  and  north  of  the  bay,  as  above  described. 

"The  |)rin(ipal  points  regarded  have  been  these:  climate,  supplies 
of  heavy  material  for  building,  ease  of  access,  proximity  not  too 
close  and  yet  surticicntly  near  to  the  centers  of  trade  and  public 
influence,  conspicuousncss  of  position,  beauty  of  prospect,  facility 
in  obtaining  supplies  of  fuel,  and,  last  but  not  least  in  importance,  a 
copious  supply  of  pure  running  water,  for  purposes  of  domestic 
convenience,  of  bathins^,  irrigation,  and  ornament.     An  omission  to 


i 


SEARCH  FOR  A   PRRMAXEXT  SITE.  '2.T 

|)rovide  for  this,  in  such  a  country  as  California,  would  secure,  I  am 
certain,  to  the  Trustees  of  such  an  institution,  the  reprobation  of  all 
their  successors  and,  in  fact,  of  the  whole  literary  class  of  the  ages 
to  come  that  may  be  trained  up  in  its  discipline. 

"  With  all  these  points  in  view,  the  Trustees  have  carefully 
examined,  not  by  me  alone  but  by  others  also  of  their  number,  all 
the  sites  above  named,  with  only  one  or  two  exceptions.  The  site 
at  Clinton,  or  Brooklyn,  was,  on  the  whole,  preferred  to  any  other, 
as  uniting  the  best  advantages;  but  the  endeavor  to  secure  it  was 
obstructed  by  a  demand  so  exorbitant  for  the  small  stream  of  water 
which  was  indispensable  to  the  feasibility  of  the  site,  that  we  were 
obliged  to  surrender  the  place.  In  the  meantime,  while  these 
negotiations  were  pending,  the  site  in  the  Napa  Valley,  which  had 
not  before  been  discovered,  was  brought  forward  and  conditionally 
adopted.  If  the  conditions  are  met  to  our  satisfaction,  the  location 
there  will  be  absolutely  determined. 

"  The  spot  chosen  is  about  three  miles  northwest  of  Napa,  in  a 
receding  point  or  bosom  of  the  hills,  on  the  western  side  of  the 
valley.  The  background  is  impressive  in  the  highest  degree,  and 
the  location  itself  is  commanding.  It  includes  an  elevated  plateau 
or  bench  of  land,  on  which  the  principal  buildings  may  be  erected, 
and  which  seems,  even  beforehand,  to  be  waiting  for  the  arrival  of 
some  great  institution.  The  foreground  is  a  rich  valley,  six  or  eight 
miles  in  diameter,  sprinkled  with  trees,  and  surrounded  with  a 
picturesque  mountain  scenery.  The  supply  of  running  water  is 
convenient  and,  according  to  the  best  testimony  we  have  been  able 
to  obtain,  is  ample  at  all  seasons  of  the  year.  The  formation  of  the 
ground  adjacent  could  not  be  more  favorable  for  the  growth  of  a 
beautiful  town,  or  village,  such  as  must  in  due  time,  be  gathered 
around  a  distinguished  institution  of  learning. 

"  The  site  has  many  advantages,  compared  with  liie  others  pro- 
jxjsed,  and  even  with  that  at  Clinton  The  raw  winds  of  Clinton 
are  here  avoided,  and  the  summer  heat  is  softened  as  compared 
with  the  more  interior  and  retired  parts  of  the  valley.  'I'he  climate, 
in  short,  apj)ears  to  be  more  nearly  perfect  in  its  e(iuilibritiin  than 
that  of  any  other  point  in  California.  It  is  also  a  place  suth(  iently 
withdrawn  from  the  city  to  exclude  those  moral  dangers  that  might 
be  a])prehended,  at  Clinton,  from  the  too  great  facility  of  communi- 
cation with  it.     At  the  same  time,  it  will  not  be  a  point  so  far  out  ut 


24  niSTOKY  or  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

the  way  of  travel  and  public  notice  as,  to  most  persons,  it  now 
seems.  It  is  only  about  half  the  distance  from  San  Francisco  that 
New  Haven  is  from  New  York,  and  only  three  miles  from  the  head 
of  steamboat  navigation.  On  the  opposite  side  of  the  valley,  and  in 
full  view,  are  the  Soda  Springs,  where  the  great  watering-place,  or 
Saratoga  of  the  West,  is  certain  to  be  seen  at  some  future  day,  lapped 
in  a  fine  airy  bosom  of  thi-  eastern  hills;  farther  up  the  valley  are  the 
Sulphur  Springs,  already  become  the  place  of  general  resort  for  all 
who  indulge  in  the  luxury  of  summer  travel;  still  farther  on,  opens 
the  Clear  Lake  region,  which  is  the  Switzerland  of  California.  And 
all  who  come  and  go,  on  these  tours  of  pleasure  and  relaxation,  will 
be  passing,  in  this  manner,  directly  by  the  College,  at  a  short  dis- 
tance from  it,  receiving  the  impression  it  cannot  fail  to  make. 
Meantime  the  contemplated  railroad  from  Marysville  to  Vallejo, 
uniting,  probably,  with  that  from  Sacramento,  will  break  into  this 
valley  only  a  short  distance  below  Napa,  and  from  that  point  a  road 
must  finally  be  constructed  up  the  valley  to  Clear  Lake,  and  another 
from  the  same  point,  round  through  the  Petaluma  or  Sonoma  Valley, 
to  Santa  Rosa  and  the  Russian  River,  connecting  all  this  produce- 
growing  region  with  San  i*'rancisco  by  Vallejo,  and  also  directly  with 
Sacramento  and  Marysville,  which  are  its  natural  markets. 

"  The  present  impression  of  isolation  or  withdrawment,  in  these 
northerly  valleys  ol  the  bay,  will  now  give  way  to  the  impression  of 
their  great  activity  and  publicity.  The  proposed  University  might 
excite  a  closer  interest  in  the  citizens  of  San  Francisco,  and  so  might 
more  easily  gain  its  future  endowment,  if  it  stood  in  sight  of  the 
city  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  bay:  though  even  this  admits  a 
doubt.  There  is  such  a  thing  as  losing  interest  or  growing  common, 
from  being  always  in  sight;  even  as  it  has  grown  to  be  a  proverb  in 
respect  to  persons,  that  familiarity  breeds  contempt.  It  might  be 
even  better  fur  the  institution,  to  be  seen  more  occasionally,  in 
moods  of  leisure,  to  make  its  favorable  impression,  having  that 
impression  |)ro|)agated  by  rei)ort  and  by  terms  of  volunteer  commen- 
dation. It  has  been  a  pleasant  confirmation  of  the  judgment  of  the 
Trustees,  that  their  choice  has  been  so  generally  approved  by  those 
who  have  spoken  of  the  jiroposed  site,  since  the  choice  was  made. 

"  Having  decided,  in  this  manner,  their  first  question,  the  question 
of  location,  the  Trustees  now  proceed  to  one  that  is  greater  and 
more  difficult,  viz..  the  cjuestion  of  endowment;  in  which  they  will 


SKAKCJJ  FO/k'  a  permanent  site.  25 

meet,  as  I  earnestly  hope,  with  a  degree  of  sympathy  and  co-opera- 
tion such  as  the  very  great  importance  of  their  undertaking,  to  the 
name  and  future  welfare  of  the  State,  entitles  them  to  receive. 
They  propose  to  create,  not  an  academy  only,  or  a  high  school,  but 
a  college;  nor  this  only,  in  its  most  limited  and  historic  sense,  but  a 
college  that  will  be  the  germ  of  a  proper  University,  and  will  not 
fulfill  its  idea  till  it  becomes,  on  the  western  shore,  what  Harvard 
and  Yale  are  on  the  other,  and  finally  a  complete  organization  of 
learning,  such  as  even  they  are  not,  except  in  a  rudimental  and 
initial  way.  The  design  of  the  Trustees,  they  are  well  aware,  will 
not  be  fulfilled  for  a  long  time  to  come;  but  they  deliberately 
measure  their  site  and  lay  their  plan,  so  as  to  leave  room  for  unlimited 
growth  or  expansion,  believing  that  the  spot  on  which  they  fix  is  to 
become,  at  some  future  day,  a  renowned  center  of  literature  and 
science — a  name  clothed  with  associations  as  profoundly  historical 
as  Oxford,  or  Padua,  or  Salamanca,  or  Heidelberg. 

"  They  are  not  unadvised  of  the  immense  expenditure  necessary 
to  create  such  an  institution,  or  the  very  considerable  sum  necessary 
to  create  a  beginning  that  can  have  the  promise  of  a  growth  so 
expanded.  At  the  same  time,  they  also  understand  that  the  true 
way  to  carry  a  project  often  is,  to  make  it  difficult,  and  not  to  cheapen 
it  down  below  enthusiasm,  where  it  will  become  feasible  to  the  cal- 
culations of  mere  selfishness  or  convenience.  How  often,  too,  is  a 
thing  lost  by  making  it  virtually  nothing  in  order  to  get  it  done. 
They  regard  the  people  of  California  as  having  a  more  generous 
temperament,  preferring,  if  they  do  anything,  to  have  it  something 
worthy  of  them  and  their  public  name.  We  believe,  too,  that  after 
such  an  institution  as  we  contemplate  is  fairly  started,  and  becomes 
a  cherished  ornament  of  the  State,  men  of  wealth  who  wish  to 
become  benefactors,  will  take  it  on  them,  as  volunteers,  to  bestow 
additional  endowments;  some  while  living,  and  others  by  their  wills, 
and  that  in  this  manner  it  will  be  fully  endowed  in  a  shorter  time 
and  with  greater  facility  than  it  could  be  in  any  other  State  of  the 
Union. 

"  At  the  same  time,  we  are  well  aware  that  no  one  Christian  sect 
of  the  State  can  hope  to  carry  a  burden  so  heavy;  and  our  object, 
therefore,  has  been  to  unite  all  Protestant  denominations  in  the  insti- 
tution, as  being  their  common  interest.  They  are  all  represented  in 
our  Board  of  Trustees.     We  propose  to  elect  professors  in  such  a 


26  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

way  as  to  accommodate,  if  possible,  the  feeling  of  benefactors.  For 
the  Sunday  worshi]),  we  propose  to  give  sites  for  churches,  to  all  the 
Christian  denominations,  on  a  public  square  before  the  college 
ground,  allowing  the  students  to  attend  on  that  form  of  worship  pre- 
ferred by  their  parents  or  guardians.  There  will  be  nothing  sectarian 
in  the  religion  of  the  College,  farther  than  is  necessary  to  insure  a 
chapel  exercise.  United  on  the  catholic  basis,  we  shall  be  able  to 
concentrate,  in  the  support  of  an  institution,  all  the  resources  of  our 
commonwealth,  instead  of  wasting  it  all  in  a  minute  sectarian  dis- 
tribution, that  will  give  a  vigorous  life  to  nothing. 

''  Nor  is  there  any  reason  for  concealing  our  arixiety,  lest  even  so 
we  may  not  be  able  to  secure  the  endowment  necessary  to  a  hoi)eful 
beginning.  The  creation  of  a  great  University  involves  a  much 
heavier  expenditure  than  is  commonly  supposed,  and  the  income  is 
comparatively  trifling.  If  I  am  rightly  informed,  Harvard  College 
has  a  property  in  lands,  buildings,  cabinet,  apparatus,  library,  etc., 
that  is  worth  about  $1,500,000.  It  hai]  also  the  last  spring,  I  believe, 
$600,000  of  active  capital,  and  was  still  complaining  of  sore  restric- 
tions for  the  want  of  means.  It  is  since  that  time  reported  to  have 
received  a  bequest  of  about  $500,000.  We  are  not  to  look  for 
any  such  outlay  as  this  in  California,  at  present;  but  we  are  to  start 
our  beginnings  on  a  scale  broad  enough  to  require  it,  by  its'necessary 
and  natural  growth.  \\"c  really  want  for  this  purpose  $500,000. 
We  can  possibly  get  on  with  $^00,000.  If  we  are  coiiij)elled  to 
begin  with  less,  our  restrictions  will  be  a  great  deal  more  severe  than 
they  ought.  A  considerable  part  of  the  sum  proposed  can  be  raised. 
I  am  confident,  in  the  Atlantic  States,  provided  there  is  first  dis- 
played, by  the  people  of  California,  some  ju.st  evidence  of  a  disposi- 
tion to  do  what  they  can.  They  are  debtors  all  to  California  every 
day  of  the  year.  Many  of  them  have  made  princely  fortunes  out  of 
the  trade  and  travel  that  connect  the  eastern  with  these  western 
shores.  A  still  greater  number  are  persons  who  have  been  raised 
from  |)ovcrty  to  riches  by  only  a  short  stay  in  California,  and  have 
gone  bac:k  there  to  enjoy  their  gains,  creating  thus  a  heavy  drain 
upon  the  State  in  the  removal  of  that  property  which  justly  belonged 
to  the  community  in  which  it  was  acipjired.  It  is  inconceivable 
that  so  many  men  of  wealth  and  romnierce,  holding  (California 
tributary  to  their  own  advancement,  and  knowing  the  very  great  im 
povcrishmcnt  created  here  by  the  continual  drain  of  earnings  that  go 


SF.ARCn  FOR  .1  PERMANENT  STTE.  27 

to  their  benefit  and  never  return,  should  not  he  ready  to  acknowledge 
the  obhgation  that  rests  upon  them,  by  generous  and  substantial 
endowments  conferred  on  the  institution  now  proposed.  I  think  I 
know,  too,  that  the  moneyed  community  of  the  Atlantic  States  very 
commonly  admit  these  obligations,  and  even  customarily  speak  of 
California  in  terms  that  imply  a  lively  public  interest,  however  much 
they  deplore  the  vices  of  trade  and  social  disorder  so  often  dis- 
covered in  her  people.  And  these,  in  fact,  should  be  an  additional 
argument  with  them,  as  they  are  with  you. 

"  Is  it,  then,  impossible  to  think  of  raising  so  great  a  sum  as  $300,- 
000  ?  If  the  city  of  New  Orleans  raised  exactly  this  sum  in  a  few 
days,  to  secure  hospital  room  and  attendance  for  the  sick  in  a  mere 
casual  visitation  of  pestilence,  is  it  impossible  for  the  whole  State  of 
California,  assisted  by  what  they  may  hope  from  the  Atlantic  side,  to 
do  as  much  for  the  endowment  of  a  great  institution  of  beneficence 
that  will  be  propagating  its  blessings  through  all  future  ages  of  tfme  ? 

"  I  know  very  well  the  heavy  pressure  now  felt  of  debt  and  dis- 
couragement, the  devouring  rates  of  interest,  the  depressions  of  prices, 
the  uncertainties  of  titles,  the  cessations  of  profits,  and  the  general 
collapse  of  all  that  can  be  called  prosperity.  There  could  not,  there- 
fore, be  a  worse  time,  many  will  say,  for  the  endowment  of  any  such 
institution.  And  yet,  if  all  things  were  at  the  flood,  how  many  would 
be  unable  to  part  with  their  money,  just  because  it  is  yielding  so  large 
a  profit  ?  We  ask  no  one  to  do  injustice  either  to  himself  or  to  his 
creditors.  But  how  many  citizens  are  there  now,  even  at  your  pres- 
ent pitch  of  depression,  who  could  endow  a  professorship  without 
feeling  it.  Are  there  not  even  .some  who  could  give  it  the  v/hole  en 
dowment  asked  for,  and  be  only  just  as  much  lighter  in  heart  as  they 
have  a  loftier  consciousness,  and  are  more  effectually  eased  of  their 
cares?  Let  these  do  their  full  duty  now,  and  the  others  who  really 
cannot  do  anything,  come  forward  a  litde  farther  on,  when  the  stress 
of  their  difficulty  is  cleared.  These  latter,  too,  we  can  accommo- 
date in  part,  as  regards  the  time  of  payment.  Some,  too,  can  give 
us  large  tracts  of  land,  which,  as  we  can  hold  them  without  taxation, 
will  by  and  by  become  an  important  addition  to  our  funds.  Ii  is 
vain  to  imagine  that  we  are  going  to  impoverish  or  unreasonably  dis- 
tress California  by  asking  for  a  sum,  such  that  if  only  we  had  every 
twentieth  cigar  consumed  in  the  State,  it  would  more  than  fill  the 
contribution. 


28  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

"  It  will  be  seen  at  once  that  we  must  look  for  an  endowment  in 
large  sums.  It  would  even  be  fatal  to  our  success  to  receive  mites 
and  fractions,  however  sincere  and  real  the  beneficence  of  the  givers. 
We  know  already,  and  before  solicitation,  that  one  gentleman  is  pre- 
pared to  give  us  a  professorship  ($25,000),  whenever  he  has  reason- 
able assurance  that  we  arc  to  go  forward  and  become  established. 
We  hope  there  may  be  others.  Or  the  beginning  of  a  library  may 
be  proposed:  or  the  erection  of  an  edifice  on  such  a  scale  as  to  cost 
even  double  the  amount  of  a  professorship.  Could  some  rich  citi- 
zen, who  can  do  ii  without  injury  to  himself,  step  forward  at  this 
time  of  our  beginning,  and  set  his  name  upon  the  institution  itself, 
by  the  side  of  a  Harvard  or  a  Vale,  by  subscribing  a  large  part  of 
the  proposed  endowment,  giving  us  an  opportunity,  assisted  by  his 
beginning  and  example,  to  carry  up  the  subscription  even  to  the 
highest  point  we  have  named,  he  would  be  enriched  by  the  sense  of 
his  munificence,  as  no  man  ever  was  or  can  by  the  count  of  his 
money.  We  have  no  delicacy  in  respect  to  the  customary  honors 
conferred  by  Universities,  when  they  set  the  names  of  their  benefac-  \ 

tors  on  the  halls,  libraries,  and  professorships  endowed  by  their  mu- 
nificence; or  even  when  they  drop  the  dry,  impersonal  name  of  their 
charter  for  one  that  represents  the  public  spirit,  and  the  living  heart 
of  a  living  man  who  could  be  more  than  rich,  the  patron  of  learning, 
the  benefLictor  and  father  of  the  coming  ages.  These  are  monu- 
ments,. I  know,  that  may  well  provoke  a  degree  of  ambition  ;  not 
even  an  Egyptian  pyramid  raised  over  a  man's  ashes  could  so  far  en- 
noble him  as  to  have  the  learning  and  science  of  long  ages  and 
eternal  realms  of  history  superscribed  by  his  name.  And  yet  this 
belter  kind  of  monument  is  itself  a  power  so  beneficent  that  he 
ought,  even  as  a  duty,  to  desire  it,  and  for  no  false  modesty  decline 
it.  Such  monuments  are  not  like  those  of  stone  or  brass,  which 
simply  stand  doing  nothing;  they  are  monuments  eternally  fruitful, 
showing  to  men's  eyes  and  ears  what  belongs  to  wealth,  and  what 
the  founders  of  the  times  gone  by  have  set  as  examples  of  benefi- 
cence. 

"I  believe  it  is  the  hope  of  some  of  your  citizens,  that  a  State 
University  is  to  be  erected,  and  they  will  not,  therefore,  see  any  urgent 
reason  for  a  University  to  be  endowed  by  private  means.  They  have 
some  time  heard  that  Congre.ss  has  bestowed  on  the  State,  for  this 
object,  fifty  thousand  acres  of  land:  hut  they  have  not  imiuired  how 


\ 


SE.IA'C//  FON  .1   PERM  \NENT  SITE.  29 

far  this  will  go,  by  itself,  to  create  the  necessary  endowment,  nor 
considered  how  great  an  addition  to  the  fund  is  likely  to  be  sujjplied 
from  the  State  treasury.  They  have  not  even  ascertained,  it  maybe, 
that  the  land  is  not  yet  located,  and  probably  will  not  be,  till  the  pre- 
emption rights  have  covered  all  the  public  lands  that  are  of  any  value. 
This  hope  of  a  State  University  is  a  hope  that  embraces  the  impos- 
sible. Facts  give  it  no  complexion  of  favor.  A  remarkable  fatality 
has  attended  efforts  to  create  Universities  by  State  patronage.  The 
State  of  Alabama  set  a])art  $500,000  for  the  uses  of  a  University 
which,  I  believe,  has  come  to  a  full  end  already,  both  as  respects  the 
fund  and  the  institution.  The  Ohio  University  has  fallen  from  a 
state  of  temporary  promise  in  the  same  manner.  So  of  others.  And 
this  for  the  manifest  reason,  that  the  State  University  becomes,  of 
course,  a  mere  prize  for  placemen,  subject  to  all  the  contests,  agita- 
tions and  changes  of  dynasty  that  belong  to  party  politics.  There 
is  no  place  tor  that  quiet  which  is  the  element  of  study,  no  genuinely 
classic  atmosphere.  The  faculty  come  in  at  the  same  gate  with  the 
constables  and  marshals.  The  professors  that  are  ins,  and  the  pro- 
fessors that  are  outs,  have  the  same  things  to  say  of  each  other  as 
other  kinds  of  office-seekers,  and  their  dignity  is  of  the  same  order. 
Meantime,  the  students  are  rushing  into  the  cabals  of  party  to  oust 
some  obnoxious  president  or  professor;  and  he,  on  the  other  hand, 
is  called  to  administer  the  discipline  in  peril  of  a  retaliatory  discipline 
that  takes  away  his  bread.  Elegant  learning  and  science  miss  the 
shades  we  sometimes  speak  of:  there  is  no  retirement  for  them  here. 
They  are  draggling  always  in  the  mires  of  uneasiness  and  public  in- 
trigue, sweltering  always  in  the  heat  of  some  outdoor  peril  or  disturb- 
ance. It  is  little  to  say,  that  no  University  can  live  in  such  an  ele- 
ment. The  sooner,  therefore,  you  are  disabused,  as  a  people,  of 
any  expectation  of  a  University  to  be  created  by  the  State,  the  better 
it  will  be  for  you.  It  can  have  no  other  effect  than  simply  to  post- 
pone those  private  responsibilities  which  have  been  too  long  delayed 
already.  You  can  never  have  a  University  worthy  of  your  place,  as 
the  central  and  first  State  of  the  Pacific,  unless  you  call  it  into  being 
by  your  own  private  munificence. 

"  The  time  for  undertaking  such  a  work  in  earnest  appears  now  to 
have  come,  and  this,  after  a  good  deal  of  interchnnge  of  views  with 
the  people  of  your  State.  I  am  hapi)y  to  believe,  is  their  conviction. 
They  see  their  want  in   this   matter   with    more   or   less  distinctness, 


30  lllsroRY  or  the  college  of  CALIFORNIA. 

though  no  human  mind  can  possibly  conceive  the  full  extent  of  its 
import.  The  place  of  the  University  in  society  is  like  that  of  the 
great  powers  of  nature,  which  maintain  their  work  in  silence  and  to 
a  great  extent  unobserved.  No  one  hears  the  pull  of  gravity  on  the 
stars,  or  the  secret  quiver  of  those  affinities  that  hold  the  atoms  of 
the  world  together.  The  needle  settles  to  the  pole  in  silence.  The 
life-powers  build  their  bodies  by  a  growth  no  eye  can  trace.  The 
electric  rush  that  crystallizes  matter  and  quickens  vitality,  and  flashes 
men's  thoughts  across  the  continents  of  the  world,  is  never  audible, 
save  when  some  interruption  provokes  thunder.  So  is  it  with  the 
great  University.  It  falls  into  society  at  points  too  deep  for  observa- 
tion. The  noise  of  the  world  comes  after  it,  and  many  will  suppose 
that  the  real  world  begins  where  the  noise  is  first  heard.  Even  what 
we  call  history  begins  with  the  secondary  matter  of  discoveries  and 
migrations,  commerce  and  trade,  battles  and  diplomacies,  and  other 
like  notorieties ;  and  can,  by  no  means,  find  how  to  represent  the  sub- 
tle affinities  and  silent  constructive  powers  of  learning  that  steal  into 
life  before  the  noise  of  life  begins.  These  are  inappreciable,  to  a 
great  extent,  and  yet  they  are  a  kind  of  cjualified  omnipotence.  The 
University  is  the  womb  in  which  society  is  shaped,  and  all  the  deter- 
mining causes  of  its  ojjcrativc  and  observable  life  are  prepared  by 
the  silent  nurture  and  secretion  of  the  matrix  whence  it  came. 
Here  is  the  contact  of  universalities,  whether  in  matter  or  mind. 
Here  principles  are  intellectualized,  and  thought  embraces  law;  and 
when  peoples  come  into  law,  whether  moral  or  civil,  the  University  is 
commonly  the  prior  condition.  The  presence  of  the  great  minds  of 
the  world  is  here  felt  in  the  languages  and  literature  of  the  world  ; 
and  the  tastes  and  associations  of  youth  are  configured  to  them  as 
living  in  their  noble  company,  apart  from  the  more  selfish  and  really 
bad  instigations  of  examples  in  the  field  of  action.  What  we  call 
.self-education  is,  after  all,  a  mere  finding  of  one's  way  into  the  moulds 
of  the  University,  without  being  in  it ;  for  the  standards  of  thought, 
the  grammar  of  language,  the  measurements  and  regulative  order  of 
true  excellence,  are  here.  And  there  is  no  one  interest  of  society, 
religion,  medicine,  law,  agriculture,  mining  and  metallurgy,  mechani- 
cal art  and  invention,  that  is  not  most  interiorly  related  to  the  Uni- 
versity life. 

"  Hence  the  immense  importance  of  the  Universitv  to  a  new  peo- 
ple.    They  nevr  Ixvome  a  peojile.  in  the  proper  and  organic  sense 


SEARCH  /'OK  . I   rilRMANINT  SI'l E.  31 

of  that  term,  as  used  by  the  modern  world,  until  they  begin  to  grav- 
itate and  settle  into  unity  in  terms  of  the  University.  Until  then 
they  are  incoherent  and  singular ;  the  bonds  of  good  keeping  are 
loosened,  and  a  considerable  lapse  toward  barbarism  is  observed. 
It  was  so  even  in  New  England,  as  any  one  may  sec  who  will  only 
look  into  the  i^ublic  records  of  the  courts  and  towns  and  churches 
of  the  early  times.  The  founders  came  over  as  a  people  strictly 
homogeneous ;  their  leaders,  in  church  and  State,  were  men  of  the 
highest  personal  accomjjlishments;  they  planted  the  University,  as 
we  may  say,  the  next  day  after  they  landed;  and  yet,  before  it  could 
attain  to  its  legitimate  power,  a  generation  appeared  who  compared 
with  their  fathers,  were  as  daws  to  eagles.  They  spelled  badly,  wrote 
bad  English,  tore  themselves  in  barbarous  neighborhood  and  church 
quarrels,  fell  into  base  incontinence,  and  covered  their  names  with 
disgrace  in  the  church  records.  It  was  only  by  a  slow  and  gradual 
process  that  the  ground  lost  was  recovered.  Indeed,  it  is  not  fully 
recovered,  in  some  things,  even  now  ;  but  this  one  thing  is  remarka- 
ble, that  the  social  improvement  and  culture  have  exactly  kept  pace 
with  the  University  culture,  and  have  seemed  to  punctually  wait  upon 
it  in  its  successive  stages  of  advancement.  In  all  which  may  be  dis- 
covered the  precise  interest  California  has  in  the  establishment  of  a 
proper  University.  How  can  this  new  people,  from  so  many  differ- 
ent nations  of  the  world,  exasperated  by  so  many  fierce  passions  and 
preyed  upon  by  so  many  vices,  ever  settle  into  order  and  unity  under 
righteous  magistracies  and  terms  of  refined  custom,  without  some 
l)0wer  of  culture  back  of  mere  concert  and  contrivance,  and  the 
calling  hither  and  thither  of  leaders  who  cannot  lead?  No  man  can  tell 
a  multitude  in  what  way  to  make  a  happy,  social  Stale,  When  they  have 
no  such  common  sentiments  and  virtues  as  are  necessary  to  it ;  and 
when  they  have,  the  fact  will  come  to  pass  without  the  telling.  The 
same  is  true  of  Legislation.  We  must  go  back  to  the  silent  world 
of  thought  and  reason,  of  religion,  science  and  taste,  a  common 
culture,  and  a  regulated  opinion,  before  we  come  to  any  power  that 
is  capable  of  gathering  towards  the  state  of  order  and  consolidated 
happiness  a  new  people.  The  trade  of  California  can  never  make 
the  safety  of  trade;  the  gold  can  never  make  the  golden  riches;  the 
courts  of  justice  can  never  establish  and  sanctify  the  justice.  'Ihere 
must  be  a  power  come  down  out  of  silence,  rapable  of  moulding 
the  people,  and  so  the  trade,  the  mining,  the  courts,  and  everything 


32  ///STORY  O/-^  T//E  COLLEGE  OF  CAL/FOKN/A. 

that  i^ertains  to  society.  The  doing  world  of  California  will  be  right, 
when  there  is  a  right  thinking  world  of  California  prepared,  before 
the  doing,  to  shape  it. 

"  There  is  also  a  very  great  importance  to  California  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  University,  in  the  sense  of  stability  and  settlement  it 
will  produce  and  the  greater  permanence  it  will  give  to  her  popula- 
tion. While  it  invites  emigration,  it  also  fixes  and  retains  the  fami- 
lies that  arrive.  How  many  families,  and  precisely  those  which  you 
most  want  to  c:;tablibh  society,  are  never  brought  to  California,  just 
because  there  is  no  fit  means  of  education  here;  and  how  many  re- 
turn, after  a  short  time,  for  the  same  reason,  carrying  back  with  them 
the  fortunes  they  have  made  and,  to  just  that  extent,  impoverishing 
the  country.  Nor  is  tlie  case  very  much  belter  where  the  sons  are 
sent  back  tu  be  educated,  while  the  parents  remain.  They  will  like 
thu  riper  forms  of  society  in  which  they  have  been  trained ;  they  will 
be  impressed,  weaned  from  the  State,  and  so  will  be  finally  lost  to  it. 
And,  what  is  worse,  every  such  case  of  sending  away  for  education 
is  a  confession  that  California  is  only  an  outpost  of  the  nation, 
where  some  of  the  principal  endowments  of  enlightened  society 
have  not  yet  arrived.  This  reflects  more  and  more  depressingly  the 
longer  it  is  continued  on  the  public  respect  and  confidence.  For  so 
long  a  time,  you  are  not  quite  ready  to  call  the  State  your  home. 
How  great  a  value  to  you,  in  this  view,  has  a  University.  It  has 
been  the  common  satire  on  Universities,  that  they  are  boats  fast 
anchored  in  the  stream  of  time  ;  but  how  great  a  comfort  would  it 
be  to  your  eyes,  as  a  people,  to  see  the  satire  made  good — to  see 
this  mighty  anchor  of  sound  learning  cast,  and  the  tides  of  your 
l)resent  uncertainties  and  disorders  hurrying  by  and  leaving  it  un- 
moved. There  is  great  power,  also,  in  symbols;  and  one  such  sym- 
bol as  this,  set  up  in  stone  to  meet  the  eyes  of  your  people,  would 
do  much  to  set  them  in  the  feeling  that  California  is  now  established. 
Until  then  yuu  are  a  people  away  from  home,  irresponsible  often,  and 
loose  in  your  morality,  because  your  character  is  left  at  home  and  is 
only  to  be  resumed  when  you  return.  Practices  are  fallen  into  in 
trade  that  corresj)ond.  Public  trusts  are  opportunities  of  public 
plunder,  and  public  securities  keep  pace  in  quantity  and  quality  with 
the  bad  faith  in  which  they  originate.  V'ou  come  and  go,  but  your 
wealth  only  goes.  So  that,  between  a  continual  loss  by  bad  morality 
here  and  another  continu.il  loss  by  drainage  that  never  comes  back, 
yuu  are  kept  in  cumparative  poverty,  fast  by  a  river  of  gold. 


SEARCH  /-'OA'  -■/   rr.mrjNF.NT  SITE.  33 

"  How  different  your  condition,  when  such  families  as  look  for  the 
highest  advantages  of  education  readily  emigrate  hither,  to  become 
fixed  as  citizens  of  the  State ;  and  when  those  already  here  can  stay 
and  give  to  their  sons  and  daughters  as  great  advantages  of  culture 
as  they  can  receive  anywhere  at  the  East.  Every  man  is  now  a  citi- 
zen of  the  State,  having  a  property  in  its  good  name,  its  laws  and 
institutions,  responsible  for  his  own  character,  at  work  in  his  own 
modes  of  industry,  to  acquire  what  is  here  to  be  retained  and  added 
to  the  productive  capital  of  the  State.  Business  now  is  done  for 
California,  and  not  for  some  other  parts  of  the  world  to  which  she  is 
tributary.  She  is  no  longer  an  Ireland  existing  for  England,  and 
kept  poor  by  sending  all  her  profits  and  rentals  over  to  enrich  the 
owners  there ;  but  she  is  an  operative  power  in  her  own  name  and 
right,  unfolding  her  immense  resources  and  gathering  in  her  im- 
mense stock  of  capital,  to  be  in  a  very  short  time  the  richest  com- 
munity on  the  globe.  Regarding  the  (juestion  simply  in  this  view, 
as  a  question  of  profit  and  loss,  the  money  we  ask  for  a  college,  will 
pay  itself  back  million-folded  and  more,  by  the  wealth  it  will  add  to 
the  State,  (iood  economy,  if  we  say  nothing  of  that  which  is  higher 
and  more  sacred,  justifies  and  demands  the  ex[)enditure. 

"I  have  only  to  add  another  consideration  equally  pressing.  When 
a  new  State  is  settled,  its  professional  men,  its  clergymen,  lawyers 
physicians  and  editors,  its  orators  and  poets,  and  men  of  literature — 
if  it  chance  to  have  them — are  men,  of  course,  that  were  trained 
elsewhere.  But  this  cannot  be  true  any  longer  than  is  necessary, 
without  suffering  an  incalculable  loss.  Saying  nothing  of  the  com- 
paratively inferior  fitness  of  men  who  were  trained  on  the  other  side 
of  the  world,  how  great  a  humility  must  it  be  to  the  feelings  of  a 
State,  to  be  obliged  always  to  look  on  her  learned  class  as  men  who 
had  to  go  elsewhere  to  get  their  accomplishments.  They  are  step- 
sons now  of  the  State,  and  not  her  own  children.  Inasmuch,  then 
as  the  greatest  wealth  of  any  State  is  in  its  great  men,  those  who  are 
most  forward  in  the  public  departments  of  life,  what  will  it  sooner 
look  after  than  the  education  of  its  own  sons  }  It  is  not  in  the  gold, 
nor  the  wheat,  nor  the  cattle  on  a  thousand  hills,  that  California  is 
to  find,  after  all,  its  richest  wealth  and  its  noblest  honors.  But  it  is 
in  the  sons  she  trains  up  and  consecrates  to  religion,  as  the  anointed 
prophets  and  preachers  of  Cod's  truth,  her  great  orators  of  every 
name  and  field,  her  statesmen,  her  works  of  art  and  genius,  the  voices 

3 


34  IlISTOK  y  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFOKNL\ . 

of  song  that  jjour  out  their  eternal  music  from  her  hills.  Her  pride 
is  not  that  wanting  a  Shakspeare,  or  a  Bacon,  or  an  Edwards,  she 
sent  for  him  ;  but  that  having  begotten  him  and  made  him,  he  is 
hers.  This,  I  believe,  will  be  the  sentiment  of  California  ;  and  I 
confidently  hope  that  she  will  give  to  it  her  solid  and  substantial 
testimony,  in  the  liberal  endowment  of  the  proposed  University." 

Dr.  Bushnell  left  California  in  January,  1857,  greatly  bene- 
fited in  health.  So  much  so,  indeed,  that  he  determined  to 
return  once  more  to  his  pulpit  in  Hartford,  and  test  again  his 
ability  to  preach.  The  experiment  succeeded  so  well  that  we 
in  California  were  obliged  to  give  up  the  idea  of  his  returning 
here  to  assume  the  duties  of  the  Presidency  of  the  College. 
But  the  service  he  had  already  rendered  was  highly  appreci- 
ated, and  his  "Appeal,"  which  was  widely  circulated,  greatly 
increased     the    public    interest    in    the    institution. 


\ 


|l 


: 


CHAPTER  IV. 

PREPARATION  OF  THE  FIRST  COLLEGE  CLASS. 

In  the  meantime,  while  all  this  outside  work  had  been  going 
on  through  the  year  1856,  the  preparatory  school  in  Oakland 
had  been  growing  in  numbers  and  scholarship,  under  Mr. 
Durant,  aided  by  an  able  corps  of  teachers.  A  class  was  now 
formed  consisting  of  those  who  proposed  to  fit  for  College,  and 
they  entered  vigorously  upon  their  three  years'  work. 

The  whole  number  of  pupils  in  attendance  in  1857,  was 
forty.  When  the  Academy  opened  in  1853,  it  was  three  ! 
It  was  called  the  College  School,  because  its  prominent  object 
was  to  fit  young  men  for  the  College  proper.  But  it  provided 
instruction  in  the  ordinary  courses  of  English  education. 
The  academic  year  was  divided  into  two  terms  of  five  months 
each,  the  summer  term  commencing  op  the  twenty-eighth  of 
May,  and  closing  on  the  third  of  October.  At  the  close  of 
each  term,  there  was  a  thorough  examination  of  the  pupils  in 
all  their  studies,  by  a  committee  appointed  for  that  purpose 
by  the  Trustees,  After  each  examination  there  was  a  public 
rehearsal,  at  which  the  mode  of  teaching  and  the  general  pro- 
ficiency of  the  pupils  were  exhibited.  It  was  the  endeavor 
cautiously  to  adapt  the  studies  to  the  capacities  and  genius  of 
the  pupils,  but  to  consult  neither  ease  nor  pleasure  merely,  at 
the  expense  of  discipline  and  substantial  improvement.  The 
government  of  the  school  was  gentle  and  decided.  It  was 
the  purpose  that  the  temper,  heart,  and  the  moral  and  religious 
life  of  the  pupils  should  be  formed  according  to  the  precepts 
and  spirit  of  the  Bible.  The  cost  of  board  and  tuition  was 
three  hundred  and  sixty  dollars  a  year.  Oakland  was  then  a 
place  of  only  a  few  hundred   inhabitants.     The  school  was 


m  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

away  by  itself  in  its  own  beautiful  <^rove  ;  there  was  little  to 
disturb  it,  and  its  success  was  satisfactory. 

In  respect  to  the  College  proper,  not  a  great  deal  was  done 
in  1857.  The  work  for  it  was  not  immediately  pressing- 
The  call  for  College  instruction  was  three  years  off.  And,  be- 
sides, business  was  exceedingly  depressed.  The  preceding 
year,  1856,  was  the  year  of  the  Vigilance  Committee,  and  a 
time  of  so  great  disturbance  was  not  quickly  recovered  from. 
Nevertheless,  the  College  work  was  not  lost  sight  of.  Still 
more  attention  was  given  to  the  selection  of  a  site.  Renewed 
examination  was  given  to  the  one  at  Berkeley.  Its  merits 
were  now  compared  with  those  of  the  choicest  that  had  been 
reported  on  by  Dr.  Bushnell.  It  was  evident,  on  reflection, 
that  the  Bcrkelc)'  site  combined  the  chief  merits  of  the 
best  of  the  others  in  all  respects  except  as  to  the  quantity  of 
the  water  supply.  And  in  respect  to  being  accessible  and  yet 
sufficiently  removed  from  the  disturbance  of  the  city,  it  was 
superior  to  any  of  them.  It  was  found,  moreover,  that  it 
would  be  possible  to  obtain  this  ground.  Those  who  owned 
the  titles  and  those  who  were  in  pos.session  were  favorable  to 
the  idea  of  having  the  College  there.  Some  of  them  were 
an.xious  for  it.  Therefore  the  water  question,  the  only  thing 
that  seemed  to  be  in  the  way,  was  thoroughly  investigated. 
The  quantity  of  water  in  Strawberry  Creek,  was  noted  through 
the  dry  season.  The  springs  in  the  hills  were  explored.  E.\- 
amination  was  maJc  to  ascertain  whether  there  were  other 
sources  of  water  sujjply  available  in  the  hills.  It  was  never 
intended  to  do  so  focjlish  a  thing  as  to  locate  a  College,  in  this 
State  of  long,  rainless  summers,  on  any  site,  without  an  abun- 
dance of  pure,  flowing  water.  During  the  year  it  was  satis- 
factorily ascertained  that  a  copious  supply  could  be  obtained, 
back  in  the  higher  hills.  When  this  fact  was  finally  settled, 
the  opinion  of  the  Trustees  and  friends  of  the  College  seemed 
to  gravitate  towards  this  spot  as  the  permanent  site  of  the 
C<illege.  A  notice  of  this  general  conclusion  is  found  in  the 
racific,  of  November  26,  1857,  but  no  formal  action  in  the 
matter  was  had   by  the  Trustees  during  that  fall  and  winter. 


\ 


PREPARATION  OF  rilR  FIRST  COLLFGK    CLASS.  37 

The  site,  as  contemplated  at  that  time,  consisted  of  one  hun- 
dred and  forty  acres.  It  was  to  include  both  banks  of  Straw- 
berry Creek,  and  their  fine  bordering  of  oaks,  sycamores, 
bay-trees,  and  a  plentiful  growth  of  evergreen  shrubbery.  It 
had  to  be  purchased  in  five  unequal  parcels,  of  as  many  dif- 
ferent owners.  Messrs.  Willey  and  Rankin  were  appointed  a 
committee  to  examine  titles,  ascertain  terms  of  purchase,  and 
report  to  the  Board.  They  presented  their  report  at  the 
meeting  of  Trustees,  held  March  i,  1858.  In  view  of  all  the 
facts,  the  Board  then,  by  fc^rmal  vote,  which  was  unanimous, 
adopted  the  Berkeley  site  as  the  permanent  location  of  the 
College  of  California. 

At  the  same  meeting  it  was  resolved  to  proceed  immedi- 
ately to  raise  the  sum  of  $10,000  with  which  to  erect  an  ad- 
ditional building,  for  the  accommodation  of  the  College  School 
in  Oakland,  and  also  to  enlarge  and  refit  the  boarding- 
house.  Toward  this  sum,  the  following  subscriptions  were 
obtained  at  once:  E.  B.  Goddard,  $1,000;  Flint,  Peabody 
&  Co.,  $i,coo;  F.  F.  Low,  of  Marysville,  $1,000;  Mark  Brum- 
magim,  $i,ooo;  Ira  P.  Rankin,  $400;  J.  Whitney,  Jr.,  $250; 
W.  T.  Coleman  &  Co.,  $200;  Nathanael  Gray,  $200;  J.  H. 
Coghill  &  Co.,  $200;  R.  F.  Knox,  $200;  S.  A.  Hastings, 
$100;  A.  B.  Forbes,  $roo;  Geo.  J.  Brooks  &  Co.,  $100;  A.  J. 
Easton,  $100;  J.  B.  Thoma.s,  $100;  Samuel  J.  Hensley,  $100; 
J.  Belden,  $100;  and  other  subscribers,  in  smaller  sums, 
$1,500. 

During  the  summer  of  1858,  a  new  building,  called 
Academy  Hall,  was  erected  and  furnished  for  the  use  of  the 
school.  It  was  a  structure  sixty  by  thirty  feet,  with  wings, 
^affording  a  common  study  hall,  and  convenient  recitation 
rooms.  This  was  a  bus}'  and  prosperous  year  with  the  school. 
The  improved  situation  was  announced  in  a  handsome  circu- 
lar, headctl  with  a  lithographic  picture  of  the  Academy  build- 
ings, and  sent  widely  over  the  State.  The  anniversary  of  the 
school  was  to  be  held  this  year  in  October.  The  increased 
number  of  pupils  and  the  new  buildings  encouraged  the 
Trustees  to  make  more  elaborate  preparation   for  it  than  had 


/ 


38 


HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORXIA. 


been  worth  while  before.  No  literary  festival  like  the  Com- 
mencement occasions  in  the  Eastern  States  had  as  yet  been 
enjoyed  in  California.  It  was  a  new  thing.  The  idea  aroused 
enthusiasm.  It  revived  in  many  the  associations  of  youth. 
To  have  here,  also,  our  intellectual  feasts,  seemed  to  make  the 
country  more  home-like.  John  B.  Felton  consented  to  deliver 
the  oration,  and  Rev.  Mr.  Benton,  of  Sacramento,  the  poem. 
The  notice  was  widely  given,  a  platform  was  fitted  up  in  the 
Presbyterian  Church,  and  all  was  made  ready  there  for  the 
literary  exercises,  and  the  Academy  grounds  were  supplied 
with  seats  under  the  great  trees,  where  a  basket  picnic  could 
be  enjoyed,  and  impromptu  speeches  made.  The  boys  were 
fully  in  the  spirit  of  the  occasion,  and  made  themselves  well 
ready  with  recitations  and  declamations.  The  expected  da}' 
came  at  last,  a  bright,  clear,  October  day.  A  crowd  of 
people  came  over  from  San  Francisco,  and,  as  the  tide  would 
have  it,  the  boat  did  not  get  aground  on  the  bar!  All  Oak- 
land was  out  to  meet  them,  though  Oakland  then  could  not 
boast  of  many  hundreds  of  inhabitants.  The  church  was 
filled  to  its  utmost.  The  older  College  folks,  as  well  as  the 
students,  felt  the  spirit  of  the  occasion,  because  it  rekindled 
the  enthusiasm  of  other  days.  The  exercises  were  all  keenly 
enjoyed.  Mr.  Felton,  the  orator,  was  at  his  best.  His  ora- 
tion was  published,  and  is  added  to  the  present  volume,  as 
the  first  number  of  the  Appendix. 

After  the  oration,  Rev.  Mr.  Benton  delivered  a  poem  en- 
titled, "The  Republic  of  Letters,"  closing  with  the  following 
stanzas: — 


But,  a  truce  to  all  this.     Be  our  thanks  manifold, 
l''or  the  day,  and  the  scene,  and  the  light  we  behold; 
'I'hat  here  on  our  shores,  all  prophetic  of  fates. 
Our  College  hath  lifted  her  beautiful  i^ates. 


An  honor  to  founders,  instructors,  and  patrons, 
Oh.  long  may  it  thrive  '  be  the  pride  of  our  matrons! 
To  all  cultured  minds  prove  a  scene  of  attractions. 
Be  enriched  evermore  by  our  wealth's  benefactions ! 


PREPARATION  OF  THE  FIRST  COLLEGE  CLASS.  39 

And  blest  be  this  State  of  our  hearts  and  our  hands; 
In  her  gold-spangled  robes,  how  effulgent  she  stands ! 
May  her  glories  increase  from  mountain  to  main; 
And  aye  in  her  palaces  prosperity  reign  ! 

May  the  Union  endure  of  our  federal  States; 
The  power  that  inspires  men,  uplifts,  re-creates; 
And  quick  may  some  banner  of  pride  be  unfurled, 
O'er  the  uprisen  strength  of  a  disenthralled  world  ! 

Yet  naught  can  endure,  in  these  lands  of  decay, 
That  draws  not  its  life  from  the  regions  away; 
And  for  freedom  and  progress  must  peoples  be  debtors, 
To  such  as  compose  the  Republic  of  Letters. 

And  from  those  high  realms,  like  some  fire-sceptered  kings, 
Have  marched  they  who  pluck  down  the  lightning's  flame-wings, 
And  bid  them,  with  tidings  for  man,  swiftly  flee. 
Through  the  ambient  air,  and  the  green  depths  of  sea. 

Then  be  honored  the  realm,  and  its  sons  of  great  fame, 
That  have  filled  the  whole  earth  with  such  joyous  acclaim. 
By  an  old  world  and  new,  clasped  with  thought-flashing  fetters  ! 
Yea,  live,  live  forever.  Republic  of  Letters  ! 

From  the  church,  which  was  situated  near  the  present  cor- 
ner of  Harrison  and  Sixth  Streets,  the  people  went,  in  pro- 
cession, to  the  Academy  grounds,  several  blocks  away,  though 
at  that  time,  neitiier  the  blocks  nor  the  streets  were  marked 
in  any  way,  and  the  line  of  march  was  through  a  continuous 
grove  of  oak  trees. 

After  the  lunch  had  been  properly  attended  to,  the  school 
buildings  were  examined,  especially  the  Academy  Hall,  with 
its  new,  airy  school-room,  and  its  recitation  rooms  adjoining. 
All  could  sec  that  a  decided  step  in  advance  had  been  taken. 
From  the  buildings,  the  company  returned  to  the  grove, 
where  the  seats  had  been  provided,  and  indulged  in  informal 
talk.  Col.  J.  B.  Crockett,  of  San  Francisco,  being  first  called 
upon,  led  ofifin  a  train  of  thought,  substantially  as  follows: — 

"  There  is  but  one  sentiment  which  fills  our  hearts  and  minds  to- 
day; and  that  is,  an  earnest  and  fervent  interest  in  the  success  and 
future  usefulness  of  the  institution  whose  anniversary  we  have  met  to 
celebrate.  After  the  chaste  and  beautiful  oration  which  we  have  just 
heard,  I  can  say  nothing  on  the  great  subject  of  education,  which  would 


40  HISTOR  Y  or  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

not  appear  tame  and  feeble,  in  comparison  with  the  glowing  eloquence 
to  which  we  have  listened.  Nevertheless,  the  important  truth  cannot 
be  too  often  repeated,  that  in  California,  our  greatest  want,  our  most 
pressing  need,  is  for  institutions  of  learning,  in  which  our  youth  can 
receive  a  thorough  and  complete  education.  The  future  of  our 
young  State  stands  upon  a  stable  basis;  and  in  my  judgment,  its 
prospects  are  brighter  now  than  at  any  previous  period  of  its  exist- 
ence. The  establishment  of  overland  mails,  the  certainty  of  a 
speedy  telegraphic  communication  with  the  East,  the  planting  of 
military  jiosts  along  the  line  of  travel,  and  the  opening  of  the  ports 
of  China  to  our  commerce,  all  demonstrate  that  we  are  soon  to  have 
an  immense  accession  to  our  population.  Already  we  hear  the  din 
of  preparation  from  across  the  mountains  and  deserts,  and  very  soon 
our  brethren  from  distant  lands  will  be  amongst  us.  They  will 
bring  with  ihem  children  to  be  educated  and  nursed  into  a  vigorous 
and  useful  manhood;  and  ours  must  be  the  pleasant  duty  to  afford 
them  the  opportunity  to  do  it. 

"  During  a  recent  visit  which  I  made  to  the  Atlantic  States,  I 
met  with  a  great  number  of  valuable  and  substantial  people,  who 
desire  to  emigrate  to  our  land  of  gold  ;  but  the  first  inquiry  which 
they  made  of  me,  was  in  respect  to  the  number  and  character  of  our 
schools ;  and  it  is  my  deliberate  opinion,  that  if  we  could  convince 
our  distant  friends  that  we  have  here  institutions  of  learning  of  char- 
acter, affording  the  most  ample  opportunity  to  ac(juire  a  liberal  and 
thorough  education,  we  would  at  once  attract  hither  a  large  and  per- 
manent population,  composed  of  the  most  valuable  elements  for  the 
development  of  our  physical  wealth  and  the  encouragement  of  a 
sound  moral  growth.  In  this  view,  I  hold  the  establishment  of  this 
institution  to  be  a  matter  of  great  public  interest ;  and  every  man 
who  connects  his  name  with  it,  as  one  of  its  chief  supporters  and 
friends,  will  have  done  something  that  he  may  be  justly  proud  of.  I 
give  you:  The  College  of  (California;  may  its  future  success  and  use- 
fulness be  commensurate  with  our  hopes." 

As  Colonel  Crockett  concluded  his  remarks,  tlircc  hearty 
cheers  were  given  by  the  crowd  in  approval  of  his  sentiments. 
The  Marshal,  assuming  all  the  responsibility,  as  men  in  office 
arc  wont  to  do,  called  upon  Judge  H.  P.  Coon,  of  San  Fran- 
ci.sco,  who  said: — 

"  Mk.  I'rksiuknt:   1  am  disposed  to  (Question  the  liberty  you  have 


1 


PR  EPA  RATION  OF  THE  F/RST  COLLEGE   CLASS.  41 

taken  with  my  name  in  publicly  calling  upon  me  for  some  remarks; 
but  being  called  upon,  my  inlerest  in  the  occasion  which  has  brought 
us  together,  will  not  allow  me  to  keep  silence.  I  did  not  arrive  until 
the  literary  exercises  in  the  church  had  been  concluded,  and  have 
not,  therefore,  had  the  opportunity  to  become  animated  by  the  en- 
thusiasm which  such  exercises  are  adapted  to  inspire.  The  remarks 
of  the  gentlemen  who  have  preceded  me  have,  however,  given  a 
start  to  my  ideas,  and  I  propose  the  following  as  my  sentiment: 
Christian  Education;  the  best  guarantee  for  the  permanent  civilization 
of  California.  The  history  of  the  world  is  full  of  proof  that  mere 
material  prosperity,  or  the  development  of  the  physical  resources 
of  a  country  are  not  sufficient  to  insure  a  permanent  and  progressive 
civilization;  nor  is  a  merely  intellectual  culture  sufficient.  Look  at 
the  rise  and  downfall  of  the  ancient  Republics ;  they  acquired  riches 
and  made  great  attainments  in  science  and  in  art,  but  where  are  they 
now.?  It  is  the  appropriate  culture  of  the  head  and  the  heart  of  the 
people  in  connection  with  the  development  of  the  natural  resources 
of  the  State,  that  is  to  give  her  the  right  moral  elevation  and  secure 
her  permanent  prosperity. 

"  The  want  of  the  best  facilities  for  the  education  of  children  has 
induced  many  families  to  remove  from  this  to  the  older  States.  I  con- 
versed recently  with  a  gentleman  who  for  years  felt  that  he  ought  to 
remain  in  California,  and  exert  his  influence  here,  where  good  influ- 
ence is  so  much  needed,  but  who  was  constrained,  finally,  to  remove 
his  family  to  the  Atlantic  States,  because  he  could  obtain  better  edu- 
cational privileges  for  his  children  there.  If  we  would  retain  such 
families  in  California,  we  must  furnish  facilities  for  affording  not  only 
an  ordinary,  but  an  accomplished  education  to  their  children.  On 
this  account  we  rejoice  in  what  we  see  to-day  of  the  institution  es- 
tablished here,  and  of  the  bright  promises  which  it  offers  for  the 
future. 

"  I  remember  meeting  with  the  gentleman  who  is  now  Principal  in 
this  institute  in  1853,  and  hearing  him  say  that  he  intended  to  found 
a  High  School  in  Oakland,  which  should  grow  into  a  college,  and  I 
confess  ,that  my  remarks  to  him  at  the  time  were  not  encouraging; 
but  he  went  on  with  his  work,  and  by  his  persevering  toil  and  patient 
endurance,  he  has  succeeded  in  establishing  an  institution  which  is 
to-day  an  honor  to  him  and  to  all  who  have  co-operated  with  him. 
May  they  labor  on  with  renewed  zeal  and  find  the  blessing  of  Provi. 
dence  attending  tiieir  efibrts  for  the  future." 


42  inSTOR  y  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNLA. 

After  Judge  Coon,  Mr.  H.  B.  Janes,  Superintendent  of 
Public  Instruction  of  San  Francisco,  was  called  for.  He 
spoke  as  follows: — 

"Mr.  President,  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen:  Years  ago,  while 
wandering  among  the  green  hills  of  Vermont,  had  I  been  told  that 
to-day,  on  the  then  far-off  shores  of  the  Pacific,  the  preparatory  class 
of  the  California  College  would  meet  to  celebrate  the  conquest  of 
the  land  of  the  hunter,  the  trapper,  and  the  vaquero  to  knowledge 
and  to  science,  it  would  have  seemed  as  some  wild  fancy  of  the 
hour. 

"  Had  it  been  further  told  me,  that  as  citizens  of  a  sovereign  State, 
numbering  its  forty  thousand  children  enrolled  at  school,  and  employ- 
ing its  five  hundred  teachers,  we  should  be  participants  in  those 
ceremonies,  not  even  the  indomitable  energy  of  the  American  nation, 
and  its  watchword,  '  Westward,  ho  ! '  already  echoed  loud  and  clear 
from  the  Rocky  Mountains,  could  have  given  it  the  impress  of  truth. 
Hut  difficult  as  is  the  realization,  such  is  the  fact. 

"  Hundreds  of  thousands  have  been  borne  hither  from  the  land  of 
schools,  academies,  and  the  '  Alma  Mater,'  to  pitch  their  tents  upon 
the  broad  plains  and  rugged  hills  of  California.  They  came  with  a 
feeling  of  security,  for  here  the  flag  of  our  Union  signaled  its  pro- 
tection to  their  persons,  their  property,  and  their  household  gods. 

"  No  colony  of  Greece  or  Rome  ever  held  the  position  for  power 
and  influence  upon  the  destinies  of  the  world,  that  we,  thus  hastily 
gathered  from  the  North,  the  South,  the  East,  and  the  West,  from  all 
nations  and  peoples  under  heaven,  now  hold.  Here,  at  home,  the 
discordant  elements  of  a  social  organization  are  to  be  rearranged  and 
harmonized ;  we  are  forming  and  are  yet  to  perfect  a  society  unlike 
that  known  to  the  world;  religions,  philosophies,  social  and  political 
habits,  and  opinions  as  dissimilar  as  the  varied  themes  of  Christian 
and  pagan  nations,  are  to  be  blended  into  one  consistent  whole. 
From  the  Atlantic  shores  the  vast  tide  still  sets  in  upon  us;  its  ele- 
ments of  power  are  to  be  shaped  to  our  purposes  of  science,  mechan- 
ism, and  agriculture.  And  still,  far  beyond  us  opens  a  new  field  of 
labor;  no  sooner  had  the  electric  cable  flashed  its  triumph  over  time 
and  space,  to  two  worlds,  than  under  '  the  deep,  deep  sea,'  over  its 
mountains,  and  through  its  valleys,  speeds  the  news  that  China  is 
opened  to  the  world,  opened  to  its  commerce,  opened  to  its  civil  and 
its  social  influence  ;  openeil   to   its  ( "hristianity.      To  that   region  of 


PREPARATIOX  OF  Till-:  FIRST  COIJ.FGF   CLASS.  43 

darkness,  it  is  in  part  our  mission  to  bear  messages  of  social  order, 
political  freedom,  and  true  religion.  As  the  com  mencement  of 
this  great  work,  we  hail  all  our  institutions  of  learning.  The  College 
of  California  will  bear  its  part.  To  educate  minds  for  such  tasks  is 
no  common  duty.  Not  unlike  the  preparation  and  laying  of  the 
wire  whose  success  we  so  recently  celebrated,  is  the  work  of  the 
teacher,  preparing  and  coiling  the  thread  of  knowledge.  Each  strand 
should  be  of  pure  metal,  well  tested,  firmly  bound;  round  all  should 
be  a  perfect  coating  of  virtue  and  religion,  that  in  a  perfect  insulation 
from  the  dissipating  influences  of  evil,  its  power  may  be  retained;  it 
needs  strength,  too,  or  sudden  billows  of  passion  may  sunder  it  mid- 
ocean,  and  the  hope  of  a  world  be  lost. 

"  To  those  who  so  perseveringly  labored  in  the  cause  of  liberal 
education  here,  I  would  unite  with  you  in  expressing  heartfelt  grati- 
tude, and  offer  as  a  sentiment :  The  Educational  Institutions  of  Cal- 
ifornia ;  may  they  prove  as  powerful  in  promoting  the  intellectual,  as 
her  gold  has  in  controlling  the  commercial,  prosperity  of  the  world.'' 

Mr.  I.  P.  Rankin  was  the  next  speaker  summoned,  and, 
after  protesting  as  well  as  he  could,  but  to  no  purpose,  lie  took 
up  his  march  like  those  before  him. 

"  Ladies  and  Gentlemen  :  I  have  been  called  upon  to  address 
you,  simply,  I  suppose,  because  I  have  the  honor  to  be  one  of  the 
Trustees  of  the  institution  whose  anniversary  we  celebrate  to-day. 
An  honor  I  feel  it  to  be  to  take  any  part,  however  humble,  in  pro- 
moting the  interests  and  prosperity  of  an  institution  so  identified  as 
this  is  with  the  highest  welfare  of  our  State  and  of  this  Pacific  Coast. 
During  the  time  I  have  held  my  present  position  I  have  been  disposed 
to  do  what  I  could  to  forward  the  objects  we  all  have  in  view,  and 
have  only  regretted  in  time  past,  as  I  do  now,  that  my  ability  has  not 
been  equal  to  my  wishes.  We  have  not  had  the  means  to  do  what 
we  wish,  but  even  with  our  limited  resources,  the  good  accomplished 
and  being  accomplished  by  such  an  institution  as  this  can  hardly  be 
estimated.  It  does  not  yet  afford  the  means  of  furnishing  a  com- 
plete education,  but  it  has  already  provided  for  many  young  men  the 
means  of  intellectual  culture,  which  if  not  fitting  them  for  the  learned 
professions,  has  furnished  them  a  better  practical  education  for  the 
ordinary  pursuits  of  life  than  probably  would  otherwise  have  been 
accessible  to  them.  This  is  much,  but  we  hope  to  do  far  more.  We 
have  faith  to  look  beyond  our  present  means  and  position,  and  see  in 


f 


44  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

the  future,  amply  qualified  for  its  high  mission  of  usefulness,  the  full 
grown  and  well  developed  University.  But  to  secure  an  end  so  de- 
sirable for  this  young  State,  we  need  co-operation,  sympathy,  and 
the  means  of  all  good  men  and  lovers  of  education  in  the  State.  In 
due  time  we  hope  the  means  will  be  furnished. 

"  Some  one  has  said  that  the  man  who  has  no  money  is  poor;  but 
that  he  who  has  nothing  but  money  is  poorer  still.  This  is  more 
strikingly  true  of  communities  than  of  individuals.  We  may  have 
ships,  and  commerce,  and  merchandise ;  we  may  have  luxuriant  and 
waving  harvests,  and  teeming  mines,  but  with  all  the  elements  of 
material  prosperity,  if  we  have  nothing  more,  we  are,  as  a  State,  poor 
indeed.  \Ve  must  have  education  sanctified  by  religion,  or  we  are 
entirely  wanting  in  the  elements  of  the  highest  prosperity  or  civiliza- 
tion. 

"  I  remember  the  substance  of  a  remark  by  the  venerable  Josiah 
Quincy.  'Civil  liberty,'  said  he,  '  has  no  security  but  in  intelligence* 
intelligence  none  but  in  virtue,  and  neither  liberty,  intelligence,  nor 
virtue  has  any  firm  and  reliable  foundation  but  in  the  power  and 
sanctity  of  the  Christian  religion.'  This,  ladies  and  gentlemen,  is  a 
truth  that  cannot  too  deeply  be  laid  to  heart  by  the  people  of  Cali- 
fornia, and  acting  upon  the  belief  of  it,  we  cannot  fail  to  become  as 
a  people  great  and  happy." 

Right  under  the  sound  of  Mr.  Rankin's  voice,  was  an  in- 
terested and  animated  hearer,  Rev.  Mr.  Lacy.  He  was  evi- 
dently enjoying  the  intellectual  repast  spread  before  him — 
.satisfied  that  the  world  was  going  on  all  right,  and  glad  that 
he  was  there  to  see  and  hear — when  a  startling  and  most 
unexpected  call  or  cry  broke  upon  his  ears.  It  brought  him 
to  his  feet,  and  in  spite  of  well-laid  plans,  he  was  compelled 
to  speak.      He  said:  - 

'■  I  have  looked  a  whole  measure  of  revenge  at  the  man  behind 
me,  who  called  my  name.  I  thought  myself  safe.  I  cannot  decline 
to  speak,  for  at  such  a  lime  as  this,  one  cannot  deny  the  feelings  with 
which  his  bosom  overflows. 

"Schools  are  the  hope  of  our  country.  TJiese  children  are  born 
and  grow  up  here;  ihey  see  these  skies  and  these  mountains  and 
valleys;  they  have  no  remembrance  of  tln)se  green  lawns  ami  shady 
forests,  and  sweet  streams,  that  arise  with  enchantment  in  our  mem- 


PKF.PAh'ATfON  or  TffE  FIRST  COLLEGE    CLASS.  45 

ory,  associated  with  the  affections  of  home ;  this  is  their  home,  their 
dear  native  land.  They  will  form  our  society  and  our  State,  and 
mould  our  institutions,  and  bear  the  honor  and  be  the  glory  of  our 
land,  in  a  few  short  years. 

"  I  confess  that  I  sometimes  tremble  when  I  look  abroad  over  the 
masses  of  the  people,  and  consider  the  nature  of  republican  institu- 
tions. There  is  a  man  loaded  with  intoxicating  liquors,  utterly  una- 
ble to  form  any  good  judgment  upon  measures  of  public  policy,  or 
to  '  tell  what  he  thinks  concerning  the  commonwealth,'  or  to  decide 
upon  the  man  fitted  to  administer  upon  these  interests  in  integrity, 
whose  vote  is  just  as  decisive,  of  just  as  nmch  worth,  as  that  of  any 
one  of  you  before  me.  It  is  alarming.  The  only  remedy  is  in  uni- 
versal education.  The  forty  thousand  children  of  this  State  must  be 
educated,  universally,  in  our  common  schools,  and  some  of  them 
thoroughly,  or  our  State  will  sink  into  absolute  barbarism.  Think  of 
what  Cambridge  and  Yale  have  done  for  our  country  in  their  gifts  of 
statesmen,  clergymen,  teachers,  who  have  made  our  country  what  she 
is  in  the  enlightened  world.  The  same  thing  must  be  done  for  this 
Pacific  country.  They  commenced  in  poverty — small — struggled 
through  many  years ;  see  what  they  are.  Such  must  be  our  beginning 
and  our  future.  These  vigorous  youths  must  be  educated,  their  in- 
tellect developed,  that  they  shall  be  known  not  merely  in  their  own 
circle  and  neighborhood,  but  rise  high  ;  that  their  light  may  be  seen 
abroad,  over  the  whole  country,  and  over  the  world ;  that  they  may 
be  known  as  stars  of  the  first  magnitude,  shining  for  ages  with  original 
and  eternal  light.  This  institution  is  to  bring  out  such.  I  rejoice  at 
its  prosperous  and  hopeful  commencement;  I  look  at  it  and  feel  strong 
and  confident  as  to  the  future  of  our  State  ;  for  these  who  are  edu- 
cated here  will  be  taught  the  truth  under  the  blessed  influences  of 
the  religion  of  Jesus  Christ.  I  close  with  this  sentiment:  The  Re- 
public of  Letters  ;  may  it  nestle  in  the  Republic  of  the  Pacific." 

After  Mr.  Lacy,  Rev.  Mr,  Walsworth,  who  had  just  arrived 
from  Honolulu,  was  politely  and  urgently  requested  to  follow. 
He  had  seen,  by  this  time,  such  calls  were  inexorable  and 
merciless — they  had  to  be  complied  with — and  without  any 
unnecessary  hesitation,  remarked: — 

"Mr.  President:  As  you  have  called  me  up  on  the  Sandwich 
Islands,  I  suppose  that  it  is  that  you  may  hear  from  me  something 


46  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

about  education  there  Two  weeks  ago  I  was  in  Honolulu,  and  it 
was  my  pleasure  to  have  made  the  acquaintance  of  the  President  and 
a  part  of  the  Faculty  of  Oahu  College,  located  in  that  city.  Of  all 
things  that  I,  as  a  stranger,  found  to  interest  me,  among  the  Hawai- 
ian people,  there  was  nothing  that  had  greater  place  in  my  regards 
than  this  institution.  And,  indeed,  sir,  when  I  saw  its  buildings,  its 
library  of  two  thousand  volumes,  its  President  and  teachers,  the 
eighty  students  in  attendance,  the  studies  pursued,  the  attainments 
already  made,  I  was  like  the  Queen  of  Sheba,  when  she  saw  the 
wealth  and  glory  of  Solomon.  There  was  no  more  spirit  in  me. 
The  persons  connected  with  this  enterprise  have  undertaken,  in  a 
generous  and  manly  way,  to  meet  the  educational  wants  of  the  peo- 
ple, and  they  will  do  it.  They  are  doing  what  we  have  attem-pted  to 
do  in  this  institution,  whose  anniversary  we  this  day  celebrate.  And 
we  shall  succeed  as  well  as  they.  I  never,  sir,  come  upon  these 
grounds  but  that  I  have  new  strength  added  to  my  faith,  that  we 
shall  fulfill  the  great  design  we  have  had  in  view.  These  students,  this 
new  building  which  to-day  we  consecrate  to  science,  this  attendance, 
the  men  who  are  pledged  to  this  work  and  the  interest  which  stirs  in 
all  our  hearts,  are  a  proof  that  our  College  shall  be  to  the  Pacific 
what  Yale  and  Harvard  are  to  the  Atlantic  side  of  our  country.  I 
offer  as  a  sentiment:  Education;  a  light  started  in  the  East,  and  even 
now  kindled  in  the  West;  may  it  culminate  with  us  in  all  its  grandeur 
and  glory." 

By  this  time  the  spirit  was  up,  the  enthusiasm  alive  and  at 
work,  and  many  felt  like  speaking,  felt  even  as  though  they 
iniist  speak.  At  once  all  eyes  turned  to  Mr.  Willey,  and  in 
reply  to  earnest  calls,  he  said  : — 

"  I  am  not  in  the  humor  for  making  a  speech,  but  I  cannot  remain 
wholly  silent  on  an  occasion  like  this.  I  was  struck  this  morning 
with  the  force  and  justness,  of  the  appeal  in  behalf  of  this  institution 
in  the  declamation  of  one  of  the  young  men,  entitled,  '  The  Voice 
of  the  School.'  A  thrilling  voice  was  that !  The  voice  of  youth, 
thirsting  for  knowledge — asking  for  the  means  of  acquiring  educa- 
tion, while  they  arc  in  the  period  of  life  in  which  alone  they  can  ob- 
tain it.  And  this  brings  out  exactly  the  idea  of  this  institution. 
//  it  to  meet  the  demand  of  the  time,  as  it  exists  now,  as  it  will  exist  in 
the  future.  Nmv,  a  school  is  needed  prej^aratory  to  a  College,  and 
capable  of  giving  instruction  in  all  the   branches  of  a  common   cdu- 


I 


PREPAKATION  OF  THE  I- IRST  COLLEGE    CLASS.  47 

cation,  fitting  young  men  for  the  business  of  life.  Such  a  school  wc 
are  seeking  to  establish.  Yonder  neat  and  beautiful  building  has 
been  erected,  finished,  and  paid  for.  Now,  the  boarding-house  be- 
yond must  be  enlarged  and  put  in  repair.  The  roof  must  be  torn 
off,  another  stor}-  put  on,  and  the  whole  finished  and  furnished. 

"  Yonder  site  for  the  future  University  so  eloc^uently  and  truthfully 
described  in  the  oration  to-day,  is  not  entirely  paid  for,  and  the  bal- 
ance due  must  be  at  once  raised.  The  improvements  of  this  year, 
projected  and  attempted  by  the  Trustees,  will  not  cost  less  than 
$12,000,  of  which  I  believe  something  over  $7,000  has  been  raised, 
and  the  remainder  must  be  forth-coming  very  soon.  This,  we  be- 
lieve, will  make  the  school  well  able  to  meet  the  present  want.  It 
will  open  the  way  for  the  able  and  devoted  Board  of  Teachers  en- 
gaged, to  give  instruction  to  all  who  apply  in  the  various  branches 
of  education  now  most  recjuired,  and  to  complete  the  preparation  of 
the  class  now  within  one  year  of  college  standing  so  that  they 
may  be  admitted  to  the  first  Freshman  Class  one  year  from  this  time. 
This  work,  so  plain,  so  practical,  immediately  on  our  hands,  I  be- 
lieve we  ought  to  do,  and  can  do.  It  is  pleasant  to  know  that  this 
is  so. 

"  Now  for  the  future.  It  will  hasten  on  and  make  its  demands 
upon  us.  The  College  classes  will  be  advancing,  and  calling  for  all 
the  facilities  for  a  liberal  education.  The  prospect  of  being  able  to 
meet  this  demand  may  look  doubtful,  and  the  requirement  formida- 
ble. But  when  the  time  has  come,  and  the  demand  is  on  us,  I  be- 
lieve we  shall  be  able  to  meet  it.  Let  us  have  faith  in  the  cause, 
faith  in  each  other,  and  faith  in  the  people  of  the  State.  I  believe 
that  no  necessity  will  at  any  point  arise,  that  with  energy  and  perse- 
verance, it  will  not  be  possible  to  meet.  And  this  is,  as  I  said,  the 
IDEA  of  our  plan — to  meet  and  provide  for  the  necessity  as  it  shall 
arise.  We  have  tried  to  do  it,  and  what  you  see  to-day  bears  wit- 
ness in  some  measure  how  well  we  have  succeeded.  And  we  will 
try  yet  more,  and  we  appeal  to  the  people  of  California  to  sustain 
our  effort,  and  give  success  to  the  cause.  I  conclude  with  this  sen- 
timent :  The  demand  of  our  youth  for  the  means  of  education;  we 
will  supply  it." 

In  response  to  a  poetical  sentiment  from  a  lady,  compli- 
mentary to  the  orator  and  poet  of  the  day,  the  Rev.  Mr- 
Benton  spoke  in  substance,  as  follows: — 


I 


48  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALlfORNLA. 

"Ladiks  and  Gkntlemen:  I  always  speak  when  I  am  called  for; 
and  very  often  when  I  am  not.  I  heartily  thank  the  lady  for  her 
graceful  ( onipliment,  and  you  for  your  kind  appreciation.  They  go 
beyond  my  merit;  for  in  very  truth  making  poetry  is  not  my  forte, 
nor  does  it  employ  much  of  my  time.  The  poetic  faculty  few  have; 
and  fewer  still,  highly  cultivated.  We  may  have  poetic  ideas  without 
the  power  of  poetic  cxjjression ;  both  of  which  are  essential  to  the 
poetic  faculty. 

"  Most  of  us  have  poetry  in  our  natures,  even  if  we  do  not  pos- 
sess full-winged  poetic  imaginations;  and  we  do  well  to  cultivate 
what  we  have.  It  will  become  to  us  both  a  pleasure  and  a  recrea- 
tion, as  some  pleasure  is  not.  ^Ve  have  need  of  poetry  and  its 
charms.  The  world  is  a  humdrum  place  without  it.  We  meet  sor- 
rows;  we  carry  burdens;  we  go  vexed  with  cares  ;  we  are  worn  with 
toils;  we  are  borne  down  with  ills;  we  are  depressed,  saddened,  and 
pained;  and  we  need  something  to  relieve,  cheer,  and  inspire  us; 
something  to  engage  and  lift  us;  something  to  inspirit  and  glorify  us  ; 
enfolding  and  enrapturing  us;  and  we  shall  find  it  in  our  poetry.  If 
we  can  enter  an  ideal  realm  at  will,  peopled  with  fair  creations,  and 
alive  with  beautiful  forms,  we  may  bid  the  dull  world  good-day,  and 
enter  to  roam,  delight,  and  refresh  ourselves  at  large. 

"  If  this  be  in  our  power,  if  this  become  our  habit,  we  shall  not 
pine;  we  shall  not  suffer  from  ennui;  we  shall  not  drag  along;  nor 
shall  life  be  to  us  insupportable.  We  shall  keep  our  health;  we  shall 
kcej)  our  spirits;  we  shall  keep  heart  and  hope;  and  drear  and  bar- 
ren shall  no  tract  of  life  seem.  It  is  the  poetic  soul  that  drinks  at 
the  fountain  of  perennial  youth.  It  is  the  poetic  heart  that  never 
grows  old.  As  there  is  a  bright  side  and  a  poetic  side  to  all  things, 
we  may  turn  aside  where  we  will  to  be  regaled;  and  a  touch  of  ro- 
mance will  not  harm  the  oldest  and  soberest  of  us.  There  is  a  de- 
mand for  books  of  poetry  and  works  of  fiction.  They  will  always 
sell.  We  need  them.  But  we  cannot  live  on  them,  even  the  best 
of  them  ;  and  the  ])oorer  .sort  are  execrable.  They  are  for  recreation 
mainly;  and  fur  naught  beyond  this  can  they  avail  much;  but  in 
their  sphere,  what  charms  they  arc  !  Not  to  be  tedious,  I  conclude 
with  tliis  sentiment:  Women;  the  poetic  side  of  humanity,  the  won- 
der of  our  childhood,  the  beauty  of  our  youth,  the  brightness  of  our 
maturity,  and  the  glory  of  all  our  years;  long  may  they  flourish,  and 
their  hearts  never  grow  old  !  " 


\ 


PREPA RATION  OF  THE  F/RST  CO/./.EGJi  C/..ISS.  4'.> 

On  being  called  upon  next  in  order,  Rev.  H.  Diirant  re- 
plied with  much  warmth  and  earnestness: — 

"  Mr.  President  :  This  call  takes  me  by  surprise.  1  had  been  so 
absolutely  absorbed  in  works  anterior,  and  I  may  say  interior  to  the 
public  exhibitions  of  the  day,  that  the  contingency  of  being  sum- 
moned before  the  scenes,  to  take  part  with  the  performers  there,  was 
little  to  be  thought  of,  much  less  to  be  provided  for.  That  I  should 
be  represented,  in  common  with  the  other  teachers,  in  the  perform- 
ances of  the  pupils,  I  anticipated.  That  in  their  exercises,  I  should, 
in  some  sort,  be  exercised,  in  their  exhibitions,  be  exhibited,  and  in 
their  persons,  personated,  I  knew  ;  hut  I  had  flattered  myself,  that 
after  these  tasks  of  my  proxies  had  been  performed,  as  they  have 
been,  I  hope,  without  discredit  to  either  of  the  parties,  I  was  to 
be  discharged  from  further  responsibility. 

"  But,  Mr.  President,  I  should  be  ashamed  of  myself,  if,  under 
the  circumstances  of  this  moment,  I  could  find  nothing  more  to  offer 
than  an  apology  for  having  been  surprised,  or  an  excuse  for  remain- 
ing silent.  I  should  certainly  demonstrate  that  I  was  not  one  of 
that  class  of  teachers  so  graphically  described  by  the  eloquent  orator 
of  the  day,  if,  instead  of  picking  up  the  veriest  pebble  from  beneath 
my  feet,  like  the  example  quoted,  to  read  from  it,  to  enraptured  list- 
eners, a  whole  volume  of  new  truth,  a  very  bible  of  inspired  revela- 
tions, I  have  been  presented  with  a  University  for  a  theme,  and  yet 
have  no  heart,  nor  tongue  to  feel  or  to  express  a  single  sentiment! 

"  We  shall  not  soon  forget  the  orator's  ideal  of  the  true  teacher, 
'  the  genial  man,'  the  very  soul  itself  of  instruction.  We  accept 
and  reiterate  his  doctrines  on  this  point.  Whether,  personally,  we 
stand  or  fall  by  them,  they  are  true.  The  teacher  must  be  a  man  of 
sympathy,  communicable,  a  'genial  man;'  one,  that  is,  who  imparts 
himself  io  his  pupils  along  with  his  lessons,  and  wins  from  them  re- 
sponses of  the  heart,  as  well  as  of  the  lips.  He  teaches  by  infusion. 
He  imitates  nature.  The  dews  of  heaven  do  not  distill  upon  the 
plant,  nor  the  breezes  fan  it,  nor  the  rays  of  the  sun  fall  on  it,  to 
show  it  how  to  grow;  they  enter  into  it;  are  assimilated  to  it;  grow 
together  with  it,  and  so  become  a  part  of  its  very  existence.  Such 
are  the  relations  of  the  teacher  and  his  pupils.  A  correspondence 
of  thought  and  feeling  is  established  between  them,  like  the  elective 
affinities  among  the  elements  of  matter,  or  the  polar  attractions,  in 
electricity  and  magnetism,  by  means  of  which,  while  they  arc  distinct 
4 


50  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

and  original  in  themselves,  a  new  result  is  produced,  greater  and 
better  than  either  alone,  combining  and  reflecting  the  powers  and 
characters  of  both. 

"The  sculptor  works  at  his  block,  that  he  may  realize  in  the  forms 
which  he  produces,  the  conceptions  of  his  mind,  and  the  sentiments 
of  his  heart.  He  is  content  with  his  work  only  when  it  becomes  a 
transcript  of  himself.  We  have  read  of  one  who  had  so  wrought  his 
soul  into  his  marble,  that  with  his  last  touch,  he  expired.  But  the 
statue  which  he  left  instinct  with  his  own  life,  re-animated  him,  in  its 
turn,  and  made  him  immortal. 

"  As  the  single  teacher  is  to  the  individual  pupil,  or  to  the  transient 
class,  the  University  is  to  the  masses  of  mankind,  through  all  gen- 
erations. May  our  Alma  Mater,  and  her  teachers  of  every  age,  live 
not  only  in  the  memory  of  her  pupils,  but  in  their  lives  and  characters. 
We  ask  for  them  no  other  |)raise,  no  other  monument.  I  would 
conclude,  sir,  by  offering  the  following  sentiment  :  The  teacher  and 
his  pupils,  the  University  and  the  masses  of  the  people  ;  all  members 
of  the  same  family,  parts  of  the  same  system,  like  the  sun  and  the 
planets,  shining  in  each  other's  light,  revolving  in  each  other's  attrac- 
tions." 

The  followint^  address  prepared  especially  for  the  occasion, 
was  delivered  by  Mr.  Albert  F.  Lyle,  one  of  the  students 
and  is  worthy  of  being  remembered  with  the  occasion: — 

"Mk.  President,  Trustees,  Patrons  and  Benefactors  of 
TiiK  Coi.i.Kc.E  of  California,  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen  :  We 
Iru.sl  it  will  not  be  deemed  presumptuous  in  us^  the  members  of  this 
school,  in  behalf  of  whom  1  address  you,  that  we  should  attempt  to 
express  on  this  occasion  our  sense  of  obligation  to  you,  for  the  part 
you  have  taken  in  i)rocuring  for  us  the  advantages  of  this  institution. 
We  are  not  content  that  you  should  be  left  to  presume  that  we  are 
}^rate/ul:  nor  to  infer  our  feelings,  from  such  efforts  to  do  our  />est  as 
may  have  appeared  to  you  in  the  examination  that  has  past,  or  in  the 
exercises  that  are  now  transpiring.  Besides  the  pantomime  of  our 
regular  performances,  wc  wish  to  express  ourselves  to  you  in  articu- 
late s|)ccch,  and  say  in  so  many  words:    '  U'e  fee/ j^rate////.' 

"  We  have  reason  to  feel  so.  We  arc  young  students.  Allow  us 
to  say  what  we  might  not  under  other  circumstances  say,  or  to  other 
hearers,  that  we  have  of  late,  many  of  us,  become  most  deeply  inter- 
ested in  our  studies  ;  that  we  have  just  been  looking  into  some  of  the 


I 


I 


PA'Er.lh'.lT/OX  OF  THE  FfRST  COLLEGE   CLASS.  51 

departments  of  knowledge,  through  the  doors  which  others,  going 
before  us,  have  left  ajar;  that  through  some  we  have  taken  a  few  steps  ; 
and  that  we  are  amazed,  while  we  are  delighted  with  the  wonders 
which  show  themselves  on  every  side.  But  we  are  told,  what  excites 
our  admiration  the  more,  that  these  wondrous  sights  are  but  the 
s/iorv-picturcs  of  truths,  and  systems  of  truths,  of  relations,  and  de- 
pendencies, processes  and  results  which  lie  beyond,  that  these  are  for 
the  initiated,  and  the  initiated  alone.  We  ask  to  be  initiated,  to  go 
behind  the  scenes.  We  cannot  be  content,  now,  with  looking  at  the 
show-pictures,  and  nothing  more;  our  interest  in  them  now,  arises 
from  their  significance  ;  they  are  no  XongQx pmuers  to  us,  but  exponents; 
no  longer  pursuits,  but  indices  by  the  way-side,  to  guide,  and  to  ac- 
celerate our  progress.  We  seem  to  have  come  into  a  great  and 
beautiful  city.  Its  stately  dwellings,  its  massive  temples;  its  spacious 
courts,  its  long  arcades  and  corridors,  are  wonderful ;  but  their  charm 
for  us  now  is,  that  they  are  the  shadows  of  another  city  that  lives 
within  them;  a  city  of  intelligence  and  affections;  a  city  oi  the  soul. 
We  cannot  be  willing,  therefore,  to  remain  in  the  streets,  nor  to  have 
entered  some  doorways  and  vestibules,  and  ante-chambers,  where  we 
have  caught  glimpses,  and  broken  cadences  of  a  harmony  and  of  a 
beauty,  which  we  cannot  understand.  We  must  go  bnuard  still.  If 
'  admiration  '  and  '  wonder,'  as  Plato  is  said  to  affirm,  are  the  '  begin- 
ning of  philosophy,'  they  are  not  its  ends.  We  cannot  stop  where 
we  are  ;  to  have  discovered  mysteries  is  not  sufficient.  We  must 
enter  into  them,  and  though  they  involve  us  in  others,  still  we  are 
impelled  to  persevere.  We  realize  the  story  of  the  fabled  Psyche, 
who  was  doomed  to  a  task  which  she  could  neither  choose  to  aban- 
don, nor  find  the  means  to  perform.  From  a  fountain  drippinti  at  the 
giddy  top  of  a  mountain  precipice,  she  must  fill  a  phial  and  bring 
it  back  to  men,  and  as  she  shall  fail  or  succeed,  lose  or  win  the  prize 
of  immortal  life.  Ready  to  despair,  not  finding  any  foothold  on  the 
steep  face  of  the  rock,  she  hears  gentle  voices  of  love  and  encour- 
agement. She  searches  here  and  there;  at  length  a  blind  passage  is 
seen  to  open  through  a  crevice.  She  enters;  a  winding  stair-case 
occurs  ;  this  mounted,  a  landing  is  attained  which  shows  a  light. 

"  Thus  far  we  seem  to  have  come  with  Psyche,  in  our  own  expe- 
riences. Shall  we  follow  still  ?  The  ray  before  us  is  growing  feeble 
while  we  delay.  We  feel  a  fire  within  us,  but  it  gives  no  light.  The 
voices  of  encouragement  and  love  which  we  followed  at  first,  were 


52  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

the  echoes  of  the  rising  school  and  of  'the  coming  College.'  The 
blind  way,  and  the  staircase  in  the  crevice,  were  the  old  school-rooms 
which  we  have  left;  the  new  'Hall  of  the  Academy'  is  the  landing- 
place  with  the  light.  Hut  our  task  cannot  be  finished  here.  Psyche 
pursues  the  light;  it  grows  brighter  as  she  advances;  it  opens  at 
length  to  her  view  the  last  stages,  perhajts  not  the  easiest  of  the  way. 
She  reaches  the  summit;  she  comes  to  the  fountain;  she  fills  the 
phial;  she  can  now  return  and  give  the  rare  treasure  to  the  world. 
Her  task  is  done.  She  has  won  the  prize  of  immortality.  Psyche 
we  are  told,  is  a  human  soul. 

"  Mr.  President,  Trustees,  Patrons  and  benefactors  of  the  College 
of  California :  The  light  before  us  you  have  kindled.  The  heat 
uilhin  us,  that  has  given  us  no  light,  is  our  thirst  for  an  education; 
a  liberal  education,  while  yet  the  means  of  gaining  it  were  not  at 
hand.  The  prospect  of  these  means,  as  we  have  said,  is  in  the  light 
of  your  munificence.  For  this  we  return  you  our  thanks.  We  shall 
watch  the  light,  and  wait  on  it  still.  We  shall  make  our  way  by  it, 
as  it  grows  broader  and  lighter,  till  it  merges,  where  it  must  erelong, 
in  a  full-orbed  University.  It  is  in  the  hope  of  this  that  we  may  re- 
joice. It  is  this  that  we  want.  It  is  for  this  that  we  plead;  nothing 
else  will  avail  to  lift  us  to  the  summit  of  our  task,  where  the  waters 
gush  that  we  are  to  give  to  the  world,  and  where  we  are  to  view  for 
ourselves  the  prize  of  life." 

The  occasion  was  one  of  such  new  interest  that  the  lapse 
of  time  was  not  noticetl  till  the  shrill  boat-whistles  warned 
the  San  Franciscans  that  it  was  time  to  be  aboard  for  the 
return  homeward.  But  the  day  was  a  marked  one  in  the  his- 
tory of  the  institution,  and  tijave  the  whole  enterprise  an 
impetus  which  was  manifest  for  a  lontj  time  afterwards.  The 
special  committee,  consistin^j  of  David  McClure  and  K.  S. 
Lacy,  ap|)ointcd  to  examine  the  school  at  the  close  of  the 
precetliiifj  term,  closed  their  report,  dated  October  7,  1858,  as 
follows:  "We  are  able  to  sa\',  with  confidence,  that  the  favor- 
able impression  produced  upon  the  minds  of  all  present  at 
the  recent  anniversar\',  is  the  natural  result  of  tlic  healthful 
di.sciplinc  and  thorou^di  instruction  of  the  institution.  The 
course  of  study  and  the  mode  of  presenting  truth  and  elicit- 
\x\\^  thought,  meet  our  entire  approbation.     The    liberal  pro- 


/'/C/-:P.-iA'.l770JV  OF  THE  FIRST  COLLEGE  CLASS.  :..■} 

vision  which  you  have  made  for  the  education  of  the  j'outh 
of  our  State,  as  seen  in  the  beautiful,  commodious  buildings, 
and  extensive  grounds  of  the  school,  together  with  the  learned 
and  beloved  Principal,  and  the  efficient  teachers  associated 
with  him,  indicate  a  wise  policy,  and  give  us  a  token  of  the 
blessings  which  are  to  flow  through  this  channel  to  our  State, 
and  to  the  world." 


UNIVEKSITY 


C  H  A  P  r  E  R   V. 

APPOINTMENT  OF  COIJ.EC.E  PROFESSORS. 

The  following  fall  term  opened  prosperously  in  November. 
The  number  in  attendance  went  up  to  sixty  or  seventy.  The 
classes  preparing  for  college  made  good  progress.  The 
senior  class  in  this  department  was  now  so  far  advanced  that 
within  a  little  more  than  a  )ear  it  would  be  ready  to  enter 
upon  college  studies.  This  would  call  for,  at  least,  the  be- 
ginning of  a  college  organization,  anil  the  a()pointmcnt  of 
two  professors  to  the  Faculty  of  Instruction.  This  enlarged 
work  received  the  earnest  attention  of  the  Irustees  and 
patrons  of  the  institution. 

Meantime,  another  school  year  passed  away,  everything 
going  sinoothly  and  |)ro  .perously.  The  anniversary  was 
this  year,  1859,  held  in  June.  The  following  notice  of  this 
occasion  appeared  in  the  editorial  columns  of  the  Pacific,  of 
June  23: — 

"The  annual  examination  of  tlu>  Preparatory  Department  of  this 
institution  took  place  on  .Monday  and  Tuesday  of  the  present  week. 
We  have  always  been  deli^'hted  with  the  exercises  of  this  anniversary, 
but  were  never  more  so  than  on  the  present  occasion.  The  students 
seem  to  have  made  a  progress  in  their  studies  beyond  that  ot  any 
former  year  ;  a  progress  that  plainly  indicates  thorough  drilling  and 
hard  study.  We  were  pleased  with  the  resi)ectfiil  deijortment,  gentle- 
manly l)caring,  and  manly  self-respect  of  the  j.upils,  but  we  were 
specially  gratified  with  the  accuracy,  thought,  and  promptness  which 
characterized  all  their  exercises.  These  e.xcellcncies  demonstrated 
that  they  were  taught  to  know  with  certainty  what  they  knew,  to 
know  why  they  knew  it,  and  to  state  it  with  case  and  precision, 
which,  together,  constitute  the  sole  end  that  ought  to  be  aimed  at 
in  every  .system  of  lihenil  education. 


APPOINTMENT  OF  COLLEGE  PROFESSORS.  :^V^ 

"  While  nearly  all  the  classes  in  the  examination  receive  our  un- 
(.lualified  approbation,  we  feel  that  several  of  them  deserve  our 
special  praise,  among  which  may  be  mentioned  the  classes  in  En- 
glish Cirammar,  Cicero,  Virgil,  Xenophon,  the  Greek  Reader,  Green- 
leaf's  Arithmetic  and  Geometry.  ,Many  of  the  specimens  of  draw- 
ing exhibited  also  were  of  a  high  order  of  excellence.  The  method 
of  teaching  English  Grammar,  adopted  in  this  institution,  which 
may  be  called  the  common-sense  method,  or,  perhaps  more  correctly, 
the  science  of  the  English  language,  is  unsurpassed,  we  think,  by 
any  method  we  have  ever  known.  It  is  simple,  natural,  and  plain, 
yet  goes  down  into  the  very  elements  of  the  language,  and  lays  its 
whole  structure  and  philosophy  naked  before  the  mind.  We  sin- 
cerely wish  it  might  be  embodied  in  book  form,  and  become  the 
standard  of  instruction  in  all  the  schools  of  our  State. 

"  On  the  whole  we  were  never  more  impressed  with  the  impor- 
tance of  this  school,  or  felt  more  deeply  its  claims  on  the  public. 
None  who  are  interested  in  the  welfare  of  our  people,  or  who  would 
make  our  golden  hills  and  fertile  valleys  attractive  to  families  as  a 
permanent  home,  it  seems  to  us,  can  forget  this  infant  institution 
now  struggling  into  existence  among  us.  It  should  be  dear  to  every 
heart.  It  should  occupy  the  first  [)lace  in  the  public  care.  It  should 
be  cherished  as  the  most  important  of  those  means  which  are  to 
give  our  young  State  character,  dignity,  and  influence  among  her 
sister  States. 

"  The  public  or  Commencement  exercises  were  held  in  the  Pres- 
byterian Church,  and  consisted  wholly  of  declamations  by  students, 
appointed  by  a  vote  of  the  school.  We  cannot  do  justice  to  the 
performances  by  merely  mentioning  a  few  of  the  principal  speakers, 
and  we  therefore  give  as  full  an  account  as  our  columns  will  admit, 
and  by  giving  a  word  to  each  we  hope  to  present  something  like  an 
accurate  idea  of  that  high  order  of  elocution,  which  already  dis- 
tinguishes this  institution  as  foremost  in  this  desirable  part  of  the 
education  of  our  youth. 

"  The  exercises  were  opened  with  prayer  by  Rev.  A.  \Villiams. 
I'he  salutatory  was  a  poem  delivered  by  Frederick  W.  Clarke,  com- 
posed by  his  mother  for  the  occasion.  The  lad  did  credit  to  him- 
self as  a  speaker,  as  well  as  justice  to  the  poem.  His  enunciation 
was  easy,  distinct,  and  his  delivery  animated,  catching,  sometimes, 
the  inspiration  of  the  mother."' 


56  niSTORV  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

The  exercises  consisted  entirely  of  declamations  and  ad- 
dresses by  the  students.  Among  them,  as  their  names  ap- 
pear in  the  Pacific,  were  Edward  J.  Carpenter,  James  A. 
Dye,  George  E.  Howard,  Elijah  Janes.  Fr.ink  Howard,  John 
R.  Glasscock,  G.  F.  Williams,  Dyer  A.  Carpenter,  Chas.  V. 
Howard,  C.  A.  Lowe,  Jose  M.  \"banez,  Charles  A.  Garter, 
and  Albert  F.  Lylc. 

The  consultations  and  correspondence  that  had  been  going 
on  for  a  long  time,  as  to  who  should  be  professors  in  the  Col- 
lege, prepared  the  way  for  the  meeting  of  Trustees,  held 
August    13,    1859,  to    make  the  choice.     That    Rev.  Henry  ; 

Durant   should    be   the    first  to  be  a[)pointed    was   simply  a  j 

matter  of  course.     Who    should    be    the    next    man    was    a  | 

question.  It  was  determined  to  have  the  very  highest  quali- 
fications, and  we  did  not  want  to  deprive  any  one  of  our  few 
young  churches  of  its  minister.      Hut  there  seemed   to  be  no  i 

wa}-  to  avoid  it.  And  so  the  Rev.  Martin  Kellogg,  then 
pastor  of  the  Congregational  Church  in  Grass  V^allcy,  was 
elected.      Mr.  Kellogg,  in  connection  with  his  letter  of  accept-  » 

ance,  said,  in  a  note  dated  Grass  Valley,  September  8,  1859:  * 

"The  urgency  of  the  appeal  has  been  too  great  for  resistance.  \ 

Yet  this  cliurch  feels  itself  hardly  u.scd.      It  wants  me  to  stay  \ 

till  January.  Let  me  off  til!  then  if  you  can  possibl}-.  We 
shall  expect  )'ou  to  represent  our  case  striMigl)-  to  the  Home 
Missionary  Society,  in  order  that  a  man  may  be  sure  to 
come." 

The  action  of  the  Trustees  in  organizing  a  College  F'aculty 
I))-  the  election  of  these  professors  was  announced  and  com- 
mented on  in  the  Pacific  oi  .September  15,  1859,  as  follows:  — 

"The  College  was  chartered  in  1855,  and  to  this  lime  the  opera- 
tions of  the  institution  have  been  limited  to  the  establishment  of  a 
preparatory  school,  and  bringing  forward  classes  to  a  college  stand- 
ing. The  first  college  (lass  will  he  organized  ne.xl  June,  and  we  do 
not  hesitate  to  say  that  probably  no  class  in  any  school  in  the  Union 
will  be  better  fitteil  iluin  this  for  the  commencement  of  a  college 
course.  To  meet  the  wants  of  tliis  class,  the  Trustees  have  elected, 
as   part  of  the    Faculty  of  the  College,  the    Rev.  Henry  Durant,  the 


> 


APPOINTMENT  OF  COLLEGE  PROFEHSOKS.  57 

present  Princi])al  of  the  school,  and  Rev.  Martin  Kellogg,  the  acting 
pastor  of  the  Congregational  Church  in  Grass  Valley.  The  chairs 
to  be  filled  by  these  newly-elected  Professors,  are  those  of  Languages 
and  Mathematics. 

"  The  choice  of  the  Trustees  will  be  heartily  and  warmly  ap- 
proved by  all  who  are  acquainted  with  Mr.  Durant  and  his  colleague. 
It  is  needless  for  us  to  speak  of  them  as  thorough,  critical,  and 
accomplished  scholars,  and  eminently  qualified  to  discharge  the 
duties  of  the  positions  they  have  been  elected  to  fill.  It  will  be 
equally  gratifying  to  the  friends  of  the  College  to  learn  that  both 
have  accepted,  and  will  soon  enter  upon  their  duties.  Other  officers 
will  be  elected  as  they  are  wanted.  The  Presidency  may  be  filled  at 
any  time  when,  in  the  opinion  of  the  Board,  it  is  deemed  best.  The 
necessities  of  the  College  do  not  yet  imperatively  demand  such  an 
officer,  and  probably  will  not  till  three  or  four  classes  have  been 
admitted,  or  the  first  class  has  advanced  to  a  Junior  or  Senior  stand- 
ing." 

About  this  time  there  sprang  up  a  breeze  of  opposition  to 
the  College,  based  upon  the  charge  that,  while  professing  not 
to  be  sectarian,  it  was  so  in  fact.  It  came  from  only  one 
quarter,  and  represented  the  opinion  of  hardly  more  than  one 
individual.  Although  the  whole  history  of  the  institution, 
from  its  first  inception,  was  the  most  complete  and  perfect 
refutation  of  this  charge,  it  was  thought  by  the  Trustees 
best  to  meet  it  by  publishing  the  principles  by  which  the 
friends  of  the  College  had  been  guided,  and  according  to 
which  everybody,  at  all  informed  in  their  course,  knew  that 
they  had  acted.  These  principles  were  carefully  formulated, 
and  then  widely  published,  as  follows,  under  the  title  of 

ORGANIC    BASIS. 

"  The  College  of  California  is  an  institution  designed  by  its  found- 
ers to  furnish  the  means  of  a  thorough  and  comprehensive  educa- 
tion, under  the  pervading  influence  and  spirit  of  the  Christian 
religion. 

"The  bonds  which  unite  its  friends  and  patrons  are  a  catholic 
Christianity;  a  common  interest  in  securing  the  highest  educational 
privileges  for  youth;  the  common  sympathy  of  educated  and  scien- 
tific men.  and  a  common  interest  in   the  promotion  of  the  highest 


58  ///STORY  OF  THE  CO/J^EGE  OF  CALIFORN/A. 

welfare  of  the  State,  as  fostered  and  secured  by  the  diffusion  of 
sound  and  liberal  learning. 

"  In  accordance  with  these  considerations,  and  in  order  that  the 
institution  may  never  come  under  the  control  of  Church  or  State, 
or  any  branch  of  the  one  or  denomination  of  the  other,  they  adopt 
the  following  Organic  Rules,  and  to  the  observance  thereof  they 
j)ublicly  commit  themselves,  and  so  far  as  is  in  their  power,  they 
commit  their  successors  to  the  end  of  time." 

Rule  I.  Such  Trustees  shall  be  elected,  from  time  to  time,  as 
shall  fairly  and  equally  represent  the  patrons  and  contributors  to 
the  funds  of  the  institution,  provided — 

1.  A  majority  of  them  shall  always  be  members  of  evangelical 
Christian  churches;  and, 

2.  Not  more  than  one-fourth  of  the  actual  members  be  of  the  same 
Christian  denomination. 

Kui.K  II.  In  the  election  of  professors,  preference  shall  always  be 
given  to  men  of  Christian  character,  and  the  President  and  a  majority 
of  the  Faculty  shall  be  members  of  evangelical  Christian  churches. 

Rule  III.  I'ounders  of  professorships  shall  have  the  privilege  of 
naming  them,  and  defining  the  branches  of  learning  to  which  they 
shall  belong,  and  prescribing  the  religious  belief  of  the  incumbents, 
subject  always  to  the  acceptance  of  the  Board  of  Trustees. 

The  Rev.  iicnry  Diirant  having  been  elected  to  the  first 
profes.sorship  in  the  College,  it  became  necessary  to  obtain 
some  competent  person  to  fill  the  position  which  he  had 
occupied  from  the  beginning  of  I'rincipal  of  the  College 
School.  The  Trustees  were  fortunate  in  securing  for  that 
important  work  the  Rev.  Isaac  H.  Brayton,  who  became 
Principal  of  the  institution  before  the  close  of  the  year  1859. 
He  antl  Mr.s.  Brayton  took  charge  of  the  boarding-house, 
now  refitted  and  enlarged.  They  said  in  their  prospectus  that 
"the  disciplinr  and  instruction  of  the  home  here  provided  for 
pupils,  arc  deemed  an  essential  and  important  i^art  of  the 
plan  of  educaticjn  pursueil.  Mvcry  anangcmcnt  has  studied 
reference  to  the  physical,  mental,  anil  moral  well-being  of  the 
student.  No  pains  will  be  spared  to  make  duty,  regularity, 
and  obedience  tiot  onlj-  a  necessity,  but  a  pleasure,  and  to 
insure    that  attractiveness  of    intelligent,   r  fined  <nri;d    life, 


APPOINTMENT  OF  COLLEGE  PROFESSORS.  59 

which  most  belongs  of  riy;ht  to  the  homes  of  scholars  and 
Christians,  and  ought  always  to  form  the  atmosphere  around 
the  young,  who  are  fast  growing  up  into  fixednessof  .character." 
Students  were  charged  $7.50  per  week.  It  was  further  stated 
"that  the  great  aim  of  the  Principal  and  his  associates  would 
be  to  imbue  the  students  with  correct  principles  and  tastes, 
and  form  them  to  right  habits  of  thought,  study,  speech,  and 
conduct.  They  are  themselves  all  educated  men,  some  of 
whom  have  had  considerable  experience  in  teaching  in  East- 
ern academies  and  colleges;  they  are  devoted  assiduously, 
and  it  is  trusted  with  high  purpose,  to  their  work,  and  they 
expect  to  be  sustained  in  their  views  and  plans  of  instruction 
and  government  by  the  parents  and  guardians  of  the  young 
men  committed  to  their  care." 

It  was  further  announced  under  this  date,  December  15, 
1859,  that  the  first  college  class  would  be  formed  in  the  fol- 
lowing June,  which  was  the  close  of  the  school  year.  In 
anticipation  of  the  entrance  of  this  class,  the  Trustees  formu- 
lated and  adopted,  for  the  government  of  the  institution,  the 
following 

LA  WS  OF  THE  COLLEGE. 

ARTICLE   I. 

G-OVERN  MENT. 

Section  i.  The  government  of  the  students  and  the  internal 
management  of  the  College,  shall  devolve  on  the  President,  Vice- 
President,  Professors,  and  Instructors,  who  shall  be  called  the  Faculty 
of  the  College.    • 

Sec.  2.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Faculty  to  enforce  all  the  rules 
respecting  attendance  on  the  exercises  of  the  College,  and  concern- 
ing the  manners,  deportment,  and  moral  conduct  of  the  students. 

Sec.  3.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  President  to  call  and  preside  at 
meetings  of  the  Faculty,  to  provide  for  daily  devotional  exercises,  to 
communicate  the  orders  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  or  of  the  Faculty 
to  the  students,  to  conduct  the  correspondence  of  the  Faculty,  and 
to  exercise  a  general  supervision  in  all  matters  of  appointment  and 
discipline. 

Sec  4.  Whenever  the  ofifice  of  President  is  vacant,  or  in  case  of 


60  niSTORY  OF  THE  COLLECI:   OF  CALIFORNIA. 

the  absence  of  the  President,  the  Vice-President,  and  after  him  the 
senior  professor  present,  shall  have  all  the  powers  of  the  President 
in  the  government  of  the  College. 

ARTICLE  II. 

ADMISSION   TO    COLLEGE,    AND    DISTINCTION    OF    CLASSES. 

Section  i.  No  person  shall  be  admitted  into  the  Freshman  class 
under  the  age  of  fourteen  years,  nor  to  an  advanced  standing  with- 
out a  corresponding  increase  of  age. 

Sec.  2.  Candidates  for  admission  to  College  shall  be  examined  by 
the  President,  or  under  his  direction  by  other  instructors. 

Sec.  3.  No  one  shall  be  admitted  without  sustaining  a  satisfactory 
examination  in  the  following  studies,  or  their  equivalents: — 

Latin  Grammar;  Latin  Reader;  Caesar's  Commentaries,  first  five 
books;  Cicero's  Select  Orations;  Virgil's  Bucolics,  and  the  first  six 
books  of  the  ^'Eneid;  Latin  Prosody  and  Composition;  Greek 
Grammar;  Greek  Exercises;  Xenophon's  Anabasis,  first  five  books; 
(Jreek  Testament,  the  two  Gospels,  Luke  and  John;  the  Greek 
Accents;  English  Grammar;  Elements  of  Rhetoric;  Geography; 
Higher  Arithmetic ;  Algebra  to  Quadratic  Equations  ;  and  the  Rudi- 
ments of  French  and  Si)anish. 

Nor  shall  any  candidate  be  admitted  to  an  advanced  standing 
without  a  corresponding  preparation. 

Sec.  4.  No  .student  shall  be  permitted  to  attend  on  the  College 
exercises  until  he  shall  have  i)aid  his  tuition  fee  for  the  term  in 
advance. 

Sec.  5.  Every  candidate  for  admission  shall  be  reciuired  to  pro- 
duce satisfactory  evidence  of  good  moral  character. 

Sec.  6.  The  undergraduate  students  shall  be  divided  into  four  dis- 
tinct classes.  The  first  year  they  shall  be  called  Freshmen  ;  the 
second,  Sophomores  ;  the  third,  Juniors;  and  the  fourth.  Seniors. 

ARTICLE  III. 

TERMS,    VACATIONS,    AND   ABSENCES. 

Section  i.  'inhere  shall  be  two  terms  in  the  College  year,  each 
continuing  twenty  weeks,  the  second  term  closing  with  the  public 
Commencement.  The  winter  vacation  shall  be  of  four  weeks,  and 
the  summer  vacation  of  eight,  or,  as  the  case  may  be,  of  nine  weeks- 


\ 


.Wn^/N'rAfKyT  OF  COLLECr.   rKOFESSOh-S.  (;i 

Sec.  2.  No  student  shall  absent  himself  in  term-time  without 
special  leave. 

ARTICLE  IV. 

COURSE    OF    INSTRUCTION. 

Section  r.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Faculty  thoroughly  to 
instruct  the  students  in  the  various  branches  of  learning  appointed 
in  the  course,  as  published  in  the  yearly  catalogues. 

Sec.  2.  If  any  student  shall  be  deficient  in  the  studies  of  the 
course,  he  may  be  removed  at  the  discretion  of  the  Faculty. 

ARTICLE  V. 

attendance  on  religious  worship. 

Section  i.  All  the  students  shall  be  required  to  attend  divine 
worship  on  the  Sabbath,  with  some  religious  congregation. 

Sec.  2.  The  students  shall  be  required  to  attend  morning  prayers, 
under  the  direction  of  the  President  of  the  College. 

ARTICLE  VI. 

deportment  of  the  students. 

Section  i.  Every  student  is  expected  to  conduct  himself  as 
becomes  a  gentleman;  and  is  i)articularly  required  to  avoid  intem- 
perance, profaneness,  gaming,  and  all  indecent,  disorderly  behavior, 
and  disrespectful  conduct  to  the  Faculty,  and  all  combinations  to 
resist  their  authority. 

Sec.  2.  Any  student  guilty  of  lawless  or  improper  conduct,  may 
be  admonished,  conditioned,  or  dismissed,  at  the  discretion  of  the 
Faculty;  but  any  student  so  dismissed  shall  have  the  privilege  of 
appealing,  in  a  proper  manner  and  within  four  weeks,  to  the  Board  of 
Trustees. 

Sec.  3.  During  the  hours  of  study,  the  students  shall  abstain  from 
noisy  and  boisterous  conduct. 

Sec.  4.  The  students  shall  report,  at  the  discretion  of  the  Faculty, 
the  places  at  which  they  board  and  lodge;  and  the  Faculty  shall  have 
power  to  prohibit  any  student  from  boarding  or  lodging  at  any 
objectionable  place. 

Sec.  5.  Extravagant  habits  or  outlays,  on  the  i)art  of  any  student, 
are  prohibited,  and  shall  be  checked  by  the  Faculty. 


62  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA 

ARTICLE  VII. 

THE    COLLEGE    LIBRARY. 

Section  i.  The  Faculty  shall  appoint  one  of  their  number 
Librarian,  and  one  of  the  students  Assistant  Librarian;  whose  duty 
it  shall  be  to  take  proper  care  of  the  library,  to  make  an  accurate 
catalogue  of  its  contents,  and  to  keep  an  account  of  all  books  drawn 
out  by  the  students. 

Sec.  2.  The  students  shall  enjoy  the  privileges  of  the  library, 
under  such  regulations  as  the  Faculty  may  prescribe. 

ARTICLE  VIII. 

REPORTS    AND    RECORDS. 

Section  i.  The  President  shall  lay  before  the  Board  of  Trustees, 
at  least  once  a  year,  a  report  of  the  method  of  instruction,  the 
literary  improvement,  the  state  of  discipline,  the  condition  of  the 
College  premises  and  property,  and  all  matters  of  general  interest 
pertaining  to  the  institution. 

Sec.  2.  The  Faculty  shall  appoint  from  their  number  a  Secretary, 
whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  keep  a  record  of  Faculty  meetings;  also,  a 
record  of  the  names  of  candidates  admitted,  the  names  of  their 
parents  or  guardians,  their  places  of  nativity  and  of  present  residence, 
age,  and  school  at  which,  or  teacher  by  whom,  fitted  for  College; 
also,  a  record  of  the  average  standing  of  each  student  for  every 
term,  and  of  the  marks  at  the  general  examinations;  also,  a  record 
of  premiums  and  appointments,  and  of  such  other  items  as  the 
Faculty  may  direct. 

ARTICLE  IX. 

commencement,    and    ACADEMICAL    DEGREES. 

Section  i.  The  Commencement  shall  be  on  the  first  Wednesday 
of  June  in  each  year.  Such  students  shall  take  part  in  the  public 
exerci.ses  as  the  Faculty  may  appoint. 

Skc.  2.  No  student  shall  receive  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts, 
without  passing  a  satisfactory  examination  before  the  Board  of 
Trustees,  in  the  studies  of  the  full  course. 

Sec.  3.  Candidates  for  the  first  degree  must  be  personally  present, 
unless  excused  by  the  I""aculty;  and  no  candidate  shall  receive  a 
degree  unless  he  has  i)aid  all  his  dues  to  the  College,  and  sustains  a 
good  moral  character. 


APro/.V/'AfEN/'  ('/•'  COLLEGE  PRO  LESSORS.  (J.S 

Sec  4.  The  degree  of  Master  of  Arts  may  be  given  at  Com- 
mencement to  graduates  of  three  years'  standing,  on  condition  of  the 
payment  of  the  usual  fee. 

Sec.  5.  Candidates  for  the  second  degree  must  have  preserved  a 
good  moral  character,  and  must  signify  beforehand  to  the  President 
their  desire  for  the  degree. 

Sec.  6.  All  academical  degrees,  regular  and  honorary,  shall  be 
conferred  by  the  President,  by  vote  of  the  Board  of  Trustees. 

SPECIAL    RUI-ES. 

1.  Class  Officers. — Each  College  officer  who  has  the  charge  of  a 
class,  shall  keep  a  record  of  absences  for  that  class,  and  receive  their 
excuses. 

If  practicable,  excuses  must  be  sought  beforehand;  otherwise  they 
are  to  be  rendered  at  the  earliest  opportunity. 

In  the  absence  of  the  class  officer,  excuses  may  be  presented  to 
some  other  member  of  the  Faculty. 

2.  Divine  Service. — The  students  are  recpiired  to  attend  divine 
service  each  Sabbath  morning,  and  to  report  their  attendance  to  the 
class  officer,  in  such  manner  as  he  may  appoint. 

3.  Absence  from  Town. — .\ny  student  wishing  to  be  out  of 
town  over  night,  is  required  to  obtain  permission  from  the  class  offi- 
cer. 

Exceptions  may  be  granted  when  a  written  request  for  such 
exception  is  made  by  the  parent  or  guardian,  living  in  Oakland,  with 
whom  the  student  is  making  his  home. 

4.  Absence  in  Term-time. — Every  student  must  satisfactorily 
account  for  failure  to  be  present  during  any  portion  of  the  term. 
Regular  and  full  attendance  will  be  insisted  f>n,  as  essential  to  the 
student's  progress  and  good  standing. 

5.  Omitted  (Ground. — On  returning  from  an  absence  of  a  whole 
term,  or  a  part  of  a  term,  a  student  will  be  expected  to  pass  an 
examination  on  the  ground  gone  over  during  his  absence.  This 
examination  may  be  delayed  only  by  special  arrangement  with  the 
Faculty. 

6.  Course  of  Discipline. — For  repeated  absences  or  irregular- 
ities a  student  may  be  admonished  a  first  and  a  second  time  and 
then  removed  from  College. 


64  HISTORY  OF  Tllh   COL /./A,!:   Ol-  CALIFORNIA. 

The  Nevada  Journal  o{  December  2,  1859,  contained  the 
following  reference  to  the  published  "Organic  Basis  "  of  the 
College,  and  its  laws  and  rules: — 

"  The  College  of  California,  by  the  wisdom  of  those  who 
have  it  in  charge,  has  been  placed  upon  the  most  liberal  and 
enlightened  basis.  Instead  of  building  up  an  institution  for 
the  especial  control  and  credit  of  one  denomination  of  Chris- 
tians, the  gentlemen  who  are  most  zealous  in  the  good  work 
are  imbued  with  wise  and  liberal  views  of  the  proper  objects 
of  a  college,  and  have  resolved  to  place  the  College  of  Cali- 
fornia on  no  sectarian  basis.  All  are  made  equal  co-laborers, 
if  they  will,  in  the  best  of  works.  The  enterprise  is  thus  one 
in  which  every  Californian  may  unreservedly  take  an  interest. 
It  is  an  enterprise  appealing  to  the  patriotism  and  pride  of 
every  one  of  us,  if  the  higher  motives  which  actuate  the  Chris- 
tian and  man  of  science  are  not  ours.  To  be  one  of  the 
pioneers  in  building  up  the  Harvard  or  Yale  of  the  I'acific 
Coast  is  an  honor  of  which  anyone  may  be  proud,  and  which, 
we  trust,  the  fortune-favored  will  strive  to  gain. 

"  There  are  some  whose  minds  roll  along  in  the  deep  ruts  of 
the  old  road  of  sectarianism,  who  cannot  get  out  upon  the 
more  broad  and  smooth  highway  of  modern  liberalism. 
They  are  at  a  loss  to  comprehend  how  a  professor  of  Chris- 
tianity can  engage  in  any  work  designed  for  the  public  good 
unless  he  can  see  an  opportunity  to  aggrandize  his  own 
denomination  alone  by  his  action.  Thus  we  see  a  persistency 
on  the  part  of  some  liivines  in  pronouncing  the  College  of 
California  the  pet  of  a  church — because,  forsooth,  men  of 
another  sect,  but  of  more  liberalized  ideas,  are  engaged  in  its 
behalf  Those  men  would  have  each  denomination  of  Chris- 
tians establish  a  college  of  its  own — or  rather  the  shadow  of 
one,  which,  for  want  of  support,  would  exist  only  in  name,  and 
be  impotent  for  good  for  want  of  endowment.  The  popula- 
tion of  California  is  as  yet  too  small  for  more  than  one  col- 
lege deserving  the  name.  Let  all  men  of  whatever  shade  of 
belief  unite  iheir  means  and  efforts  to  .secure  the  establish- 
ment of  one  and   they  will   have  done  a  deserving  act.     We 


ArrorvT.^rExr  of  college  professors.  65 

know  of  no  better  nucleus  for  that  one  at  the  present  time 
than  the  College  of  California  presents,  and  therefore  that 
has  our  sympathies." 

About  the  same  time  a  business  man  at  the  East,  unknown 
to  the  Trustees,  wrote  as  follows  in  the  New  York  Independent^ 
concerning  the  College:  "The  business  of  this  new  State  of 
California,  as  it  may,  more  or  less,  affect  six  hundred  million 
souls  across  the  Pacific,  should  be  guided  by  holy  hands,  that 
the  lights  of  Christianity  may  glow  in  the  wake  of  trade. 
The  Chinese  lose  their  night  only  by  the  sun  which  rolls  up 
from  the  An";erican  shore  of  the  Pacific.  The  shaping  of  this 
whole  thing  will  be  by  that  school  in  California  which  shall 
best  furnish  the  pulpit,  the  bar,  the  medical  and  teachers' 
profession,  the  merchants,  the  mechanics,  and  husbandmen  of 
the  State.  This  was  long  ago  understood  by  a  few  men  there, 
whom  God  stirred  up  to  good  works  and  an  unselfish  life, 
amid  a  wicked  and  adulterous  generation,  who  for  ten  years 
have  been  making  haste  to  get  rich. 

"  The  College  of  California,  at  Oakland,  eight  miles  from 
San  Francisco,  was  chartered  in  1855.  Commenced  by  Con- 
gregationalists  and  N.  S.  Presbyterians,  the  plan  is  broad,  un- 
sectarian,  and  the  invitation  is  thrown  out  for  all  Christians 
to  unite  and  share  equally  the  struggle  and  the  success.  The 
design  is  to  lay  the  foundation  for  a  first-class  College,  which 
in  time  may  rank  with  Harvard,  Yale,  or  nobler  Universities. 
The  modest  beginning  is  now  of  about  seventy  pupils  in  the 
preparatory  school.  These  are  furnished  with  good  accommo- 
dations. The  first  college  class  will  be  formed  next  June. 
Two  professors — of  language  and  mathematics — are  elected. 
The  buildings  of  the  proper  College  are  about  commencing. 
A  definite  amount  of  money  is  now  needed  to  aid  the  build- 
ing and  endow  its  chairs.  An  indefinite  amount  of  money  is 
needed  to  carry  out  the  nobility  of  the  plan.  Sectarian  schools 
oppose  the  whole  movement,  but  the  wisest  and  best  men  of 
the  State  gather  round  this  corner-stone. 

"When  the  agent  of  this  College  comes  East  to  solicit 
funds,  we  hope  he  will  meet  a  right  response.  Nay,  we  would 
5 


66  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNLi. 

not  wait  his  comiiij^,  but  forward  gifts  to  cheer  the  cause,  that 
it  may  specdi!}-  gain  way  to  the  immense  good  we  pray  for 
on  that  coast.  We  take  it,  that  a  dollar  invested  there  to-day, 
will  bring  better  usury,  when  our  Lord's  kingdom  has  fully 
come,  than  one  hundred  cents  laid  out  in  any  other  place.  At 
the  present  period  of  the  church,  we  deem  this  the  most  impor- 
tant charity  on  the  Christian  list.  We  hope  many  i)astors 
will  place  it  on  their  books,  to  tease  their  people  occasionally 
on  behalf  of  the  College  of  California." 

Although  the  understanding  had  come  to  be  general  that 
the  Berkeley  site  had  been  fixed  upon  as  the  final  location  of 
the  College,  no  action  had  as  yet  been  taken  setting  it  apart 
for  that  purpose  in  a  public  and  formal  way.  For  the  pur- 
pose of  having  this  action  a  meeting  t)f  the  Board  of  Trust- 
ees was  called,  to  l)e  held  on  the  Berkeley  grounds,  April 
1 6,  i860.  On  that  clear  and  beautiful  spring  day  we  met  in 
Oakland.  Procuring  carriages  at  Shattuck  &  Hillegass' 
Livery  Stable  we  drove  out,  taking  the  Tplegra[ih  road  to  the 
"  Frjur  Mile  House,"  near  Luke  Doe's,  and  thence  turning  to 
the  left,  fdllowing  the  country  road  past  Captain  Simmons', 
there  crossing  Strawberry  Creek,  where  we  hitched  our  teams 
under  the  trees.  The  day  was  fine.  The  Iandsca4j|p  was 
beautiful,  and  all  were  delighted  with  the  location  for  the 
College  home.  After  taking  a  look  here  and  there,  and  dis- 
cussing^ the  merits  of  tlie  situation,  we  met  on  a  great  rock, 
or  outcropping  ledge,  situated  about  midway  between  the 
two  ravines-,  '{'here  tlu-  lioard  (jrgani/.ed  for  business.  There 
were  present:  Rev.  I)i.  W.  C.  Anderson,  President ;  Rev.  S. 
\\.  Willey,  Seen  tary  ;  Rev.  D.  B.  Cheney,  Rev.  E.  S.  Lacy, 
Rev.  Henry  Durant,  Frederick  Billings,  E.  B.  Goddard,  Ed- 
ward McLean,  and  Ira  1'  Rankin.  The  purpo.se  of  the  meet- 
ing was  fittingly  stated  by  the  President,  Rev.  Dr.  Anderson. 
A  formal  resolution  was  then  presented,  setting  apart  the 
grounds  as  the  location  of  the  College  of  California.  Upon 
this  resolution  brief  remarks  were  made  by  most  of  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Board.  Then,  by  unanimous  vote,  the  resolution 
was    passed.      Thereupon   the   President,  standing  upon    the 


APFOfNTMEXT  OF  COLLEGE  PIWFESSOFS.  67 

rock,  surrounded  by  the  members  of  the  Board,  with  heads 
uncovered,  offered  prayer  to  God  for  his  blessing  on  what  we 
had  done,  imploring  his  favor  upon  the  College  which  wc 
proposed  to  build  there,  asking  that  it  might  be  accepted  of 
him,  and  ever  remain  a  seat  of  Christian  learning,  a  blessing 
to  the  youth  of  this  State,  and  a  center  of  usefulness  in  all 
this  part  of  the  world.  Returning  then  to  our  carriages  we 
reached  Oakland  in  time  to  take  the  last  boat  to  San  Fran- 
cisco, and  so  completed  a  day  of  important  service  in  the  in- 
terest of  the  College,  and  also  of  recreation  to  ourselves. 

The  academic  year  of  the  College  closed  in  June.  On  the 
eleventh  of  that  month  the  examinations  commenced.  The 
characterizing  feature  of  this  occasion  was  the  examination  of 
candidates  for  admission  to  the  first  Freshman  class.  Their 
names  were  James  A.  Daly,  D.  L.  Emerson,  C.  V.  Howard, 
Jose  M.  Y'Baiiez,  Elijah  Janes,  Albert  F.  Lyle,  Charles  T. 
Tracy,  and  George  Wellington.  The  examination  was  rigid. 
In  Cicero,  it  was  prolonged.  It  showed  special  thoroughness 
in  the  grammar.  The  examination  in  Xenophon  was  a  de- 
cided success.  The  Anabasis  is  .seldom  better  handled  by 
beginners.  The  examination  was  conducted  by  the  Principal, 
Mr.  Durant,  and  after  him,  by  Rev.  Mr.  Willey,  Rev.  Mr. 
Lacy,  Mr.  F.  Billings,  and  Mr.  Livingston,  together  with  other 
visitors.  This  examination  organized  the  first  Freshman 
class  of  the  College  of  California. 

The  next  day,  Thursday,  was  the  great  day.  The  Presby- 
terian Church  was  filled  at  an  early  hour,  to  listen  to  prize- 
speaking.  The  first  speaker,  Janes,  was  excused,  owing  to 
ill  health.  Thomas  C.  Johnston,  of  Alamo,  made  the  open- 
ing speech.  Albert  F.  Lyle,  of  San  Francisco,  followed, 
showing  many  of  the  qualities  of  an  omtor.  His  voice  was 
clear  and  flexible,  and  he  kept  it  under  good  control.  Hearty 
applause  greeted  him  as  he  left  the  platform.  Then  came 
Jose  M.  Y'Baiiez,  a  native  of  Chili.  Five  years  before  he  was 
a  total  stranger  to  the  English  language.  He  had  learned  it 
in  this  school.  And  now,  for  eloquence  of  diction,  force  of 
expression,  and  purity  of  accent,  he  was  second  to  none  of  his 


68  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

companions.  His  subject  was,  "The  Republic  of  Chili,"  and 
the  love  of  country  moved  him,  and  found  expression  in  his 
speech.  After  Y'Banez  came  D.  L.  Emerson,  whose  subject 
was,  "The  True  Man."  Then  followed  Chas.  V.  Howard,  whose 
theme  was,  "  Continued  Necessity  for  the  Union."  The 
closing  speech  was  by  James  A.  Daly,  on  "The  March  of 
Intellect." 

In  conclusion,  Hon.  Sherman  Day  addressed  the  College 
class  on  their  admission,  in  remarks  full  of  sound,  practical, 
and  well-expressed  advice.  After  the  benediction,  by  Rev. 
Dr.  Anderson,  the  public  were  invited  to  the  College  grove  to 
partake  of  refreshments  provided  by  the  ladies  of  Oakland. 
All  were  ready  with  good  appetites  to  enjoy  them,  and  the 
ladies  received  many  thanks.  When  meats  and  fruits  had 
well-nigh  disappeared,  loud  calls  were  made  for  "Billings." 
and  a  speech. 

Mr.  Billings  responded,  as  he  was  wont  to  do  on  all  occa- 
sions when  the  cause  of  education  was  the  theme.  His 
speech  was  short,  but  telling.  It  was  in  earnest  .sympathy 
with  the  occasion.  It  stirred  up  enthusiasm  in  all  who  were 
present.  Hearty  cheers  followed  it.  After  him  came  Pro- 
fessor Durant,  who  spoke  briefl}'  but  to  the  point.  Then  the 
Rev.  Mr.  Myers,  who  was  beginning  to  act  as  agent  for  the 
College,  sprang  up  and  called  for  subscriptions,  and  in  five 
minutes  the  following  sums  were  pledged  :  Professor  Durant, 
$500;  Frederick  Billings,  $500;  E.  McLean,  $500;  C.  A.  Ely, 
$500;  G.  M.  Blake,  ten  acres  of  land  adjoining  the  College 
site,  and  $100;  Dr.  Anderson,  $100;  Rev.  E.  S.  Lacy,  $100; 
W.  K.  Rowell,  $100;  and  I.  VV.  Knox,  $100;  which  sub.scrip-  h 

tion  was  carried  up  to  some  $15,000  within  a  few  months. 
Thus  was  happily  passed  another  mile-stone  in  the  life  of  the 
young  College.  ft 


II 


CH  APTE  R    VI. 

NEW  EFFORTS  TO  GET  FUNDS  AT  THE  EAST. 

In  the  month  of  June,  i860,  Professor  Kellogg  went  to  the 
East,  and  was  requested  by  the  Trustees  to  endeavor  to  raise 
funds  there  towards  endowment.  Much  was  hoped,  and  even 
expected,  from  his  presentation  of  the  cause  of  the  College 
to  Eastern  Christian  and  patriotic  men.  Professor  Kellogg 
wisely  explained  the  matter  of  the  College,  as  to  its  history, 
its  constituency,  its  principles  as  set  forth  in  its  basis,  and 
other  things  relating  to  it,  to  leading  and  representative  edu- 
cational men,  and  obtained  their  written  opinion  upon  them. 

The  opinions  thus  expressed  were  published  by  Professor 
Kellogg  in  a  pamphlet  containing  full  information  as  to  the 
necessity  of  the  College,  and  the  progress  already  made  to- 
wards its  establishment.  President  Woolsey,  of  Yale  College, 
said:  "  I  am  of  opinion  that  it  is  in  the  highest  degree  desira- 
ble that  a  College  on  a  liberal  and  extended  basis  should  be 
established  in  California,  as  soon  as  provision  can  be  made  for 
that  purpose.  The  plan  of  embracing  within  the  Board  of 
Directors  of  the  institution  representatives  of  all  evangelical 
denominations  of  Christians  who  will  take  part  in  the  enter- 
prise, and  seek  no  exclusive  college  of  their  own,  is,  I  think, 
a  happy  one,  and  well  calculated  to  meet  the  exigencies  of  a 
region  where  Christian  co-operation  is  pre-eminently  wanted. 
The  great  evil  in  regard  to  our  country,  and  more  particularly 
in  regard  to  the  western  parts  of  it,  is  not  that  there  is  a  want 
of  colleges,  but  that  there  are  too  many  of  them;  so  many 
that  they  must  be  starvelings  and  competitors,  and  must  ap- 
peal to  sectarian  love  of  power  and  of  influence. 

"  I  should  give  it  as  my  advice,  if  it  were  asked,  that  tiie  true 


70  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

policy  is  not  for  each  denomination  to  have  its  own  college,  an}' 
more  than  for  each  large  town  to  have  the  same  ;  but  to  aim 
to  promoie  the  interests  of  education  by  common  efforts.  By 
and   by,  if  need  be,  the  sectarian    movement   can    have  free  ^ 

course,  whether  it   is  found  that  co-operation  is  not   easy,  or  1 

that  religion  does  not  flourish  under  it-     I  have  examined  the  \ 

leading  principles  of  the  plan  devised  for  the  College  of  Cal-  ' 

ifornia,    and     they    approve    themselves    to    my    judgment-  j. 

Some  of  the  men  concerned  I   know  well,  and  they  have  my  * 

confidence."  ' 

This  view  was  concurred  in  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Leonard 
Bacon,  by  President  Mark  Hopkins,  and  by  Dr.  Edward 
Hitchcock,  formerly  President  of  Amherst  College.  \ 

Bishop  Kip,  who  was  then  at  the  East,  said:  "  I  am  happy 
to  express  my  interest  in  the  effort  you  are  now  making  in 
behalf  of  the  College  of  California.  Eor  some  time  I  was  a 
Trustee,  but  was  obliged  to  resign  from  not  having  time  to 
attend  to  the  duties.  There  is  no  college  on  the  Pacific 
Coast,  except  the  Romish  institution  at  Santa  Clara,  and  un- 
til we  present  .some  inducements  to  parents,  many  Protest- 
ants will  continue  to  send  their  children  to  that  place. 

"The  Trustees  have  purchased  a  fine  location  opposite  to 
San  I'^rancisco,  and  in  the  meanwhile  the  Grammar  School  is  i 

doing  well  at  Oakland,  and  this  autumn   the   first   Freshman  i 

class   will    be  prepared   to    enter  college.       I    feel,  therefore,  \ 

that  we  need  a  college  on  the  Pacific,  and  except  through  the 
success  of  this  enterprise,  I  see  no  prospect  of  that  want  be- 
ing supplied.  I  trust,  therefore,  that  you  will  meet  with  every 
encouragement  in  bringing  forward  this  project,  and  asking 
the  aid  of  our  friends  on  the  Atlantic  Coast." 

Prof  Henry  B.  Smith  wrote:  "The  College  of  California 
eminently  deserves,  as  well  as  needs,  the  aid  of  the  friends  of 
Christian  learning  in  the  different  evangelical  denominations 
ul  our  older  States.  It  is  established  on  a  liberal  basis,  and 
is  directcti  by  wise  counsels.  I'he  professors  already  ap- 
pointed give  a  guarantee  of  its  high  aims  and  character. 
Aid  rendered  at  this  critical  period  of  its  history  will   enable 


NF.IV  EFFORTS  TO  GET  FUNDS  AT  THE  EAST.  71 

it  to  exert  a  most  auspicious  influence  upon  tlie  religious 
character  and  <;encral  culture  of  the  whole  State  of  Califor- 
nia." 

From  Prof  Edwards  A.  Park  came  the  following  state- 
ment: "  I  have  examined,  with  much  satisfaction,  the  plan 
for  the  College  of  California.  I  have  also  been  personally 
acquainted,  for  several  years,  with  two  of  the  gentlemen 
who  are  connected  with  the  College  as  professors.  The  basis 
of  the  institution  is  broad  and  catholic.  The  teachers  are 
men  of  high  scholarship  and  of  excellent  character.  The 
most  benign  results  may  be  anticipated  from  an  institution 
founded  on  such  evangelical  principles,  and  conducted  by  such 
finished  scholars.  The  institution  needs  aid  from  the  older 
States  of  the  Union.  I  earnestly  hope  that  it  will  receive 
such  help  as  is  commensurate  with  its  necessities,  and  with  its 
worth  at  present,  as  well  as  its  promise  for  the  future." 

The  letter  of  Professor  Park  was  endorsed  by  his  colleague 
in  the  Andover  Theological  Seminary,  Prof.  William  G.  T. 
Shedd. 

Dr.  J.  P.  Thompson,  of  the  Broadway  Tabernacle  Church, 
New  York,  wrote  as  follows  under  date  of  September  27, 
i860:  "  P'or  several  years  I  have  watched  with  interest  the 
movements  of  the  friends  of  learning  and  religion  in  Califor- 
nia towards  establishing,  in  that  State,  a  Christian  college 
upon  a  comprehensive  plan,  and  an  unsectarian  basis.  I  have 
felt  it  to  be  the  duty  of  the  College  Society  at  the  East,  to  do 
all  in  its  power  to  foster  such  an  institution  upon  the  Pacific 
Coast.  Every  interest  of  education,  of  government,  of 
societ)',  of  religi'  -n,  demands  that  such  a  college  as  is  proposed 
under  the  charter  for  that  at  Oakland,  should  be  established 
at  the  earliest  day,  and  beyond  the  possibility  of  failure.  It 
is  impossible  fi)r  the  Christian  people  of  California  to  endow 
such  an  institution  according  to  its  present  needs.  It  is 
equally  impossible  that  the  College  Society  should  meet  its 
growing  wants.  The  plea  for  its  endowment  now  made  by 
the  Trustees  through  Profes.sor  Kellogg,  appeals  to  men  of 
every  nam-j  who  love  their  country  and   the  cause  of  Christ. 


72  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

I  will  only  add,  from  personal  knowledge,  that  no  college  in 
the  East  has  in  its  service  a  riper  scholar  or  a  truer  Christian 
than  Prof.  H.  Durant,  of  the  College  of  California.  His  as- 
sociates, also,  arc  entitled  to  the  highest  confidence  of  the 
Christian  public." 

The  Rev.  Dr.  Storrs,  of  the  Church  of  the  Pilgrims,  ex- 
presses his  hearty  concurrence  in  the  statement  made  by 
Dr.  Thompson.  The  letter  from  Dr.  Roswell  D.  Hitchcock, 
professor  in  the  Union  Theological  Seminary,  New  York,  was 
in  these  words:  "A  State  like  California  without  a  college, 
would  be  too  much  like  a  body  without  a  brain.  And,  in 
your  circumstances,  you  can  have  a  college  on  no  other  basis 
than  the  one  proposed.  You  have  not  asked  me  for  a  sub- 
scri|)tion,  but  I  desire  to  make  one,  which,  small  as  it  is,  maj' 
stand  as  a  substantial  proof  of  my  heart}'  interest  in  }'our  en- 
terprise. Please  set  me  down  for  $2  >,  with  the  assurance  of 
my  best  wishes  for  your  success." 

Under  date  of  October  29,  i860,  the  Right  Rev.  Wm.  Ba- 
con Stevens,  D.  D.,  of  Philadelphia,  sent  the  following  letter: 
"The  project  for  building  up  the  College  of  California  is  one 
of  those  great  plans  which  stretch  far  into  the  future,  and  the 
influence  of  which  can  be  gauged  by  no  m  ;asuring  rod  of 
man's  finite  mind.  In  every  aspect  in  which  it  can  be  pre- 
sented, the  importance  of  this  enterprise  looms  up  before  me; 
and  if  it  can  be  founded  and  carried  on  upon  the  broad  and 
comprehensive  principles  set  forth  in  the  pamphlet,  it  will  in 
truth  prove  one  of  the  richest  blessings  which  the  East  can 
confer  on  that  land  of  the  setting  sun.  Scarcely  had  Califor- 
nia risen  to  the  dignity  of  a  State,  before  its  citizens  demanded 
the  establishment  of  a  Mint  there,  that  the  golden  ore  dug 
out  of  its  bowels  might  be  converted  into  marketable  and 
Government-recognized  currency.  The  necessity  is  still 
greater  for  the  founding  there  of  a  mind-mint,  where  the 
native  tak-nt  can  be  wrought  oiit  into  shape  and  beaut),  and 
be  made  to  bear,  not  the  image  and  superscription  of  C.vsar, 
but  of  the  King  of  kings;  and  then  be  sent  forth  to  circulate 
as  a  life-giving  and  mind-enlightening  medium  throughout 
the  Pacific  Coast." 


NEW  EFFORTS  TO  GET  FUNDS  AT  THE  EAST.  73 

In  view  of  these  unqualified  endorsements,  and  (jf  the 
manifest  merits  of  the  case,  it  was  anticipated  that  one  pro- 
fessorship at  least  would  be  endowed  at  that  time,  by  the 
able  and  liberal-minded  friends  of  education  in  the  East. 
But  that  anticipation  was  disappointed !  No  considerable 
progress  could,  by  means  of  any  efforts,  be  made  to- 
wards realizing  it.  It  was  in  the  year  before  the  war,  or, 
rather,  of  the  commencement  of  the  war.  The  enlarged 
liberality  which  was  afterward  manifested  in  gifts  to  institu- 
tions of  learning  had  not  yet  appeared.  And  so,  as  in  the 
case  of  previous  applications  in  the  same  quarter,  it  was  not 
successful,  and  we  were  obliged  to  fall  back  upon  our  own 
resources,  such  as  they  were,  and  with  them  do  what  we  could. 

Professor  Kellogg  said  in  his  report  to  the  Board  on  his  re- 
turn to  California:  "Nine  out  of  ten  to  whom  I  applied  said, 
'  You  are  rich  enough  to  endow  your  own  College.  Why 
come  here  for  money  when  there  is  so  much  in  California  ? ' " 

The  College  School,  meanwhile,  was  prospering,  and  was 
more  than  self-supporting.  The  most  competent  teachers 
were  sought  in  each  department.  Particular  attention  was 
paid  to  the  English  and  the  mathematical  course.  As  one 
method  of  instruction  in  Spanish  and  French,  the  teachers  of 
these  languages  occupied  the  evenings  with  their  pupils  in 
conversation,  and  in  grammar  and  reading  lesson.s.  The  play- 
ground comprising  the  four  blocks  and  included  streets — 
nearly  eight  acres  in  all — was  now  inclosed  with  a  handsome 
fence.  Much  of  it  was  shaded  with  the  great  evergreen  oaks, 
and  afforded  the  best  facilities  for  healthful  e.xercise.  The 
catalogue  for  this  year  shows  the  number  of  pupils  in  attend- 
ance to  have  been  one  hundred  and  twelve.  In  May,  i860, 
Rev.  Mr.  Brayton  was  chosen  Professor  of  Rhetoric,  Belles- 
lettres,  and  the  English  Language,  in  the  College.  Giving 
only  so  much  attention  to  the  College  School  as  his  office  of 
Principal  required,  he  was  able  to  do  also  the  duties  of  this 
professorship,  for  which  he  was  singularly  fitted,  both  by  his 
taste  and  his  acquirements. 

The  anniversary  exercises  of  the   School  and  College   in 


74  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

1861  took  place  the  second  week  in  June.  Then,  on  exam- 
ination, the  first  Freshman  class  was  advanced  to  Sopho- 
more standing,  and  a  new  Freshman  class  was  admitted. 
The  public  exercises  were  held  in  the  Presbyterian  Church  on 
Thursda}',  and  the  house  was  crowded.  On  the  platform  sat 
the  Trustees,  Faculty,  and  distinguished  guests,  and  the 
American  Flag  was  conspicuously  displayed  above  them. 
Good  reaso.i  was  there  for  this  in  June,  1861,  as  all  will  re- 
member, when  the  Rebellion  was  just  breaking  out  in  the 
South,  and  tiie  North  was  arming.  It  need  not  be  told  what 
were  the  themes  of  the  young  speakers  on  that  day,  or  what 
was  the  tone  and  drift  of  feeling.  The  anniversary  address 
was  delivered  by  Prof  J.  D.  Whitney.  After  a  cursory  re- 
view of  our  national  progress  in  scientific  and  literary  matters, 
he  discussed  the  various  features  of  our  educational  system, 
closing  his  address  with  foUo'ving  paragraphs: — 

"  The  last  stage  in  our  series  is  the  university  or  the  professional  I 

school,  forming  a  division  of  the  university  system.     Many  of  the  » 

professional  schools  in  this  country  are  entirely  distinct  and  inde- 
pendent institutions,  while  others  are  attached  to  colleges,  under  the 
same  government  with  them,  and  with  some  or  all  of  their  professors 
serving  in  both  the  collegiate  and  university  courses  of  instruction. 
Thus,  Harvard  and  Yale  Colleges  have,  in  addition  to  the  under- 
graduate course,  a  complete  organization  of  the  four  university 
schools,  a  condition  of  things  peculiar  to  this  country,  and  one  which  :, 

has  grown  up  rather  under  the  pressure  of  circumstances,  than  with 
any  original  aim  at  such  a  combination. 

"  In  the  newer  States,  where  a  foundation,  at  least,  is  provided  lor 
a  State  University,  by  the  reservation  of  a  portion  of  the  public  do 
main,  the  maimer  in  whic  h  the  organization  of  the  higher  institutions 
of  learning  is  to  be  effected  becomes  a  question  of  vital  importance,  \ 

and  one  of  which  the  people,  through  the  Legislature,  have  control. 
In  this  State,  especially,  the  question  will  not  fail  to  come  up  again, 
as  it  already  has  done,  although  as  yet  no  final  action  has  been  taken,  ■ 

and  every  educated  man  will  admit  that  the  progress  of  science  and 
letters  on  the  I'acific  Coast  is  in  no  small  degree  dejjendent  on  its 
solution.  There  are  many  reasons  why  we  cannot  advocate  the  plan 
of  making  the  State  University  an   imitation  of  an    Kastern  rollege, 


,VF.ir  EFFORTS  TO  GF7^  FUXDS  A7  THE  FAST.  75 

with  professional  sciiools  altaclicd;  ii  must  be  something  above  the 
colleges,  and  supplementary  to  them,  or  else  there  will  be  a  highly 
injurious  rivalry  engendered  between   public  and  private  interests, 
which  will  have  the  most  unfavorable  results  on  both.     The  univer- 
sity system  of  instruction  is  based  on  lectures,  while  the  college  disci- 
pline is  mainly  that  of  recitation  and  committing  to  memory;  hence, 
the  number  of  students  who  can   be  instructed  at  one  university  is 
practically  unlimited,  while,   on   the  other  hand,   the   ideal  of  the 
college  demands  that  the  classes  should  not  be  increased  to  such  an 
extent  as  to  make  the  subdivision  of  each  into  a  great  number  of 
sections  necessary.     Again,  the  number  of  professional  students  is 
always  much  less  than  of  those  graduating  at  the  colleges;  thus,  in 
Massachusetts  there  are  about  twelve  hundred  young  men  in  the  five 
colleges  of  that  State,  but  only  three  hundred  in  the  schools  of  law, 
medicine,  and  theology.     Moreover,  local,  sectional,  and  denomina- 
tional jealousies  and  rivalries  are  always  at  work   to   increase   the 
number  of  the  colleges,  sometimes,  indeed,  greatly  beyond  what  the 
necessity  of  the  case  demands,  so  that  each  is  kept  poor  and  depend- 
ent; while  the  idea  of  an  Orthodox,  Unitarian,  or  Baptist,  medical,  law, 
or  scientific  school,  has  not  yet  been  broached,  and  the  only  flourish- 
ing theological  seminaries  are  those  which  are  strictly  independent 
of  all  connection  with  any  other  department  of  instruction,  or  public 
institution.     Let  the  State  extend  a  liberal  hand  to  those  of  the  col- 
leges which  show  themselves  worthy  of  it,  and  let  private  munificence 
make  up  the  deficiencies,  while  an  honorable  and  generous  rivalry 
stimulates  to  an  ever  higher  ideal  of  development.     Let   the  State 
University  be  in  fact  what  it  would  be  in  name,  the  supplement  of 
the  colleges,  made  up  of  the  various  schools  of  law,  medicine,  phi- 
losophy, and  the  arts,  all  propelled  around  one  center,  aiming  at  a  high 
standard  of  acquirement,  supported  by  liberally  endowed  libraries, 
museums,  and  galleries  of  art.     In  this  way  the  colleges  and  the  uni- 
versity will  become   essentially  dependent  on  each  other,  and  will 
each,  in  its  sphere,  have  the  same  high  aim,  to  promote  the  cause  of 
sound  learning  and  thorough  discipline.     We  need  not,  indeed,  flat- 
ter ourselves  that  all  that  is  desirable  in  this  respect  can  be  brought 
about  at  once;  but  if  the  educated  men  of  the  State  will  keep  this 
object  in  view,  and  use  their  best  efforts  for  its  accomplishment,  they 
can  hardly  fail  to  meet  with  final  success. 

"  I  am  not  disposed  to  underrate  the  difficulties  which  lie  before 


7(5  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

those  who  are  to  engage  in  the  great  work  of  elevating  the  standard 
of  intellectual  and  moral  development  in  this  region.  An  immense 
and  thinly  populated  territory,  over  which  are  distributed  a  greater 
variety  of  nationalities  than  were  ever  before  united  to  form  a  State, 
of  many  languages  and  many  creeds;  the  fact  that  so  large  a  part  of 
the  working  men  are  engaged  in  a  business  which  tends  to  render 
them  unsettled  and  migratory  in  their  habits;  distance  from  the  cen- 
ters of  liberal  culture,  and  the  great  store-houses  of  the  world's 
knowledge — these  are  all  difficulties  to  be  met,  and,  let  us  hope,  to 
be  overcome.  The  greater  the  obstacles,  the  more  imperative  the 
duty  of  battling  against  them,  and  the  more  honorable  the  position 
of  those  who  are  willing  to  engage  in  the  conflict. 

"  This  institution,  among  the  first  on  the  Pacific  Coast  to  organize 
under  the  banner  which  has  led  the  advance  of  American  intellectual 
progress,  and  assuming  the  proud  name  of  The  College  of  Califor- 
nia, has  taken  a  noble  position  in  the  vanguard  of  the  army  of  pacific 
conquest, — the  conquest  of  mind  over  matter,  of  intellect  over  brute 
force,  of  liberal,  of  Christian  culture,  over  practical  heathenism. 
May  the  spirit  guiding  its  progress  be  such  as  will  lead  to  the  happiest 
and  most  comprehensive  results  May  its  Annual  Commencements 
ever  gather  together  a  larger  and  nobler  bnnd  of  brothers,  gratefully 
acknowledging  the  claims  of  their  Alma  Mater  on  them  for  continued 
sympathy  and  support. 

"  And  you,  young  gentlemen,  who  will  constitute  its  first  graduat- 
ing class,  yours  will  be  historical  names  on  the  records  of  the  insti- 
tution; strive  to  make  them  such  in  the  annals  of  your  State  and 
country  !  Remember  that  you  are  in  a  position  where  your  example 
may  be  potent  for  good,  if  you  are  willing  to  exert  yourselves  to 
make  it  such.  The  secret  of  success  may  be  summed  up  in  a  few 
words,  so  simple  that  it  is  hard  to  comprehend  that  they  contain  the 
key  to  the  world's  progress,  and  your  own.  Judiciously  select  a  pro- 
fession or  employment  in  life,  in  harmony  with  the  natural  bent  of 
your  genius  and  the  scope  of  your  powers;  concentrate  every  effort 
on  the  one  branch  in  which  you  aim  to  excel;  strive  to  comprehend 
the  spirit  of  the  country  and  of  the  age  in  which  you  live,  that  you 
may  be  ready  to  seize  upon  the  golden  opportunity  when  it  presents 
itself;  and  through  all,  and  in  all,  let  the  influences  of  Christianity 
control  your  life,  in  all  its  relations,  whether  political  or  social,  and 
success  is  yours;  if   not  always  what   the  world  will  call   success, 


.VFW  EFFORTS   TO  GET  FUA'DS  AT  THE  EAST.  77 

reckoning   in  dollars  and  cents,  at   least  that  which  your  own  hearts 
and  consciences  will  recognize  as  such." 

At  the  conclusion  of  the  address,  John  R.  Ridge,  of 
Marysville,  recited  a  poem,  of  which  this  is  the  concluding 
stanza: — 

"  And  thus  the  proudest  boast  shall  be 

Of  young  Ambition  crowned— 
'  The  woods  of  Oakland  sheltered  me, 
Their  leaves  my  brow  have  bound.'  " 

The  College  year  1861-62  opened  prosperously.  The 
number  of  students  in  attendance  at  the  College  School  was 
larger  than  ever  before.  In  the  College  the  two  classes  pro- 
ceeded enthusiastically  with  their  work.  The  Sophomores 
numbered  six,  and  the  Freshmen  ten.  Though  the  excite- 
ment and  anxieties  of  the  public  mind  at  that  early  period 
in  the  War  of  the  Rebellion  were  intense,  still  the  College  and 
the  school  held  steadily  to  their  work.  The  fall  term  closed 
with  satisfactory  examinations  in  all  the  departments.  When 
the  spring  term  had  opened,  it  was  remembered  that  at  its 
end  a  third  class  would  be  ready  for  admission  to  College. 
This  fact  raised  new  and  serious  questions.  With  the  steady 
growth  of  the  institution,  more  means  must  be  provided. 
Every  inch  of  room  was  now  occupied,  and  therefore  another 
building  must  be  put  up.  Moreover,  as  the  classes  advanced, 
more  instructors  must  be  obtained,  especially  in  the  scientific 
studies. 

In  those  days  of  feverish  excitement  and  financial  uncer- 
tainty the  problem  of  ways  and  means  presented  by  these 
facts  was  a  very  difficult  one  to  solve.  The  Trustees  had 
anxious  consultations  over  it.  Several  methods  of  procedure 
were  proposed,  but  for  one  reason  or  another  could  not  be 
carried  out. 


CHAPTER   VII. 

THE  APPOINTMENT  OF  VICE-PRESIDENT. 

At  the  time  of  these  deliberations,  it  became  known 
that  I  was  about  to  resign  my  pastorate  of  the  Howard 
Presbyterian  Church,  San  Francisco,  and  go  East  for  a  term 
of  years.  I  had  been  pastor  of  that  church  twelve  years,  from 
its  commencement.  They  had  been  years  of  continued  ex- 
citement, as  the  city  was  passing  through  its  great  trials,  and 
the  strain  had  been  too  severe  and  prolonged  for  m}-  stretigth. 
It  was  my  purpose  to  go  East  for  a  few  years,  for  a  change  of 
scene  and  of  work.  I  had  engaged  passage  on  the  steamship 
for  myself  and  family.  No  sooner  were  these  things  known, 
than  the  request  came  from  many  persons  that  I  would  re- 
consider the  question  of  going  East,  and  see  if  some  change 
of  occupation  here  would  not  effect  the  recovery  of  health 
which  I  needed.  The  matter  of  the  College  was  talked  of. 
Its  critical  condition  and  immediate  wants  were  presented, 
and  it  was  urged  that  the  Trustees  would  unitedly  desire  me 
to  take  charge  of  it,  at  least  for  the  time  being,  and  that  so  I 
could  both  get  the  needed  change  of  occupation,  and  continue 
to  serve  the  common  cause  in  California.  At  this  time  I  re- 
ceived the  following  letter  from  Rev.  I.  H.  Brayton,  which 
was  also  cndorsctl  b)'  Professor  Kellogg. 

"Oakland,  March  24,  1S62. 

"Dear  Hrh.  W'ii.i.kv:  Allow  inc  very  earnestly  lo  urge  sotne 
arguments  for  your  acceptance  of  the  position  which  I  am  informed 
the  College  Trustees  are  about  to  ask  you  to  fill:  i.  \'ou  ought 
not  to  leave  California.  'I'he  return  of  no  other  person  would  do  so 
much  to  create  the  impression  at  the  East  that  there  is  little  or  no 
need  or  encouragement  for  ministers  here.     It   would  take  a  new 


TifF.  ArroiNr.^n.y/T  or  \-icE-rR/-:s]nEi\T.  7« 

man  just  thirteen  years  in  the  State  to  acquire  the  interest  in  its 
moral  and  reHgious  progress  which  you  have  (and  they  should  be 
years  of  the  past  when  enterprises  struggled  and  were  doubtful  ap- 
parently), and  it  would  take  a  new  man  thirteen  years  of  living  and 
working  here  to  acquire  the  powers  of  good  in  the  State,  and  to  dis- 
pose men  to  labor  and  give  which  you  already  have.  Add  to  these 
public  reasons,  the  personal  protest  of  us  all  against  your  going. 
You  must  not  leave  California. 

"2.  Is  not  the  success  of  this  great  enterprise,  this  College,  as  im- 
portant as  your  presence  with  an  Eastern  congregation,  granted  it 
should  be  one  influential  in  a  very  high  degree.^  This  success, 
which  no  one  desires  more  than  you,  depends  very  largely  on  the 
suitable  selection  and  securing,  by  the  Board,  of  an  efificient  man  in 
the  position  now  sought  to  be  filled;  and  not  his  own  individual  ef- 
ficiency alone,  but  upon  his  being  a  man  in  harmony  with  those  now 
engaged,  and  with  the  history  and  spirit  of  the  College.  We  who 
arc  upon  the  ground  can  think  of  no  one  with  whom  we  could 
co-operate  so  perfectly  as  with  you,  and  if  you  should  decide  to  ac- 
cept, we  shall  think  it  very  providential  that  the  place  waited  to 
claim  you.  As  for  the  motives  more  personal  to  yourself,  let  me 
say,  you  have  chosen  preaching  as  a  pastor  for  your  work.  Our  old 
teacher.  Rev.  Dr.  White,  used  to  say  that  nothing  in  his  life  had 
ever  fallen  to  him  as  he  i)lanned  it  for  himself.  Yet  we  cannot 
doubt  that  he  followed  the  providential,  and  then  most  useful,  path. 
Should  you  wish  still  to  turn  10  the  pastoral  work,  and  find  yourself 
not  satisfied  in  this,  from  the  position  urged  upon  you,  you  could 
turn  as  advantageously  to  the  pastoral  work  again,  as  now  to  a  new 
field  from  your  i)resent  puljjit,  having  had  the  advantage  of  a  change 
which  might  work  tlie  effct  of  recreation,  and  having  gratified  your 
friends  in  making  trial  of  a  work  which  they  conceive  presents  j^rov- 
idential  claims  on  you.  Yours  truly,         I.  H.  Bravton." 

''  I  most  heartily  concur.     Do  come.  Martin  Kki^logg." 

Three  days  later  the  Board  of  College  Trustees  elected 
mc  Vice-President  of  the  College,  of  which  action  I  was  duly 
noli  fled  by  the  following  letter  from  Rev.  Dr.  W.  C.  Ander- 
son, President  of  the  Board  : — 

"San  Francisco,  March  28,  1862. 

"  Rev.  S.  H    Willev — My  Dear  Sir:  The  undersigned  was  di- 


80  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

reeled  by  the  Board  of  Trustees  to  inform  you  of  your  election  to 
the  office  of  Vice-president  of  the  College  of  California  and  by  sep- 
arate resolution  to  the  office  of  Financial  Agent.  The  meeting  at 
which  you  were  elected  was  held  last  evening,  and  was  larger  than 
usual.  There  seemed  to  be  a  determination  on  the  part  of  the 
members  to  sustain  you  with  all  their  influence,  should  you  accept 
the  appointment. 

"In  expressing  my  earnest  wish  that  you  may  see  your  way  clear  to 
favor  this  call,  I  am  sure  I  but  express  that  of  all  the  friends  of  the 
College  in  the  State. 

"  Hoping  soon  to  receive  an  answer  from  you  in  accordance  with 
our  wishes,  I  subscribe  myself  your  friend  and  brother, 

"W.  C.  Anderson." 

The  question  of  acceptance  was  a  very  difficult  one  for  me 
to  decide.  I  was  not  trained  for  College  work.  I  was  wholly 
1  unaccustomed  to  business  management.  I  had  no  wish  to 
i  leave  my  profession  as  a  minister.  And  yet,  if  I  could  lead 
the  College  work  temporarily,  and  help  it  on  at  the  same  time 
that  I  should  be  recoverin:,^  my  health  by  a  change  of  occu- 
pation, my  early  California  enthusiasm  could  hardly  permit 
me  to  decline  the  appointment,  and  leave  the  State,  even  for 
a  time.  I  therefore  relinquished  my  Eastern  plans  and 
wrote  a  letter  of  acceptance  to  the  Trustees  of  the  College. 
Then  followed  my  removal  to  Oakland,  and  getting  settled, 
which  was  accomplished  in  April.  My  first  work  was  to 
study  the  financial  question,  plan  for  the  accommodation  of 
the  College  for  the  following  year,  and  more  immediately  to 
make  ready  for  the  near  approaching  College  Anniversary, 
which  was  to  take  place  on  June  4,  1862.  It  required  but 
little  time  to  see  that  at  the  beginning  of  the  next  College 
year  there  must  be  another  recitation  room,  aNo  the  nucleus, 
at  least,  of  a  College  library,  sufficient  philosophical  ap- 
paratus to  meet  the  wants  of  the  Junior  class,  and  before  the 
end  of  the  year,  a  laboratory  with  chemical  apparatus.  These 
things  had  been  promised  to  the  students,  involving  at  the 
same  time  a  large  teaching  force.  For  means  to  provide 
these  things  we  could  look  only  at  home,  and  to  our  busy 
citizens,  then  in  the  midst  of  the  uncertainties  of  war-time. 


THE  A  PPO I  N'T. ME  NT  OF  \  ICE-PR  ESI  PENT.  81 

At  the  same  time  everything  inside  of  the  College  was  en- 
couraging. The  Faculty  reported  of  the  two  classes  in  at- 
tendance during  the  College  year  1861-62  that  "their  attention 
to  College  duties  has  been  worthy  of  praise."  "  Some,"  they 
said,  "especially  certain  members  of  the  Freshman  class,  have 
been  remarkably  regular  and  punctual.  The  state  of  disci- 
pline has  been  exceedingly  satisfactory.  No  serious  misde- 
meanor has  been  noted  and  no  case  of  discipline  has  been  be- 
fore the  Faculty  as  a  body.  During  the  year  the  students 
have  been  required  to  attend  church  every  Sabbath  forenoon. 
Morning  pra\'ers  have  been  attended  (monitors  keeping  a 
record  of  attendance)  every  morning  for  the  five  working 
days  of  the  week.  Another  year  the  Faculty  expect  to  be 
able  to  give  the  direct  Biblical  instruction  which  has  been  in- 
corporated in  the  'course'  adopted  last  winter." 

The  annual  examination  closing  the  year's  work  began  on 
May  30  and  continued  till  June  4  when  the  Anniversary  took 
place.  The  Pacific,  in  giving  an  account  of  it,  says:  "Early 
Wednesday  morning  of  last  week  we  found  ourselves  with  a 
crowd  on  board  the  boat  for  Oakland.  It  was  what  was  called 
Commencement  Day — although,  strictly  speaking,  that  day 
will  not  be  along  for  two  years  to  come — and  the  friends  of  the 
College  were  turning  out  by  hundreds  to  enjoy  the  day  as 
best  they  could.  The  morning  was  lovely,  and  the  ride  across 
the  bay  gave  edge  to  the  anticipated  pleasures  of  the  Com- 
mencement. At  the  appointed  hour,  the  Presbyterian  Church 
was  filled  to  overflowing  with  as  intelligent  and  fine  appearing 
an  audience  as  we  have  ever  seen  in  California.  After  the 
exercises  had  begun,  the  crowd  that  could  not  be  accommo- 
dated with  seats  took  the  best  outside  seats  near  the  windows, 
while  scores  upon  scores  made  the  best  of  their  disappoint- 
ment by  walking  under  the  trees,  which  reminded  one  of  the 
academic  groves  of  classic  lands.  The  exercises  were  opened 
with  a  short  and  impressive  prayer  by  the  acting  President, 
Rev.  S.  H.  Willey.  The  speaking  was  led  off  with  decla- 
mations by  members  of  the  in-coming  Freshman  class.  The 
second  set  of  speakers  belonged  to  the  in-coming  Sophomores. 
6 


82  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

The  third  division  was  composed  of  students  who  have  just 
completed  the  Sophomore  year  and  are  admitted  now  as 
Juniors.  After  the  speaking  by  the  Colleij^e  classes,  the  Rev. 
T.  Starr  King  was  introduced,  and  for  an  hour  held  his  audi- 
ence with  unabated  interest  to  the  rhetoric,  logic,  beauty,  and 
genius  of  his  address. 

"It  was,  perhaps  with  but  one  exception,  the  most  eloquent 
address  we  have  ever  listened  to  from  Mr.  King.  Much  of  it 
was  specially  adapted  to  the  young  men  of  the  College,  and 
by  them  his  counsels,  so  earnest,  timely,  and  full  of  profound 
reflection,  will  be  long  remembered,  and  it  will  be  well  for 
them  if  they  but  resolutely  and  self-denyingly  carry  them 
out." 

It  is  a  disappointment  not  to  be  able  to  present  this  ad- 
dress here  in  full.  Mr.  King  reserved  it  at  the  time  for  his 
future  use.  If  it  was  subsequently  published,  all  the  copies 
have  disappeared,  for  none  can  be  found. 

Then  came  vacation,  during  which  the  needed  provision 
had  to  be  made  for  the  new  College  year,  with  its  three 
classes.  I  immediately  made  the  condition  and  wants  of  the 
College  the  subject  of  careful  study,  and  went  to  work  to  map 
out  the  course  that  seemed  to  me  the  best  to  pursue.  This  I 
presented  to  the  Trustees  at  the  next  ensuing  annual  meeting, 
held  June  17,  1862,  as  follows: — 

"  To  the  Trustees  of  the  Collci::;e  of  California — 

"It  gives  me  pleasure  to  make  this,  my  first  official  communication 
to  you.  In  it  I  will  present,  as  well  as  I  can,  the  condition  of  the 
College  as  I  find  it,  and  suggest  such  plans  for  your  consideration 
as  seem  to  me  best  for  its  upbuilding.  The  institution  has  now 
reached  a  point  where  its  great  work  comes  upon  it.  In  giving  in- 
struction in  it,  we  pass  now  beyond  the  region  where  other  institutions 
in  the  State  are  able  to  carry  their  pupils,  and  we  undertake  to  lead 
the  way  in  conducting  classes  through  the  higher  branches  usually 
studied  in  the  colleges  of  our  country.  It  has  required  years  of 
patient  labor  to  bring  classes  on  well  and  thoroughly  prepared  to 
take  this  advance  step,  and  thus  complete  the  organization  of  the 
College.     We  have  been  once  reproached  for  the  slowness  of  our 


THE  APPOrNTMENl   OF  VrCE-PKESIDENT.  83 

progress,  but  wo  have  chosen  to  be  genuine  and  thorough,  rather 
than  swift  in  our  movements.  To  have  reached  our  present  stand- 
ing, and  to  find  ourselves  in  possession  of  the  advantages  which  are 
ours  to-day,  involves  a  trust  of  no  ordinary  magnitude.  It  is  in  our 
power  to  continue  in  the  lead  in  the  work  of  educating  young  men 
here  in  the  higher  courses  of  a  liberal  education,  and  thus  influence 
and  shape  the  educational  standards  of  the  country.  This  vantage- 
ground  is  of  great  importance.  It  has  been  well  earned  by  timely 
efforts  in  the  earliest  years,  and  by  incessant  and  persevering  work 
ever  since.  We  take  pleasure  in  knowing,  at  the  same  time,  that  the 
College  has  been  from  the  beginning  a  Christian  College,  and  yet  in 
no  sense  tied  to  any  denomination.  If  it  were  so  in  this  new  coun- 
try, where  Christians  all  told  are  so  few,  and  so  little  able,  as  yet,  to 
give,  the  circle  of  its  sympathies  and  benefactions  would  be  so  nar- 
row that  its  success  would  be  impossible.  As  it  is,  the  College 
offers  itself  equally  to  all  lovers  of  Christian  and  liberal  learning,  as 
an  agency  of  common  good. 

"  From  this  point,  therefore,  and  with  these  advantages,  we  are 
now  called  to  advance  and  fill  out  the  full  idea  of  a  college  organiza- 
tion. We  cannot  delay,  for  if  we  should  our  classes  would  break  up 
and  be  lost,  and  with  them  everything.  To  hesitate  would  be  to 
surrender.  To  proceed  is  to  build  upon  a  good  foundation  already 
laid.  But  to  go  forward,  although  in  the  way  of  duty,  is  in  this  case 
a  great  undertaking.  Left  to  ourselves,  in  this  new  State,  nothing 
can  give  us  success  but  the  most  active  and  reliable  co  operation  on 
the  part  of  all.  For  the  time  being  there  is  no  way  of  meeting  our 
current  expenses  but  by  subscriptions.  We  well  know  that  this  can 
be  but  a  temporary  expedient.  Three  professors  are  now  doing  the 
work  of  instruction,  assisted  by  temi)orary  teachers,  and  an  additional 
professor  will  soon  be  required  in  the  department  of  Natural  Sci- 
ence. 

"  With  this  working  force  we  can  get  on  for  the  present.  But  for 
its  permanent  success,  the  College  must  have  a  President.  The  key 
of  the  situation  is  here.  He  should  be  a  man  trained  as  an  educator, 
one  who  has  acquired  a  good  reputation  in  the  work,  and  who  would 
both  bring  it  influence  and  give  it  a  good  executive  leading.  The 
first  thing  necessary,  in  order  to  get  such  a  President,  is  to  endow 
his  chair.  Therefore,  next  after  providing  for  the  current  expenses 
of  the  College,  comes  the  work  of  endowing  the  Presidency.  And 
then  a   library  must    be  commenced.     The  college   that  offers  its 


S4  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

students  the  advantages  of  a  well-selected  library,  will  do  much  to- 
ward making  certain  its  permanent  usefulness.  And  then,  as  to 
room.  If  by  possibility  we  can  get  on  with  our  present  buildings 
one  more  year,  we  cannot  beyond  that  time.  Wc  shall  have  to  build. 
Now,  as  to  the  raising  of  means  for  all  these  things.  I  will  myself 
do  the  best  I  can.  I  have  neither  experience  in  work  like  this,  nor 
fondness  for  it.  and  nothing  but  a  commanding  motive,  such  as  the 
upholding  of  this  College  presents,  would  induce  me  to  undertake  it. 
Nor  would  I  do  it  now,  unless  in  confident  reliance  on  the  active  co- 
operation of  the  Trustees,  Faculty,  and  friends  of  the  College- 
Tlie  iin])ortance  of  the  undertaking  will  be  measured  in  the  public 
estimation  by  the  efforts  of  its  nearest  friends.  Any  feebleness  here 
would  render  the  work  hojielcss  at  once.  But  boldness  and  decision 
among  its  acknowledged  friends,  will  send  it  abroad  em])hatically 
endorsed,  and  justify  its  claim  before  the  public  for  large  gifts." 

This  communication  was  accepted  by  the  Trustees  and  re- 
ferred to  a  committee.  The  committee  subsequently  reported, 
recommending  the  adoption  of  the  measures  proposed,  and 
the  immediate  opening  of  a  subscription  to  raise  the  necessary 
funds.  The  report  of  the  committee  was  adopted  by  the 
Board,  and  determined  the  working  plan  of  the  institution. 
The  real  property  of  the  College  at  this  time  consisted  of  the 
four  blocks  and  the  included  streets  heretofore  mentioned,  in 
Oakland,  and  the  buildings  thereon,  namcl\-,  the  Mansion 
House,  Academy  llali,  and  the  first  small  College  Hall,  vai- 
ueil  then  at  $18,000;  and  the  Berkeley  site,  comprising  then 
one  hundred  and  twenty-four  acres,  valued  at  $18,600, 
amounting  in  all  to  $35,600.  Against  this  property  here 
was  very  little,  if  an}',  indebtedness.  Toward  current  ex- 
penses, I  found  a  small  amount  of  impaid  subscriptions,  pre- 
viously obtained,  a  limited  tuition  income,  and  whatever 
remained  from  the  receipts  of  the  College  School,  over 
and  above  its  expenses.^  Tiic  catalogue  for  1862-63  showed 
that  the  Junior  class  consisted  of  six  members,  the  Sophomore 
cla.ss  of  eight,  and  the  F'reshman  class  of  three,  and  that  the 
number  in  the  College  School  was  one  hundred  and  twenty- 
eight. 

iMy  tirst  work  was  to  obtain  an  enlarged  subscription  to 


rilE  ArrOINTMEA'T  OF  ]-ICE-PKESlDF.NT.  85 

meet  the  current  expenses  of  the  College.  It  was  war-time. 
Things  were  uncertain.  Interest  was  high.  The  public  mind 
was  intensely  excited.  Very  large  contributions  were  called 
for  in  various  ways  for  carrying  on  the  war.  Consequently  it 
was  thought  best  to  ask  individuals  for  an  annual  subscription 
for  a  period  no  longer  than  three  years.  It  was  hoped  that 
before  that  time  expired,  affairs  would  be  more  settled,  and 
that  the  way  would  be  open  for  obtaining  funds  for  a  more 
permanent  endowment.  The  three-year  subscription  was 
fairly  successful,  notwithstantling  the  adverse  times,  not  only 
in  San  Francisco  and  vicinity  but  in  the  interior  towns  as 
well-  Wlien  this  subscription  was  far  enough  advanced  to 
meet  current  expenses,  as  proposed,  the  plan  for  a  new  Col- 
lege building  was  taken  up.  Architects  were  consulted. 
Drawings  and  estimates  were  studied.  Finally  a  plan  was 
selected  for  a  handsome  two-story  building,  to  contain  a 
chapel,  recitation  rooms,  and  a  library  room,  to  be  built  on 
the  northwestern  block  of  the  College  property.  The  con- 
tract price  was  $7,400.  A  subscription  was  at  once  opened  to 
raise  the  means  to  put  up  this  building.  It  proved  successful. 
The  building  was  erected.  It  was  far  more  ornamental  than 
an)-  that  had  preceded  it.  Its  high  tower  overlooked  the 
oaks  that  then  covered  the  entire  encinal.  It  was  a  proud 
day  when  the  College  entered  its  new  and  commodious  rooms. 
Next  came  the  effort  to  raise  the  Presidential  endowment  fund, 
which  was  placed  at  $25,000.  The  high  interest  paid  for 
money  in  California  at  that  time  made  that  amount  sufficient, 
certainly  as  a  beginning.  To  obtain  subscriptions  to  this  fund, 
in  sums  large  enough  to  maki-  it  up  within  a  reasonable  time, 
was  a  much  greater  undertaking  than  those  that  had  preceded 
it.  Many  day.s,  and  even  weeks,  I  walked  the  streets,  and 
climbed  stairs  to  visit  offices,  and  press  the  claims  of  the  Col- 
lege upon  business  men.  Sometimes  it  seemed  as  if  all  pros- 
pect of  success  was  shut  uj).  Then  a  successful  application 
would  change  everything,  and  I  walked  the  streets  as  if  upon 
the  tops  of  the  mountains.  At  last  the  final  sum  was  ob- 
tained, and  the  endowment  was  subscribed. 


86  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLT  EC E  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

It  was  now  the  spring  of  1863,  and  the  way  was  open  for 
the  election  of  a  President  of  the  College.  The  question  as 
to  who  should  be  chosen  had  been  a  good  deal  discussed  from 
the  time  that  Dr.  Bushnell  declined  the  office,  finding  himself 
sufficiently  restored  to  health  to  be  able  to  resume  his  pastoral 
work  in  Hartford.  Therefore,  when  the  time  for  making  the 
choice  came,  the  Trustees  were  unanimous  in  the  election  of 
the  Rev.  Dr.  William  G.  T.  Shedd.  This  took  place  on  April 
27,  1863.  When  the  election  of  the  Board  was  communicated 
to  Professor  Shedd,  there  were  sent  to  him  at  the  .same  time 
books  and  pamphlets  descriptive  of  California,  and  of  its 
prospects,  industrial,  educational,  and  religious.  Several  gen- 
tlemen here  who  knew  Dr.  Shedd  wrote  to  him  of  the  im- 
portance of  the  College,  a.sking  him  not  to  hasten  to  reach  a 
conclusion,  but  to  take  all  necessary  time,  and  give  the  merits 
of  the  call  a  thorough  examination.  He  was  informed  of  the 
fact  that  the  College  had  not  been  able  to  .secure  any  consid- 
erable amount  of  money  from  the  East,  notwithstanding 
repeated  efforts,  but  that  we  had  so  grown  in  our  College 
work  that  we  wanted  a  President;  that  with  a  man  like 
himself,  well  known  and  trained  to  the  educational  work, 
there  was  here  ev^ery  a.ssurance  of  our  being  able  to  build  and 
equip  the  College  on  the  ground. 

Having  fully  submitted  the  question  in  all  its  bearings,  we 
pressed  on  with  the  work  in  hand  as  best  we  could.  It  be- 
came kin)wn  to  the  Trustees  through  Rev.  Dr.  Anderson,  their 
President,  that  possibly  William  II.  Brewer,  then  on  the 
working  staff  of  the  California  State  Geological  Surve\', 
might  be  induced  to  take  the  Professorship  of  Natural  Science, 
so  necessary  to  be  immediately  filled.  Correspondence  was 
opened  with  Mr.  Brewer,  resulting  in  his  election  in  the  month 
of  March,  1863.  In  due  time  his  reply  was  received,  as  fol- 
lows:— 

"San  Francisco,  Cal.,  Ai)ril  i,  1863. 
"Rev.  S.  II.  WiLLKV — Dear  Sir:  Your  favor  of  yesterday  is  re- 
ceived, informing  me  that  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the   College  of 
California  al  a  rccL'iit  meeting  had  honored  me  with  the  election  to 


THE  APPOINTMENT  OF   VICE-PRESIDENT.  S7 

the  chair  of  the  Professorship  of  Natural  Science  in  the  College. 
In  reply,  I  am  happy  to  accept  the  appointment,  subject  to  the  con- 
dition that  during  my  connection  with  the  Geological  Survey,  my 
first  duty  will  be  to  serve  that,  and  that  the  time  I  may  devote  to  the 
instruction  in  the  College  shall  be  regulated  by  the  wants  of  the  said 
survey.  I  will  at  all  times  endeavor  to  advance  the  interests  of  the 
institution  according  to  my  abilities  and  opportunities. 
"  I  am,  sir,  your  obedient  servant, 

"Wm.  H.  Brewer." 

The  College  year  1862-63  closed  with  its  anniversary  on 
the  tenth  of  June.  The  examinations  preceding  were  thor- 
ough and  satisfactory.  They  brought  into  College  the  fourth 
class,  filling,  for  the  first  time,  the  full  complement  of  the  four 
College  classes.  On  this  occasion  the  annual  address  was 
delivered  by  Bishop  Kip. 

"  The  annual  address,  by  Rev.  Bishop  Kip,"  wrote  the 
Pacific,  in  its  account  of  this  anniversary,  "was  gracefully  de- 
livered. Its  subject  was,  '  The  Discouragements  of  Scholar- 
ship.' It  is  not  a  good  time  for  an  address,  after  listening  to 
a  number  of  young  masters,  and  just  before  a  collation.  An 
orator  always  needs  to  collect  his  own  audience.  The  nature 
of  the  subject  was  such  as  to  discourage  very  close  thinking. 
But  it  was  grateful  to  listen  to  one  whose  style,  all  the  color 
and  foam  of  whose  discourse,  and  whose  allusions  came  of 
Greece  and  Rome  and  the  old  English  authors  of  Milton's 
classic  days. 

"  The  collation  was  served  in  the  new  College  building,  now 
in  process  of  erection,  and  did  credit  to  the  ladies  who  served 
it.  The  College  building  will  be  an  ornament  to  the  place 
and  a  great  convenience.  Messrs.  Brodt,  Tompkins,  and  oth- 
ers made  speeches  of  congratulation." 


CHAPTER   VIII. 

INSIDE  VIEW  OF  THE  COLLEGE  AT  WORK. 

After  the  usual  summer  vacation,  the  College  classes  came 
together  and  took  up  their  work.  They  went  about  it  with 
energy  and  industry.  During  this  term  Professor  Brewer 
was  so  engaged  with  tht-  Geological  Survey  that  he  was  not 
able  to  enter  upon  his  duties  in  the  College.  But  the  corps 
of  instructors  was  able  and  laborious,  and  the  hum  of  business 
seemed  to  be  heard  every  where  about  the  College.  So  passed 
the  first  term,  closing  with  December.  The  examinations  at 
its  end  were  prolonged,  and  were  attended  more  largely  than 
usual.  The  reports  of  the  Faculty  and  of  the  several  profess- 
ors and  instructors,  to  the  Trustees  at  the  close  of  this  first 
term,  December,  1863,  best  indicate  the  extent  of  this  work. 
They  are  given  below: — 

FACULTY    REPORT    FOR    THE  FIRST  TERM,    1 863-64. 

"The  scheme  of  e.xercises  for  the  term  lias  been  as  follows: — 

SENIOR    CLASS. 

At  8  130  At  11;  15  At  3  :  30 

o'clock,  A.  M.  o'clock,  A.  M.  o'clock,  I".  M. 

M»nday Astronomy Moral   Philosophy English  Language. 

Tuesday Chemistry   lUitler's  Analogy English  Language. 

Wednesday. .  .Chemistry Butler's  Analogy History. 

Thursday I'hysiology Sutler's  Analogy History. 

P'riday ( ircek  Testament  Physiology Composition,    etc. 

JUNIOR    CLASS. 

At  8  :  30  At  1 1  :  15  Ai  i :  30 

o'flock,  A.  M.  o'clock,  A.  M.  o'clock,    I'.  M. 

Monday (jerman Natural  Philosophy Logic. 

Tuesday Cierman Natural  Philosophy Khetoric. 

Wednestlay .  .  .(Jerman .Natural  Philosophy Khetoric. 

Thursday.    . .  .Germam Compositii)ii      Dv  OnUore. 

Friday Creek  Testanieiii. Natural  Philosophy De  (Jratore. 


INSIDE  VIEW  OF  THE  COLLEGE  AT  WORK. 


89 


SOrHOMORE   CLASS. 

At  8:  30  At  II  :i5  At  3:30 

o'clock,  A.  M.  o'clock,  A.  M.  o'clock,  p.  M. 

„      ,        \  Prometheus  and       "1        t,-  „„  ,„»t,„      /  Tusculan  Disputations 
Mondav   \  ,^      t   r-  •.•       >        1  ntronometry      \       j  t    .•     /^ 

^     j  Greek  Composition  |  ''  I  ^nd  Latin  Composition. 

„       ,        \  Prometheus  and        |        .,,  .  ,  (  Tusculan  Disputations 

Tuesday  \  ,^      <   .•  ■.•       r        1  riLronometry  ■  i    .•     <- 

■'    I  Greek  Composition  \  '^  (  and  Latin  Composition. 

„,    ,. ,       (  Prometheus  and         /        ,,,  .  ,  \  Tusculan  Disputations 

Wed  day  ^  ^^^^^  Composition  |         '  r.gonometry      -^  ,^^^j  ^^^j^  Composition. 

Thursday.  .Composition,  etc Trif^onometry. . . .  French. 

Friday ....  Greek  Testament Elocution French. 

FRESHMAN    CLASS. 

At  8:30  At  II :  15  At  3:  30 

o'clock,  A.  M.  o'clock,  A.  M.  o'clock,   p.  M. 

Monday    ]  JI'^^J^"^  .  .       l...  Livy Algebra. 

■'     /  Greek  Composition  \  •' 

Tuesday   i  Jl'^^?-''^  T       I"-  -^i^y Algebra. 

•'     (^  Greek  Composition  J  ^  ° 

Wed-day  ■!  jl'^'^^'V}  .^.       \  . . .  .Uvy Algebra. 

-'   (  Greek  Composition  \  ' 

rr^i        J      S  Iliad  and                     /          1  ■  a  i~„k.. 

Thursday  j  ^^^^^  Composition  f  ' ' '  '^''^y ^'S^^"^"- 

Friday.  .  .  .  Greek  Testament Latin  Composition. . .  .Composition,  etc. 

"The  work  of  the  professors  was  as  follows:  Mr.  Durant  heard 
thirteen  recitations  a  week,  with  Senior  debates;  Mr.  Kellogg,  sev- 
enteen; Mr.  Hodgson,  seventeen;  Mr.  Brayton,  five;  Mr.  Des 
Rochers,  two;  and  Mr.  Barker,  three;  which,  together  with  one 
common  exercise,  amounted  to  sixty  in  all.  The  exercises  have  pro- 
ceeded with  the  usual  regularity  according  to  the  foregoing  scheme. 
There  have  been  no  serious  cases  of  discipline.  In  one  or  two  in- 
stances, continued  irregularity  of  attendance  has  interfered  with 
individual  and  class  progress,  the  irregularity  being  excusable,  in  part 
at  least,  on  the  ground  of  ill  health,  but  very  unfortunate.  Notwith- 
standing the  sinallness  of  the  classes,  there  has  been  a  fine  esprit  de 
corps  among  the  students.  The  examinations  at  the  close  of  the 
term  were  protracted  and  thorough.  While  some  of  the  exercises 
fell  short  of  the  corresponding  ones  a  year  ago,  it  is  the  impression 
of  the  Faculty  that,  as  a  whole,  the  examinations  were  up  to  any 
former  average.  Further  information  will  be  found  in  the  appended 
reports  of  the  several  instructors.  The  Juniors  have  recited  three 
times  a  week  in  Cierman  to  Mr.  Barker,  whose  record  gives  them 
credit  for  good  proficiency  and  great  regularity.  The  Sophomores 
have  had  two  recitations  a  week   in   French  to   Mr.   Des  Rochers. 


90  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

There  is  no  report  from  him  as  yet,  but  the  class  seems  to  have  made 
very  satisfactory  progress  for  the  time  spent  on  the  study. 

"  Martin  Kellogg,  Secretary T 

RHETORICAL    DEPARTMENT. 

"  During  the  term  just  closed,  I  have  heard  the  Seniors  read  com- 
positions once  each  month.  The  Juniors  have  read  disputes  upon 
subjects  assigned  them.  From  the  Sophomores  I  have  received  reci- 
tations twice  a  week  in  Manderville's  Elements  of  Reading  and 
Oratory;  a  reading  exercise  was  also  connected  with  the  recitation. 
The  Freshmen  have  presented  compositions,  and  have  attended, 
thouii;h  quite  irregularly,  an  a]:)pointment  for  reading.  In  connection 
with  other  members  of  the  Faculty,  I  have  heard  all  the  classes  each 
month  in  the  required  declamations  and  orations.  In  this  duty,  and 
in  writing,  they  have  commonly  manifested  a  laudable  fidelity.  Pro- 
fessors Durant  and  Kellogg  have  kindly  heard  some  of  the  recitations 
properly  falling  within  the  range  of  this  department.  I  could  wish, 
and  the  interests  of  the  College  seem  to  require,  that  the  services  of 
some  professed  or  well-qualified  elocutionist  should  be  secured  to 
train  the  classes  in  speaking.  It  is  all  the  more  desirable,  because 
the  classes  are  small,  and  no  selection  of  speakers  can  be  made  fitly 
to  represent  us  on  jjublic  occasions,  and  because,  for  the  same  reason 
there  is  a  lack  of  example  and  incentive.  I  have  devoted  to  the 
College  classes  an  average  of  four  hours  a  week,  besides  the  time  re- 
(juired  for  correcting  and  criticising  the  compositions  and  orations 
presented.  I.  H.  Bravton." 

December  22,  iS6j. 

LATIN    DEPARTMENT. 

"  On  account  of  my  absence,  Rev.  S.  S.  Harmon  gave  instruction 
in  my  place  during  the  first  half  of  the  term,  'i'he  interests  of  the 
classes  seem  to  have  been  well  cared  for  in  his  hands.  I  resumed 
work  about  the  middle  of  the  term.  The  recitations  falling  to  me 
have  been  as  follows :  The  Senior  class  has  gone  over  about  three 
hundred  and  twenty-five  pages  of  Weber's  Outlines  of  History. 
It  reveiwed  one  hundred  pages,  on  which.it  passed  examination. 
By  rec}ucst  of  the  Faculty,  I  introduced  Clark's  Elements  of  English 
Language,  and  heard  the  class  in  this  during  the  latter  part  of  the 
term.  We  went  through  all  the  Lectures,  but  had  not  time  to  re- 
view.    In  both    studies    tlie  class   has,  as   usual,  done   well.     The 


INS/ HE   V/EW  OE   THE  COLLEGE  AT  WOK  A'.  91 

Junior  class  has  read  about  fifty  i)a;j;es  of  Cicero  de  Oratorc,  and  has 
reviewed  the  larger  part.  The  members  have  also  furnished,  once, 
original  Latin  compositions.  They  passed  a  very  good  examination. 
The  Sophomore  class  has  read,  in  Latin,  the  First  Book  of  the  Tus- 
culan  Disputations,  and  reviewed  it  all.  After  my  return  I  could 
not  well  shape  the  work  so  as  to  bring  in  the  De  Senectute.  In 
Greek,  we  have  read  all  the  Prometheus,  and  reviewed  the  greater 
part.  The  examination  in  this  was  particularly  good.  Since  my 
return,  the  class  has  had  lessons,  mostly  in  advance,  in  both  Latin 
and  Greek  composition.  Reviewing  some  ground  previously  gone 
over,  they  were  prepared,  at  examination,  on  twenty- five  pages  in 
Latin,  and  forty  pages  in  Greek.  The  Freshman  class  has  given  four 
recitations  a  week  to  Livy,  reading  the  First  and  Second  Books,  and 
reviewing  all  but  fifteen  pages.  The  fifth  recitation  has  been  devoted 
to  prose  composition,  in  which  we  have  gone  over  about  forty 
pages.  One  of  the  class  has  been  very  irregular,  and  deficient  in 
preparation.  Martin  Kellogg." 

December  22,  l86j. 

GREEK    DEPARTMENT. 

"The  Freshman  class  has  had  five  recitations  in  Greek  each 
week  during  the  whole  session,  four  in  Homer's  Iliad,  and  one  each 
week  in  the  Greek  Testament.  In  connection  with  each  recitation 
in  Homer,  a  lesson  in  Arnold's  Greek  Prose  Composition  has  been 
recited,  with  a  thorough  drill  in  the  exercises.  Particular  attention 
has  also  been  paid  to  composition,  grammar,  and  etymology.  It  may 
be  remarked  that  all  the  members  of  the  class  have  not  done  equally 
well,  but  some  have  made  an  exceptionally  good  record.  The  Sopho- 
more class  has  recited  to  me  only  once  each  week  during  the  term  in 
the  Greek  Testament.  The  Junior  class  has  recited  to  me  the  whole 
of  Whately's  Elements  of  Logic,  making  clean  work  of  those  parts 
which  the  previous  class  omitted,  and  coming  out  with  a  very  good 
elementary  knowledge  of  the  subject.  The  class  has  also  read  and 
recited  to  me  twelve  of  Blair's  Lectures  on  Rhetoric,  a  part  of  the 
Oration  of  Demosthenes  concerning  the  crown  (optional),  and  taken 
its  part  with  the  other  classes  in  the  study  of  the  Greek  Testament. 
In  all  these  departments,  the  class  has  recited  to  me  five  times  every 
week.  The  recitations  of  the  class  are  never  brilliant,  though  the 
last  session  has  shown  an  improvement  on  the  previous  one.     It  is 


92  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGK  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

Still  a  model  class  for  punctuality,  and  illustrates  in  its  general  and 
gradual  progress  how  far  persistence  in  one  virtue  helps  to  all  others. 
The  Senior  class  has  also  recited  to  me  five  times  each  week  during 
the  session,  besides  debating  orally  once  every  month.  It  has 
recited  four  times  in  Hopkins'  Moral  Science  and  Butler's  Analogy 
and  once  in  Greek  Testament.  The  class  has  evinced  a  deep  inter- 
est in  all  these  studies,  as  always  heretofore,  and  made  good  progress. 
The  duty  assigned  me  of  conducting  the  devotional  exercises  in  the 
morning,  during  Professor  Kellogg's  absence,  and  twice  each  week 
since  his  return,  I  have  been  able  to  attend  to  punctually  in  every 
instance.  The  students  are  usually  all  present  at  the  moment  of 
opening  these  exercises,  and  where  they  do  not  enter  into  the  spirit 
of  them  heartily,  seem  to  pay  them  serious  respect. 

"  Hknry  Durant." 
December  22,  iS6j. 

MATHEMATICAL    DEPARTMENT. 

"  The  Seniors  have  had  five  recitations  a  week  with  me.  They 
have  completed  Olmsted's  Astronomy  with  the  chapter  on  Eclipses. 
They  have  studied  and  reviewed  Hitchcock's  Anatomy  and  Physi- 
ology, and  have  also  studied  W^ells'  Chemistry  as  far  as  Organic 
Chemistry,  but  have  not  reviewed  it.  The  Juniors  have  had  four 
recitations  a  week.  They  have  studied  and  reviewed  Olmsted's 
Natural  Philosophy  as  far  as  Acoustics.  Apparatus  is  greatly  needed 
to  illustrate  the  various  points  of  the  study.  Punctuality  is  still  a 
characteristic  of  the  class.  The  Sophomores  have  had  four  recitations 
a  week.  They  have  completed  geometry,  and  have  studied  plane 
and  spherical  trigonometry.  The  Freshmen  have  had  four  recita- 
tions a  week,  and  have  studied  Robinson's  Algebra  as  far  as  required 
for  this  term.  Francis  D.  Hodgson." 

REMARKS    BY     IHE    VICE-PRESIDENT. 

"  According  to  the  College  Laws,  it  is  my  duty  to  accompany  these 
reports  with  such  remarks  as  may  seem  to  me  necessary.  In  so  do- 
ing, I  will  say,  in  the  first  place,  that  the  College  is  in  excellent  con- 
dition and  is  growing  into  maturity  as  fast  as  time  will  allow.  To  be 
sure,  the  classes  are  small,  but  they  are  well  up  to  the  standard  in 
scholarship,  and  it  would  be  suicidal  to  lower  this  standard  to  gain  the 
doubtful  advantage  of  the  prestige  of  large  numbers.  It  is  very 
clear  to  me,  looking  carefully  at  the  working  of  the  College,  that  the 


rxsrnF.  rrF.ir  of  tiif  college  at  work.  03 

officers  have  too  much  to  do.  Mr.  Durant,  for  example,  filled  his 
own  department  and  taught  intellectual  and  moral  philosophy, 
together  with  Butler's  Analogy  to  the  Seniors,  and  Logic  to  the 
Juniors  besides.  All  this  was  a  work  impossible  for  any  man  to  do 
in  his  best  manner.  This  difficulty  will  be  obviated  when  the  Presi- 
dency is  filled,  and  it  is  of  the  utmost  importance  that  this  should  be 
as  quickly  as  possible.  With  a  President  teaching  Senior  studies,  the 
pressure  of  work  will  be  relieved  and  the  professors  will  be  seldom 
called  out  of  their  own  departments.  The  Professorship  of  Mathe- 
matics ought  to  be  filled  by  the  appointment  of  an  earnest  and  ac- 
complished mathematician.  Temporary  instruction  is  this  year  given 
in  that  department  which  is  fully  as  good  as  such  temporary  service 
could  be  expected  to  be.  But  the  same  means  would  support  a  per- 
manent professor,  and  one  ought  to  be  appointed  as  early  as  practi- 
cable. 

"  Enough  attention  has  not  been  paid  to  elocution  in  the  College; 
the  requisite  drill  has  not  been  kept  up,  and  this  again  is  because  the 
Faculty  have  more  than  they  can  do.  A  plan  is  on  foot  to  remedy 
this  particular  defect  during  the  coming  term.  In  fine,  if  any  sup- 
pose that  it  is  an  easy  work  to  build  a  college,  let  them  try  it! 

"S.    H.  WiLLEY,  Vice-President:' 

December  22^  1863. 

Further  evidence  of  the  character  of  the  work  miy  be 
drawn  from  the  San  Francisco  Bulletin  s  account  of  the  ex- 
amination at  the  close  of  this  first  term  of  1863:  "On  Thurs- 
day the  examination  of  the  Freshman  class  in  Latin  was  con- 
ducted by  Professor  KclJofrg.  The  selections,  made  by  lot, 
were  from  the  Odes  and  Epistles  of  Horace.  The  young 
gentlemen  showed  themselves  familiar  with  the  versification* 
as  well  as  with  the  structure  and  meaning  of  the  language, 
and  acquitted  themselves  well.  In  the  afternoon  the  Junior 
class  was  examined  in  German.  Part  of  the  class  answered 
every  question  readily,  the  others  with  some  hesitation.  Next, 
the  Freshman  class  was  reviewed  in  Greek  by  Professor 
Durant.  The  class  was  at  home  in  this  study  more  than  in 
any  other,  and  particularly  in  Greek  composition  and  etymol- 
ogy. On  PViday  the  PVcshmen  were  catechised,  and  with 
gratifying  results,  in  geometry,  taught  by  Professor  Kellogg. 


ti4  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

In  the  afternoon  the  Juniors  were  reviewed  in  natural  philos- 
ophy and  astronomy,  by  Professor  Hodgson.  They  were  not 
fluent  in  off-hand  statements  of  their  knowledge  of  subjects, 
but  answered  most  questions  promptly,  though  not  as  they 
would  have  done  if  these  studies  had  been  their  favorite  ones. 
Next  came  an  examination  of  the  Sophomore  class,  in  Greek, 
by  Professor  Durant,  in  the  oration  of  '  Demosthenes  on  the 
Crown.'  And  this  class  exhibited,  like  the  others,  the  pecul- 
iar excellencies  of  this  instructor's  mode  of  teaching  Greek, 
his  good  judgment,  and  accurate  scholarship. 

"  As  a  whole,  the  examinations  have  ranked  high,  and  some 
of  the  students  have  made  remarkable  attainments.  These 
classes  would  not  suffer  in  comparison  with  those  of  the  best 
colleges  in  our  country,  for  which  statement  we  have  the  au- 
thority and  endorsement  of  some  of  the  best  scholars  in  San 
Francisco,  graduates  of  Eastern  colleges.  Their  professors 
have  come  from  the  best  institutions,  and  were  foremost  in 
rank  in  their  own  classes. 

"  The  College  of  California  has  a  curriculum  not  inferior  to 
that  of  Yale  or  Harvard.  It  is  generally  the  same,  the  chief 
difference  being  in  the  introduction  here  of  modern  languages, 
not  as  optional  but  as  regular  studies.  The  College  means  to 
keep  the  standard  of  scholarship  as  high  as  it  is  anywhere  in 
America,  and  promises  to  graduate  no  one  who  could  not  ob- 
tain his  degree  with  honor  in  any  college  in  the  land.  As  yet 
no  class  has  graduated  from  this  College,  the  class  which  has 
been  with  it  from  the  start  becoming  Seniors  to-morrow. 

"  The  College  proper  is  a  separate  affair  from  the  College 
School  at  Oakland,  and  is  not  a  gathering  of  lads  just  in  the 
early  stages  of  their  classical  course.  It  is  composed  of 
young  men  of  serious  views  and  puri)oses,  with  sober  energy, 
iieart,  hope,  aspiration,  and  zeal,  applying  themselves  to  their 
studies,  intending  to  become  honored  citizens  of  the  great 
'  Republic  of  Letters.'  There  is  a  scholarly  habit  among 
them,  antl  tln-y  carry  tlie  air  of  classic  groves  with  tiicm,  and, 
for  the  time,  the  world  to  them  is  a  world  of  books  and 
studies,  sciences  and  disciplines. 


INSIDE  VIEW  or  THE  COLLEGE  AT  UOKK.  95 

"The  College  of  California  can  make  just  as  good  scholars 
as  any  other  in  the  languages  and  mathematics,  and  in  the 
theories  of  the  natural  sciences,  their  history  and  literature. 
It  is  only  in  buildings,  laboratories,  cabinets,  apparatus,  and 
libraries  that  it  is  deficient.  These  are  yet  in  their  beginnings; 
and  the  want  of  them  is  now  severely  felt.  Bating  the  mat- 
ter of  experiments,  and  illustrations,  and  lectures  of  a  brill- 
iant kind  in  some  departments  of  science,  the  College  can  do 
for  our  young  men  all  that  is  done  anj^where  by  college  study 
and  discipline.  Should  recent  movements  be  crowned  with 
success,  this  College  will  soon  have  at  its  head  a  notable 
scholar." 


CHAPTER  IX. 
THE  FIRST  COMMENCEMENT. 

Having  in  this  manner  completed  the  work  of  the  first 
term  of  1863,  there  remained  but  one  term  more  to  carry  us 
to  the  time  of  the  first  real  "Commencement"  and  the 
graduation  of  the  first  class.  We  determined  to  make  so 
marked  a  period  in  the  progress  of  the  College  as  emphatic 
and  memorable  as  possible.  Of  course  there  would  be  the 
usual  "  Commencement  exercises,"  the  graduating  orations  by 
the  young  men,  and  the  address  and  poem  accompanying — all 
which  would  occupy  one  day.  But  this  would  not  command 
the  attention  and  secure  the  presence  of  very  many  more  than 
had  been  accustomed  to  come  to  the  previous  anniversaries. 
How  could  we  interest  the  educated  men,  generally?  Some 
of  them  knew  of  the  College,  and  thought  well  of  it,  but  in 
the  rush  and  strain  of  professional  or  business  life  there  were 
not  many  of  them  likely  to  break  awa)'  and  give  a  day  to 
attendance  upon  our  College  Commencement.  And  yet  it 
was  i)lain  if  they  could  be  induced  to  do  so,  it  would  tend 
more  than  anything  else  to  interest  them  in  the  College,  and 
in  College  cause.  It  was  well  known  that  the  number  of  lib- 
erally educated  men  here  was  very  large,  but  most  of  them 
were  strangers  to  us,  and  equally  strangers  to  each  other. 
No  occasion  had  ever  called  thcin  together.  Business  alone 
absorbed  their  attention.  In  the  excitements  and  business 
speculations  of  war-time,  it  was  exceedingly  tlifficult  to  call 
off  their  thought  to  any  other  subject  than  business  itself. 
And  to  plan  a  literary  occasion  that  would  secure  attendance 
seemed  at  first  to  be  quite  out  of  the  question.  We  thought 
it  over.     We  consulted  educated  men,  as  we  could  meet  them. 


II 


7//A    F/A'Sr  CO.\rMKNCEMRMr.  97 

Some  thought  well  of  the  idea,  but  all  doubted  whether  there 
could  be  any  plan  that  would  result  in  a  success.  I  walked 
along  Montgomery  Street  one  day,  proposing  the  matter  to  a 
learned  judge  of  one  of  our  courts,  to  get  his  opinion. 
"  Well,"  said  he,  when  he  had  heard  me  through,  "  if  you  get 
a  good  dinner  over  there,  you  may  get  them  over  to  eat  that, 
but  the  literary  part  they  wouldn't  go  across  the  street  for." 
Not  all,  however,  talked  in  that  way.  The  idea  of  an 
occasion  in  this  remote  and  business-ridden  country,  that 
would  possibly  bring  together  the  educated  men,  and  cause 
them  to  know  each  other,  and  know  from  what  colleges  or 
universities  they  came,  at  length  began  to  be  attractive.  It 
awakened  the  memories  of  college  life.  It  stirred  that  pecul- 
iar enthusiasm  that  comes  down  from  college  days.  It  became 
evident  that  there  were  educated  men  here  that  did  care  for 
something  besides  a  good  dinner.  It  was  determined  to 
attempt  something  in  the  way  of  such  a  literary  gathering  as 
would  embrace  all  college  and  university  graduates. 

Then  came  the  business  of  planning  it,  and  carrying  it  out, 
in  addition  to  all  the  other  pressing  duties  that  crowded  upon 
our  first  Commencement-time.  The  oration,  that  as  a  matter 
of  course;  and  the  poem,  equally  of  course!  But  what  we 
wanted  most  of  all  was  to  bring  the  Alumni  of  all  institutions 
of  college  rank  together  face  to  face  and  make  them 
acquainted  with  each  other,  and  awaken  their  interest  in  our 
College,  and  in  the  cause  of  the  higher  education  in  the  State. 
So,  first,  we  consulted  the  ladies.  They  promised  to  provide 
a  collation,  and  see  that  it  was  served  in  our  new  chapel.  Its 
capacity  was  measured,  and  it  was  found  that  it  would  seat  as 
many  at  tables  as  were  thought  likely  to  come.  Next  came 
the  question  of  getting  our  San  Francisco  guests  home,  for 
there  was  no  train  and  boat  from  Oakland  to  San  Francisco 
then  so  late  in  the  evening  as  to  answer  the  purpose.  Going, 
however,  to  the  railroad  owners,  we  succeeded  in  inducing 
them  to  agree,  on  specified  terms,  to  make  a  night  trip  from 
Oakland,  and  this  removed  that  difficulty.  Then  came  the 
question  of  table  furniture,  etc.  By  inquiry  we  found  a  man 
7 


98  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

in  San  Francisco  who  would  rent  it  to  us  for  the  evening, 
and  so  that  matter  was  provided  for.  By  correspondence,  the 
names  of  graduates  were  obtained  as  far  as  possible,  and  the 
following  invitation  was  sent  out  to  nearly  four  hundred  of 
them: — 

CoLLKGE  OF  CALIFORNIA,  Oakland, ,  1864. 

Dear  Sir:  The  Faculty  of  the  College  of  California  invite  your 
attendance  at  a  general  gathering  of  college  graduates,  to  be  held 
at  Oakland,  May  31,  at  3  o'clock  p.  m. 

On  the  next  day  the  College  is  to  send  forth  its  first  graduating 
class.  It  is  thought  that  in  lieu  of  the  Alumni  Meeting  held  by  the 
older  colleges,  and  which,  from  the  nature  of  the  case,  we  cannot 
yet  have,  there  may  be  a  large  and  interesting  gathering  of  the 
.Mumni  of  other  colleges  now  resident  in  California.  They  cannot 
attend  the  annual  gatherings  of  their  own  institutions.  The  College 
of  California  invites  them  to  make  here  a  second  home,  and  to  find 
among  the  re|)rcscntatives  of  all  our  American  Colleges  a  new  and 
wider  circle  of  fellowship.  In  this  way  many  pleasant  recollections 
will  be  revived;  the  educated  men  of  this  State  will  better  appreciate 
the  value  of  their  fraternity;  and  the  lovers  of  a  "  good  time,"  like 
those  of  old  college  days,  will  be  gratified  by  a  superior  literary 
entertainment. 

The  Faculty  take  j)leasure   in  announcing  that  John  V>.   Fclton, 
Esq.,  has  consented  to  deliver  the  Alumni  oration,  and   C.   T.    H. 
Palmer,  Esq.,  to  furnish  a  jwem.     After  these  exercises,  there  will  be 
a  social  repast  with  off-hand  speaking. 
In  behalf  of  the  Faculty, 

Samuki,  H.    W'im.kv, 
Vice- President^  CoUei::,e  of  California. 

'I'he  following  gentlemen  give  their  hearty  approval  to  the  forego- 
ing invitation,  and  commend  it  to  the  attention  of  their  fellow-grad- 
uates:— 

Kt.  Rkv.  W.  I.  Kip,  1).  I).,  S.  L.  CuTTKR,  Esq., 

Hon.  0(;nF,N  Hoffman,  Edward  Tompkins,  Esq., 

Hon.  O.  L.  Shafikk,  Rkv.  E.  H.  Walsworth, 

Hon.  M.  C.  Hi.akf,  J.  W.  VVinans,  Esq., 

Rkv.  W.  C.  Andkrson,  V>.  U.,  Rev.  A.  E.  Kittredge, 

Rev.  J.  A.  Benton,  Rev.  (iEO.  Mooar, 

T.  B.  BiGELOW,  Esq.,  George  Tait,  Esq, 


THE  FIRST  COMMENCEAfENT.  99 

The  interest  awakened  by  this  invitation  was  far  t^reater 
than  was  expected.  While  these  preparations  were  going  on 
for  the  Alumni  Meeting,  those  for  the  College  Commence- 
ment, which  was  to  occur  on  the  following  day,  were  not  for- 
gotten. Hon.  Newton  Booth  was  secured  as  orator  for  that 
occasion,  and  Bret  Ilarte  as  poet,  while  the  Seniors  to  grad- 
uate were  making  ready  their  Commencement  pieces.  Their 
graduating  day  was  to  be  Wednesday,  June  i,  and  the 
Alumni  Meeting  was  to  take  place  on  the  Tuesday  afternoon 
and  evening  before.  First,  the  Presbyterian  Church  was  put 
in  order  for  the  Alumni  address  and  poem,  and  for  the  Com- 
mencement on  the  following  day.  The  church  was  situated 
down  among  the  oaks,  as  before  remarked,  near  the  corner  of 
Sixth  and  Harrison  Streets.  Next  the  College  chapel  was 
prepared  for  the  collation  and  the  evening  entertainment. 
Tables  were  arranged,  scats  were  provided,  and  all  was  made 
ready  for  the  guests.  Tuesday,  the  thirty-first  day  of  May, 
came  at  last.  At  the  appointed  hour  in  the  afternoon  the 
assembly  convened,  and  the  church  was  filled  to  its  utmost 
capacity.  The  delivery  of  the  oration  and  poem  occupied 
between  one  and  two  hours.  The  theme  of  Mr.  Felton's 
oration  was,  "  The  Position  of  the  Educated  Man  in  Califor- 
nia, His  Sphere  of  Activity,  and  His  Duties."  He  treated  it 
in  an  able  and  scholarly  manner.  It  was  only  criticised 
unfavorably  with  respect  to  some  reflections  on  the  Govern- 
ment, as  to  its  exercise  of  its  taxing  power  in  the  war-time, 
which  was  then  nearing  its  crisis.  After  the  poem,  which  was 
much  admired,  the  invited  Alumni  went  in  procession,  escorted 
by  the  members  of  the  College  and  the  College  School  to  the 
College  chapel.  Among  the  guests  from  abroad  were  Gen- 
era! Wright,  U.  S.  A.  Provost,  Marshal  Van  Vost,  Judge 
F.  M.  Haight,  and  Rev.  Dr.  H.  W.  Bellows,  of  New  York. 
Dr.  Bellows  was  President  of  the  Sanitary  Commission,  and 
was  here  for  the  purpose  of  raising  funds  for  the  prosecution 
of  the  humane  work  of  that  organization.  The  guests  filed 
in  and  took  their  places,  and  at  the  signal  from  the  President, 
Hon.  Edward   Tompkins,  were  seated.     No  description  can 


|(»0  firSTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNLl. 

give  an  adequate  idea  of  the  scene  that  followed,  for  four  or 
five  hours.  A  short-hand  reporter  was  present  and  took 
down  all  that  was  said  and  done,  but  at  best  it  can  only  recall 
some  of  the  features  of  the  occasion  to  those  who  were  there 
to  enjoy  it.  It  was  altogether  unique.  The  company  con- 
sisted mostly  of  young  men.  They  were  from  various  parts 
of  the  United  States  and  some  were  from  abroad.  Many  of 
them  were  making  their  acquaintance  with  each  other  for  the 
first  time.  It  was  a  free  and  easy  social  time,  that  had  no 
rules  of  precedent  to  hamper  it,  and  the  expressions  of 
countenance,  attitudes,  tones  of  voice,  and  a  thousand  name- 
less things  have  to  be  taken  into  acc(nint,  in  order  to  get  the 
real  flavor  of  the  occasion.  Things  that  seem  dry,  and  al- 
most unmeaning  in  the  reported  account,  were  sparkling  with 
point  and  wit  when  uttered.  It  was  the  saying  of  all  that 
it  was  like  no  Alumni  Meeting  they  ever  attended  in  the  East. 
There  was  a  spontaneousness  about  it,  a  freedom,  a  flow  of 
humor  most  rcfr  shing,  and  yet  never  in  violation  of  good 
taste.  The  entire  account  of  the  evening,  as  it  was  published 
in  pamphlet  form  from  the  reporter's  notes  taken  at  the  time, 
is  here  reproduced  as  the  second  number  of  the  Appendix. 

The  next  day,  Wednesday,  June  i,  was  Commencement 
Day.  The  church  was  filled  again  at  the  hour  appointed. 
The  editor  of  the  Pacific  ;?,ave  the  foilouing  account  of  the 
occasion:  "At  eleven  o'clock  the  Trustees  and  students  of  the 
College  fount!  a  large  audience  of  ladies  and  gentlemen  col- 
lected in  the  I'resbyterian  Church.  Perhaps  it  was  a  little  un- 
fortunate that  the  Alumni  Meeting  was  held  before  the  Com- 
nieiicement,  fiir  few  coinp.iratively  of  the  noble  number  pres- 
ent the  ilay  l)cforc  were  present  at  these  exercises.  Yet  if 
they  had  been  present  how  could  they  have  found  seats  ? 
The  house  was  filled  in  every  part.  The  exercises  of  tl'e 
graduating  class  were  first  in  order.  This  was  the  pro- 
gramme:— 

Salutatory  in  l.aliii  -  J  A.  Daly,  San  l'"rancisco. 
Natural  Revelation — C  T.  Tracy,  nownieville. 
Alma  Mater — A.  K.  Lylc,  San  Francisco. 


THE  hIRST  COMMENCEMENT.  101 

Soul  Power — J.  A.  Daly. 

The  Scholar,  with  the  Valedictory  Address — D.  L.  Emerson,  Oak- 
land. 

"  It  appeared  from  the  printed  '  order '  that  these  young 
men  have  maintained  a  high  rank  of  scholarship ;  for 
though  there  are  five  grades  of  scholarship,  these  young  men 
all  fall  within  the  first  two  grades.  Their  speaking  on  the 
present  occasion,  while  not  exceeding  the  expectations  of 
their  friends,  did  them  good  credit.  The  first  graduating 
class  of  the  College  of  California  is  one  to  rejoice  in.  We 
could  not  desire  to  begin  with  a  better  one.  Many  warm 
wishes  and  hopes  accompany  them  into  the  future.  May 
a  kind  Providence  spare  their  lives  and  make  them  very  use- 
ful. One  of  them  goes  immediately  to  Union  Theological 
Seminary,  and  another  hopes  to  follow  after  a  year  of  recrea- 
tion. We  are  not  informed  of  the  destination  of  the  other 
two. 

"A  poem  by  Bret  Harte,  of  this  city,  was  read  by  Mr. 
Hoit.  It  is  always  an  infelicity  not  to  have  an  author  read 
his  own  production.  Even  if  read  poorly,  a  poem  is  better 
appreciated  when  the  author  reads  it  himself.  No  mean  com- 
mand of  meter,  easy  transition,  graceful  and  delicate  expres- 
sion, were  certainly  present. 

''  Of  the  oration  by  Hon.  Newton  Booth,  of  Sacramento,  it 
is  easy  to  speak  praise.  We  were  delighted  with  its  fitness  to 
the  occasion,  scholarly  character  of  all  its  allusions,  apprecia- 
tion of  progress  in  our  modern  age,  and  no  less  acute  appre- 
ciation of  the  losses  which  come  through  its  progress,  losses 
in  individual  force.  We  noted  the  carefulness  with  which  the 
whole  oration  was  made  a  unity,  while  preserving  all  the 
essential  parts  of  an  oration;  we  felt  that  the  orator  did  his 
occasion  a  compliment.  The  reverent  and  humble  and  yet 
fearless  spirit  charmed  us.  Would  that  all  who  make 
addresses  on  such  occasions  could  as  fully  satisfy  the  just 
expectations  of  those  whom  they  address.  The  Degree  of 
Bachelor  of  Arts  was  then  conferred  according  to  the  fine  old 
style  of  Latinity,  and  the  assembly  dispersed  with  the  benedic- 
tion." 


102  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLT. EC E  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

So  closed  the  College  work  for  the  year  1863-64.  It  left 
the  workers  fatigued  and  weary  enough.  But  there  was  no 
time  for  rest.  The  vacation  would  soon  be  gone,  and  more 
work  was  ahead.  From  the  Faculty  we  were  obliged  to  lose 
Professor  Brewer.  He  received  an  appointment  to  a  chair  in 
the  Sheffield  Scientific  School  of  Yale  College,  and  we  could 
offer  him,  of  course,  no  such  inducement  as  would  justify  him 
in  declining  an  appointment  like  that.  liis  letter  of  resigna- 
tion was  dated  April  22,  1864.  In  the  following  May,  Prof 
W.  P.  Blake  was  appointed  to  the  place.  It  was  hoped  that 
through  him  a  Mining  and  Agricultural  Department  might  in 
time  grow  up.  We  did  not  succeed  in  obtaining  Dr.  Shedd 
for  President  of  the  College.  His  letter  declining  to  come 
was  as  follows: — 

"  258  Lexington  Avenue,      I 
New  York  City,  March  2,  1864.  j 

"  Rkv.  S.  H.  Willey — Deal-  Sir:  I  have  been  intending  to  write 
you  in  reply  to  your  letter  of  last  autumn,  and  to  thank  you  for  the 
copy  of  HitteWs  Resources,  etc.,  which  I  understood  to  come  through 
you.  But  the  crowd  of  engagements  that  has  come  upon  me  dur- 
ing the  last  six  months,  must  be  my  excuse,  though  I  sent  through 
Dr.  Anderson  my  acknowledgments  to  the  gentlemen  from  whom  I 
received  letters  in  reference  to  the  College  of  California.  These 
letters,  however,  I  regret  to  say,  did  not  reach  me  till  October.  I 
suppose  Dr.  Anderson  has  informed  you  of  tlie  rea.sons  why  I  could 
not  see  my  way  clear  to  accept  your  invitation.  Providence  seems 
to  me  to  liave  indicated  another  field  of  labor  than  that  of  a  presi- 
dent of  a  college.  As  the  years  have  passed  along,  I  have  been 
carried  more  and  more  into  scholastic  fields  and  studies,  so  that  now 
it  is  pretty  plain  that  I  can  be  of  more  use  to  the  church  as  a  student 
than  a  man  of  action.  This  conviction  has  led  me  to  decline  sev- 
eral invitations  similar  to  that  which  you  have  tendered  me.  ilui  I 
assure  you  that  the  cordial  invitation  from  so  many  of  my  old  friends 
and  from  strangers  on  the  Pacific  Coast  was  very  pleasant  and 
attractive. 

"  The  more  immediate  object  of  my  writing  is  to  say  that  I  am  in 
co-operation  with  my  old  friend,  Mr.  Billings,  to  help  find  the  right 
man.  He  has  just  called,  and  we  have  had  a  long  conversation, 
during  which  I  mentioned  some  names  of  persons  who  are  qualified 


THE  FIRST  COMMENCEMENT.  103 

for  the  post.  V'ou  may  not  be  able  to  get  a  President  by  your  next 
Commencement  (Mr.  Billings  has  showed  me  your  last  letter  to  him), 
but  I  should  think  that  by  the  following  year  you  might  be  fully 
manned.  It  is  no  light  enterprise  to  transplant  a  well-rooted  and 
growing  tree  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  Coast.  The  men  that 
you  need  are  the  men  that  we  also  need  and  it  requires  time  for 
consideration  and  decision.  With  many  thanks  for  the  book,  which 
I  read  with  much  interest,  I  am  yours  sincerely, 

"W.  G.  T.  Shedd." 

Immediately  on  the  receipt  of  this  letter  from  Dr.  Shedd, 
the  Board  determined  to  try  once  more  for  a  President,  and 
this  time  elected  Rev.  Dr.  R.  D.  Hitchcock,  taking  measures 
to  place  before  him  in  a  true  light  the  importance  of  the  Col- 
lege in  this  far  western  world.  Meantime  I  felt  obliged  to 
remain  in  office  till  the  Presidency  could  be  filled,  although 
much  of  the  work  was  very  wearing  and  contrary  to  my 
taste.  To  me,  the  soliciting  of  funds  was  extremely  irksome. 
And  yet  it  must  be  done  by  someone  familiar  with  the  insti- 
tution and  known  in  connection  with  it,  or  it  could  not  go  on 
a  single  term.  It  also  happened  that  the  Board  of  Trustees 
was  about  that  time  singularly  weakened  by  losing  several 
of  its  ablest  and  most  needed  members.  Mr.  Billings  was 
obliged  to  leave  California,  both  on  account  of  the  failure 
of  his  health  and  at  the  call  of  business.  His  place  could 
not  be  filled  by  any  other  man.  He  was  a  member  of  a 
leading  law  firm,  and  his  professional  services  were  invalua- 
ble. In  money  he  gave  more  than  any  other  individual.  He 
used  his  time  and  his  influence  cheerfully  and  freely  in  the 
interest  of  the  College.  Nor  was  it  for  the  College  alone  that 
he  was  ready  to  work.  He  was  foremost  among  the  friends 
of  schools,  libraries,  asylums,  and  churches.  He  was  very 
frequently  asked  to  deliver  anniversary  addresses  and  speeches 
on  important  occasions,  many  of  which  were  published.  Not 
many  men  in  his  profession  in  the  earlier  }'ears  were  ready  to 
give  time  and  attention  to  these  things.  After  it  became 
evident  that  Dr.  Bushnell  would  not  return  to  California,  the 
friends  and  Trustees  of  the  College  wished  to  elect  Mr.  Bill- 


104  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

ings  to  the  Presidency,  but  he  could  not  sec  his  way  clear  to 
enter  upon  that  work.  And  now  to  part  with  him  altogether 
was  a  loss  quite  irreparable.  Mr.  Goddard  was  taken  away 
by  death.  Rev.  Mr.  Lacy,  pastor  of  the  First  Congregational 
Church,  San  Francisco,  was  attacked  with  hemorrhage  from 
the  lungs  and  was  obliged  to  resign  all  work  and  try  what 
foreign  travel  inight  do  towan;  his  recovery.  Failure  of 
health  also  obliged  Rev.  Dr.  Anderson,  pastor  of  the  F'irst 
Presbyterian  Church,  San  Francisco,  to  resign  and  leave  for 
the  East.  Tiis  successor.  Rev.  L.  C.  Kayles,  was  elected  in 
his  place,  but  in  a  very  few  months  broke  down  with  con- 
sumption and  died.  It  was  impossible  fully  to  supply  the 
places  of  these  long-tried,  able,  and  familiar  workers.  And 
so,  just  when  the  enterprise  was  growing  most  in  magnitude 
and  difficulty,  its  essential  helpers  were  taken  away.  Stand- 
ing as  I  did  at  the  helm  of  affairs,  I  felt  all  this  most  keenly. 
Indeed  it  carried  me  almost  to  the  verge  of  discouragement. 
Hut  there  seemed  to  be  but  one  thing  to  do,  and  that  was  to 
stand  firm  and  do  the  best  I  could,  till  relieved. 

The  College  was  as  yet  living  mainly  upon  its  temporary 
endowment,  subscribed  to  be  paid  in  annual  sums  for  three 
years.  Hut  as  the  College  year  1864-65  commenced,  some 
new  and  very  important  questions  presented  themselves.  In 
the  first  place,  the  College  School  had  grown  so  large  that 
its  Principal,  Rev.  Mr.  Hrayton,  found  it  vcrj-  difficult  to 
manage  it  under  the  ownership  of  the  Trustees.  He  felt  the 
need  of  having  sole  authority  in  respect  to  improvements, 
additions  to  the  buildings  or  furniture,  and  the  control  of  the 
teaching  staff.  The  annual  catalogue  showed  the  number  of 
scholars  for  the  year  to  have  been  two  hundred  and  seven, 
and  the  number  of  teachers,  twelve,  some,  however,  employed 
only  a  part  of  the  time.  Negotiations  were  opened  by  Mr. 
Hra}'ton  with  the  Hoard  of  Trustees,  for  the  purchase  on  his 
part  of  the  school,  all  its  buildings  aTid  furniture,  and  the  two 
blocks  of  land  on  which  it  stood. 

In  the  ne.xt  place,  the  Herkeley  property  required  attention. 
A  man  claiming  title  to  a  portion  of  it  had   begun  to    cut 


I 


THE  FIRST  COMMENCEMENT.  105 

down  the  fine  old  forest  trees  for  cord- wood.  In  these  trees, 
to  a  large  extent,  consisted  the  value  of  the  location  as  a 
College  site.  By  a  legal  process  this  was  quickly  stopped. 
But  the  property  needed  care.  Furthermore,  new  questions 
were  presenting  themselves  with  respect  to  it.  The  most  im- 
portant of  these  related  to  the  water  supply.  Strawberry 
Creek  came  down  from  the  hills  through  another  ownership, 
before  it  reached  our  grounds.  As  the  quantity  of  water  was 
limited  in  the  dry  season,  it  became  very  evident  that  ques- 
tions of  difficulty  would  be  sure  to  arise  with  respect  to  the 
use  of  the  water.  Besides,  the  proper  places  for  water-works, 
impounding  the  water,  etc.,  were  all  above  us  under  the  other 
ownership.  The  difficulty  was  formidable.  No  satisfactory 
agreement  could  be  made  with  this  owner.  And  it  was  easy 
to  foresee  that  if  the  ownership  should  change,  we  might  be 
no  better  off.  This  uncertainty  and  liability  to  trouble  about 
so  essential  a  thing  as  water,  seemed  to  take  away  one  of  the 
principal  attractions  in  view  of  which  we  had  chosen  the  site 
for  the  College. 

Long  conferences  were  had,  and  repeated  attempts  at  ne- 
gotiation, but  there  seemed  to  be  no  prospect  of  a  satisfactory 
agreement.  And  yet  the  Board  were  of  one  mind  that  some- 
thing must  be  done  to  settle  satisfactorily  the  water  question 
or  the  site  must  be  abandoned.  They  never  for  one  moment 
thought  of  locating  a  College  in  California  where  there  was 
not  an  abundance  of  pure  water  under  the  undisputed  con- 
trol of  the  institution  itself  One  day,  while  we  were  in  the 
midst  of  this  perplexity,  I  was  riding  with  my  friend  J.  W. 
Towne,  in  the  then  open  country  west  of  the  city  of  San 
Francisco,  and  he  pointed  out  to  me  a  homestead  tract,  in 
which  he  was  the  owner  of  some  shares.  The  homestead 
plan  was  new  then,  and  this  was  one  of  the  first  attempts  at 
carrying  it  out.  Mr.  Towne  explained  to  me  the  method  of 
incorporation,  the  way  of  dividing  up  the  proposed  property, 
paying  for  it  in  installments,  and  in  a  comparatively  easy  way 
acquiring  a  good  title  to  a  valuable  homestead  property. 
The  question  occurred  to  me  at  once  whether  we  could  not 


lOG  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLECF.   OF  CAIJFORXTA. 

buy  the  entire  property  that  was  giving  us  so  much  trouble 
with  respect  to  the  water,  and  pay  for  it  by  the  sale  of  lots 
through  a  homestead  association  organized  in  the  same  way. 
I  proposed  the  question  to  the  business  men,  members  of  the 
Board  of  Trustees,  and  others.  They  entertained  it  and  in- 
vestigated it  thoroughly.  There  seemed  to  be  merit  in  the 
plan.  If  successful  it  would,  in  the  first  place,  remove  wholly 
the  difficulty  arising  from  the  water  question.  And  then  it 
would  draw  attention  to  our  grounds.  It  would  lead  to  the 
settlement  of  a  community  alongside  of  the  College,  which 
was  an  essential  thing.  It  would  tend  to  bring  the  very  class 
of  people  we  should  want,  people  interested  in  the  College. 
The  more  the  plan  was  studied  the  more  it  was  favored. 
The  owner  of  the  land  in  question  was  seen,  and  it  was  found 
that  he  wanted  to  sell,  and  his  terms  were  obtained.  Then 
the  matter  of  the  formation  of  a  homestead  association  was 
taken  up  in  earnest.  The  lawyers  on  the  Board  looked  the 
matter  carefully  over.  The  advice  of  friends  of  the  College 
was  asked.  As  a  result,  the  "College  Homestead  Associa- 
tion "  was  formed  and  incorporated,  bound  b}-  contract  to  the 
interests  of  the  College,  and  then  the  land  purchase  was  ef- 
fected. 

In  my  pocket  memorandum,  under  date  of  August  14,1864, 
I  find  written  as  follows:  "The  Simmons  purchase  is  closed. 
We  were  uncertain  as  to  its  consummation  up  to  within  a  few 
moments  of  the  tiine  the  papers  were  signed.  Negotiation 
has  been  going  on  more  than  two  months,  with  varying 
prospects,  always  on  our  part  with  the  idea  of  following  the 
openings  of  Providence,  neither  going  before  and  forcing  a 
way  of  our  own,  nor  being  behind  and  thereby  losing  our 
opportunity.  When  the  thing  was  decided  by  the  execution 
of  the  papers  in  San  Francisco  at  four  o'clock  to-day,  I  left 
to  come  home  on  the  boat,  relieved  of  one  burden  of  suspense. 
While  crossing  the  bay,  although  the  vsky  was  overclouded 
elsewhere,  the  evening  sun  shone  down,  clear  and  bright,  on 
the  spot  we  had  just  been  purchasing — the  site  and  its  sur- 
roundings   which    we    had  consecrated    to    the    purposes   of 


HIE  FIRST  COMMENCEMENT.  107 

Christian  learning.  ''jFrom  my  heart  went  up  tlie  prayer  to 
God  to  accept  the  transaction  as  a  means  of  building  the 
College  for  his  own  glory,  the  good  of  this  country,  and  the 
world ;  to  make  it  safe  and  successful  by  his  gracious  bene- 
diction upon  all  who  may,  in  coming  time,  resort  to  that  spot 
to  acquire  learning;  making  it  blessed  most  especially,  by  the 
choicest  influences  of  the  Holy  Spirit." 

At  the  same  time  the  sale  of  the  College  School,  the  build- 
ings, etc.,  and  the  two  blocks  of  land,  was  made  to  Rev.  Mr. 
Brayton.  Thus  the  College  work  was  simplified  by  being 
relieved  of  the  care  of  the  College  School,  and  enlarged  in  the 
direction  of  the  improvement  of  its  Berkeley  property.  First, 
the  homestead  grounds  were  surveyed,  divided  into  lots, 
mapped,  and  made  ready  for  sale.  After  laying  off  taste- 
fully streets  and  avenues,  each  lot  was  made  to  consist  of  a 
little  over  an  acre.  A  share  in  the  Homestead  Association 
entitled  the  owner  to  one  of  these  lots,  to  be  paid  for  in 
twenty  monthly  installments  of  $25  each,  amounting  to 
$500  in  all.  It  was  represented  that  water  could  be  brought 
and  distributed  throughout  the  grounds  for  all  the  purposes  of 
cultivation  and  improvement.  All  question  about  water 
rights,  boundaries,  etc.,  having  been  settled  by  this  purchase, 
the  College  went  into  possession  and  commenced  its  plans  of 
improvement.  First  came  the  business  of  selling  the  lots. 
There  were  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  of  them.  One-half 
of  the  entire  number  was  sold  in  a  very  short  time.  The  re- 
mainder were  sold  at  intervals  as  purchasers  could  be  found. 
Besides  the  homestead  tract,  the  College  property  then  con- 
sisted of  between  three  and  four  hundred  acres  of  land,  but  a 
large  portion  of  it  was  eastward  of  the  site,  back  in  the  hills, 
and  of  little  value  save  as  it  gave  control  of  the  water  supply. 

In  my  report  to  the  Trustees  at. the  close  of  the  College 
year  1864-65,  I  suggested  "that  it  would  be  possible  to  bring 
the  whole  property  under  a  survey  adapted  to  its  situation, 
and  gradually,  with  water  and  its  use  in  ornamentation,  make 
it  more  and  more  valuable."  At  the  request  of  the  Board  of 
Trustees,  Fred   Law  Olmsted,  Esq.,  then  in   Nevada  on  busi- 


108  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALnK)KNIA. 

ness,  took  our  maps  in  hand,  proposing  to  give  his  idea  how 
the  grounds  should  be  laid  out.  He  visited  the  spot  and 
made  a  thorough  study  of  the  grounds  and  landscape.  On 
many  occasions  he  expressed  his  decided  conviction  that  a 
plan  of  improvement  could  be  made  which  would  be  exceed- 
ingly valuable  to  the  College  and  attractive  to  many  citizens 
of  means  and  taste,  who  might  desire  a  residence  near  the 
city.  Under  date  of  June  26,  1865,  Mr.  Olmsted  wrote  that, 
if  practicable,  he  would  soon  visit  San  Francisco,  when  he 
would  show  us  what  progress  he  had  made  in  his  work. 

In  anticipation  of  future  wants  in  the  line  of  trees,  I  had 
obtained  a  variety  of  tree  seeds,  some  here,  and  some  through 
Mr.  Billings,  in  New  York,  and  had  them  planted.  From 
them  we  had  quite  a  quantity  of  young  trees  growing, — a 
few  cedars  of  Lebanon,  some  Italian  pines,  cypress,  and 
Monterey  pines,  olives,  walnuts,  pepper-trees,  magnolias,  and 
a  great  many  locust  trees. 

While  this  business  was  progres.-ing  outside,  within  the 
College  work  was  going  on  through  the  fall  term.  The 
printed  scheme  of  examination  at  its  close  was  as  follows: — 

COLLEGE   OF   CALIFORNIA— WIN  lER    EXAMINATION,   1S64-65. 
MONDAY,    DFXEMBER    12. 

At  9  o'clock  A.  M.,  Freshmen,  Livy. 

At  lo  o'clock  A.  M.,  Sophomores,  Prometheus. 

At  II  o'clock  A.  M.,  juniors,  (ieorgics. 

At  2  o'clock  p.  M.,  Seniors,  Chemistry. 

At  3  o'clock  V.  .\i.,  Freshmen,  Algebra. 

At  4  o'clock  w  M.,  Juniors,  De  Oratore. 

rUKSDAY,    DECEMBER     1 3. 

At    9  o'clock  A.  .M.,  Seniors,  History. 

At  10  o'clock  A.  M.,  i'reshmen,  Iliad. 

At  1 1  o'clock   A.  M.,  Sophomores,  French. 

At    2  o'clock   i>.  M.,  Juniors,  Logic. 

At    3  o'clock   p.  M.,  Seniors,  Physiology. 

At    4  o'clock   p.  M.,  Sophomores,  Tusculan  Disputations. 


THE  rik'Sr  COMMI-.NCIiMEN'r.  109 

WEDNESDAY,    DECEMBER    1 4. 

At    9  o'clock   A.  M.,  Sophomores,  Trigonometry. 
At  10  o'clock  A.  M.,  Juniors,  German. 
At  1 1  o'clock  A.  M.,  Seniors,  Moral  Philosophy. 
At    2  o'clock  p.  M.,  Juniors,  Natural  Philosophy. 
At    3  o'clock  p.  M.,  Seniors,  Butler's  Analogy. 

Concerning  the  term's  work,  Mr.  Kellogg,  Secretary  of  the 
Faculty,  reported  to  the  Trustees  as  follows: — 

"  The  classes  have  gone  on  as  usual,  chiefly  under  the  same  in- 
structors as  heretofore.  German  has  been  continued  into  Senior 
year,  and  French  into  Junior,  a  manifest  improvement  on  the  pro- 
gramme of  last  year.  The  Juniors  have  recited  but  once  a  week  in 
Greek  and  once  a  week  in  Latin,  the  time  being  thus  limited  by  the 
imperative  demands  of  the  other  studies.  Too  little  time  is  thus 
left  for  Cicero  dc  Oratorc,  and  the  Faculty  have  decided  to  take  it 
up  in  the  Sophomore  year,  in  place  of  the  Tusculan  Disputations. 
That  book  is  not  found  in  the  Yale  curriculum,  and  the  scope  and 
style  make  it  less  interesting  to  most  students  than  the  De  Oratore. 
The  Sophomores  will  read  the  first  term  the  De  Senectute  and  a  part 
of  the  De  Oratore,  the  latter  to  be  taken  up  again  in  Junior  year. 
As  most  of  the  students  expect  to  be  public  speakers,  the  Faculty 
are  anxious  to  have  them  receive  the  full  benefit  of  Cicero's  work  on 
the  orator.  Dr.  W.  P.  Gibbons  has  lectured  to  the  Seniors  on  phy- 
siology,  and  gave  them  very  thorough  instruction.  Mr.  S.  S.  Sanborn 
has  taught  the  German.  The  general  spirit  of  study  has  not  been 
quite  what  we  wish.  We  have  missed,  in  this  particular,  the  influ- 
ence of  our  last  graduated  class.  Yet  the  recitations  have  been  uni- 
formly fair,  and  the  attendance  very  punctual." 

Professor  Durant,  in  closing  the  term  report  from  his  de- 
partment on  this  occasion,  speaks  of  the  Senior  class  thus: 
"  The  efficacy  of  a  College  course  of  study  and  discipline  in 
producing  manliness  of  mind  and  manners,  has  been  well 
illustrated  in  the  case  of  this  class.  The  change  from  its 
original  levity  at  the  time  of  entering  College  to  the  sobriety 
and  earnestness  of  character  which  appear  at  the  close  of  the 
course  should  not  be  unnoticed,  nor  fail  to  show  the  patrons 
of  the  College  the  hopefulness  of  their  work." 


no  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

Rev.  Dr.  Kinsley  Twining,  who  was  temporarily  in  Califor- 
nia at  this  time,  and  was  a  member  of  the  Committee  to  Ex- 
amine the  College,  at  the  close  of  a  carefully  prepared  report 
to  the  Trustees,  said: — 

"  On  the  whole  I  must  congratulate  you  on  the  appearance  of  your 
classes.  They  were  evidently  not  got  up  to  make  a  show,  but  stood 
up  well  to  a  prolonged  and  quite  promiscuous  examination,  and  what 
pleased  me  most  of  all  was  to  see  that  they  were  animated  by  the 
spirit  of  genuine  study.  The  Faculty  of  Instruction  are  evidently 
pursuing  the  same  sound  method  of  severe  drill,  which  in  other  in- 
stitutions has  been  found  to  be  the  only  means  of  exciting  and  sustain- 
ing the  interest  of  the  student  at  his  work." 

The  Committee  on  Education  of  the  Congregational  Gen- 
eral Association  of  California,  reported  concerning  the  Col- 
lege at  their  meeting  in  San  PVancisco,  in  October,  1864,  as 
follows: — 

"7b///(f  General  Association  oj  California — 

"Your  Committee  on  Education  submits  the  following  report: — 
"It  is  natural  that  all  our  committees  on  this  subject  should  think, 
first  of  all,  of  the  College  of  California.  We  are  proud  and  grateful 
in  remembering  that  in  the  joint  counsels  of  this  Association  with 
that  ecclesiastical  body  with  which  it  so  long  co-operated,  this  College 
enterprise  was  conceived,  and  that  by  them  it  has  been  fostered 
through  its  infancy.  Even  now,  but  for  the  sympathy  and  efficient 
service  of  members  of  these  bodies  and  of  the  churches  they  repre- 
sent, we  presume  it  to  be  no  assumption  to  affirm  that  it  could  not 
continue.  Hut  we  do  not  on  that  account  desire  that  it  should  be 
regarded  as  accountable  to  these  bodies  in  any  other  way  than  as 
every  public  literary  or  charitable  institution  is  accountable  to  a 
Christian  public  sentiment.  We  are  more  than  satisfied  with  its 
Christian  but  non-sectarian  basis,  and  with  the  working  of  it  upon 
that  basis.  We  desire  it  to  be,  and  we  feel  entitled  to  claim  that  it 
must  be,  an  earnestly  Christian  and  evangelical  institution,  but  wc  do 
not  ask  that  it  should  be  distinctively  Congregational. 

"  It  is  in  this  spirit  that  we  seek  and  receive  from  year  to  year  re- 
ports of  its  condition,  watching  with  intense  friendliness  its  progress* 
and  rejoicing  in  it.  During  the  past  year  its  first  diplomas  have  been 
awarded.     It  has  now  four  Alumni.     Of  these  one  is  already  study- 


77/A   FIRST  COM .\rEXCEMENT.  J 11 

ing  theology  ;  two  are  expecting  to  do  so,  and  one  is  studying  law. 
There  are  at  present  upon  its  roll,  four  Seniors,  three  Juniors,  three 
Sophomores,  and  seven  Freshmen.  It  is  noteworthy  that  of  these 
undergraduates,  one  has  come  from  Harvard  College,  one  from 
Princeton,  and  one  from  Oahu,  in  the  Sandwich  Islands. 

"  The  funds  of  the  College  are  in  a  hopeful  condition.  The  salaries 
of  the  professors  are  quite  too  small,  but  such  as  they  are,  are  pro- 
vided for  for  three  years  by  the  generous  subscriptions  of  gentlemen  in 
San  Francisco,  Oakland,  Sacramento,  and  Stockton.  During  the 
past  year,  in  anticipation  that  Professor  Shedd  could  be  secured  as 
President  of  the  College,  an  endowment  of  $25,000  was  secured. 
We  regret  to  say  that  he  felt  obliged  to  decline  the  call,  but  we  un- 
derstand that  the  endowment  remains  ready  to  be  made  good  so  soon 
as  the  Trustees  secure  a  President  satisfactory  to  the  donors.  Six 
hundred  and  fifty  volumes  have  been  added  to  the  library  by  dona- 
tion from  the  East,  and  are  on  their  way  hither. 

'•  The  prospect  of  classes  in  the  future  is  hopeful.  About  fifteen 
are  understood  to  be  preparing  in  the  College  School  to  enter  the 
next  Freshman  class.  And  there  is  ground  to  expect  that  these  pre- 
paratory classes  will  increase  from  year  to  year.  But  there  is  great 
need  of  more  preparatory  schools.  They  should  be  established 
throughout  all  the  central  and  more  thickly  settled  portions  of  the 
State,  at  least  one  in  each  county,  as  soon  as  possible.  And  provis- 
ion should  be  made  to  bring  these  preparatory  stages  of  a  liberal 
education  together  with  its  more  advanced  stages  within  reach  of 
persons  whose  means  are  limited.  The  work  is  not  well  done,  if 
even  well  begun,  while  only  the  rich  can  avail  themselves  of  such  ad- 
vantages. 

"The  Congregational  ministry  have  a  work  to  do  in  this  respect. 
If  we  would  be  true  to  our  denominational  history,  if  we  are  not 
unwilling  to  prove  ourselves  unworthy  children  of  a  wise,  fore- 
thoughtful, generous  ancestry,  we  cannot  neglect  these  indispensable 
stepping-stones  to  a  generous  and  Christian  culture.  We  must  not 
wait  for  a  demand.  We  must  seek  to  create  a  demand.  It  is  one 
of  the  beneficent  results  of  such  schools  that  a  demand  for  them, — 
a  general  sense  of  need  res])ecting  them, — follows  their  establishment. 
We  cannot  afford  to  wait  till  there  is  a  prospect  that  such  schools  will 
pay  their  way.  We  might  wait  thus  in  vain  forever.  Some  must  be 
ready  to  go  in  advance  of  the  demands  of  the  people,  in  the  way  of 


Il-J  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

providing  for  their  higher  necessities.  What  method  should  be 
adopted  of  establishing  such  schools  must  be  determined  by  circum- 
stances in  each  case.  Sometimes  it  will  be  possible  by  uniting  the 
extra  resources  of  several  school  districts,  to  establish  a  high  school. 
At  other  times  endowments  must  be  sought  through  private  benefac- 
tors. It  is  clear  that  such  schools  cannot  be  expected  to  be  self- 
sustaining  in  most  portions  of  the  State  for  a  long  time  if  ever. 

"  Primary  and  grammar  schools  are  indispensable  to  these  high 
schools,  just  as  these  are  to  the  College.  We  rejoice  in  a  constantly 
increasing  interest  on  the  part  of  the  people  in  our  public  schools. 
We  congratulate  the  people  on  the  passage  of  a  law  by  the  last  Leg- 
islature levying  a  tax  for  the  increase  of  our  State  School  Fund,  by 
which  its  amount  will  be  nearly  doubled.  We  observe  with  pleasure 
improved  school-houses,  a  higher  standard  of  qualifications  required 
and  obtained  in  teachers,  and  a  more  earnest  and  practical  attention 
to  their  duties  on  the  part  of  school  officers  of  every  grade.  This 
is  the  foundation  of  all  liberal  culture,  and  indispensable  to  general 
intelligence,  to  ])olitical  freedom,  to  our  national  existence,  and  to  a 
developed,  progressive,  and  fruitful  Christianity.  Christian  ministers 
should  everywhere  be  known  as  the  earnest  and  laborious  friends  of 
public  schools;  as  the  projectors  and  patrons  of  high  schools  where- 
evcr  they  can  be  established ;  and  as  appreciating  and  stimulating 
others  to  appreciate  the  most  thorough  discipline  of  the  mind. 

"The  College  cannot  long  stand  alone.  We  understand  it  to  be 
the  desire  of  its  Trustees  to  associate  with  it,  professional,  scientific, 
and  agricultural  schools.  The  fact  that  of  its  four  Alumni  three  are 
comtemplating  preparation  for  the  ministry,  suggests  that  the  time  is 
coming  and  now  is,  when  a  Theological  Seminary  should  be  a  mat- 
ter of  definite  consideration  with  reference  to  practical  action.  It  is 
needed  not  simply  to  educate  those  already  desiring  to  enter  the 
ministerial  service,  but  also  in  order  to  be  the  means  of  drawing  to- 
wards the  work  those  who  should  enter  upon  it.  We  cannot  but 
anticipate  a  time  when  the  ministry  for  this  coast  must  be  raised  up 
upon  the  coast;  and  we  should  be  j)reparing  to  meet  its  demand 
upon  us.  Without  definitely  proposing  any  present  action,  we  have 
felt  that  this  topic  should  no  longer  be  absent  from  our  consultations. 
We  would  recommend  the  appointment  of  a  standing  committee 
wlio  shall  have  this  matter  before  their  thoughts,  and  report  progress 
from  year  to  year. 


THE  FfRST  COMMF.NCEME.VT.  113 

"  We  observe  with  interest  an  increasing  number  and  a  higher 
character  in  our  Protestant  institutions  for  female  education,  but 
have  been  furnished  with  no  facts  respecting  them.  We  are  not  able 
to  suggest  any  declarations  additional  to  those  hitherto  adopted  by 
the  Association. 

"  All  of  which  is  respectfully  submitted. 

Wm.  C.  Pond,   ) 

H.  CuMMiNGS,  \  Committee." 

J.  W.  TOWNE,    ) 

After  the  usual  winter  vacation  the  College  work  went  on^ 
to  come  to  a  pause  again  at  the  graduating  of  the  second 
class  in  June.  Before  that  time  I  made  an  agency  report,  a 
single  extract  from  which  illustrates  the  uncertainties  attend- 
ing the  progress  of  our  enterprise. 

"  The  Trustees  will  remember  that  I  entered  upon  the  homestead 
enterprise  last  September.  It  was  a  piece  of  engineering  I  was  not 
used  to,  and  it  had  about  it  so  much  of  uncertainty  that  I  did  not 
take  hold  of  it  save  with  apprehension.  But  I  gained  assurance  as 
I  went  on,  and  have  lost  none  of  it  as  yet.  September  was  a  good 
month;  so  was  early  October.  Then  everybody  stopped  to  elect  a 
President  of  the  United  States.  That  carried  us  close  into  winter- 
Down  came  the  rain,  but  on  went  the  enterprise  slowly.  February 
gave  us  a  gleam  of  sunshine,  and  a  couple  of  weeks  of  warm  days. 
Some  of  the  Trustees  visited  the  grounds.  They  got  a  good  opinion 
of  them.  Down  came  the  rain  again,  but  all  the  time  new  subscrib- 
ers came  in,  not  fast  enough  to  flood  us  with  cash,  but  sufficient  to 
enable  us  to  meet  demands  It  seemed  certain  that  we  should  do 
better  in  April.  So  into  April  we  came,  and  were  getting  busy  in  our 
spring  work,  when,  lo  !  on  the  thirteenth  a  telegram  from  Washington 
made  the  stunning  announcement,  President  Lincoln  is  assassinated  ! 
From  that  moment  every  thought,  every  feeling  in  the  entire  com- 
munity was  turned  in  one  sad  direction.  There  was  no  heart  but  for 
one  theme,  and  we  all  marched  to  the  same  sad  music.  Full  two 
weeks  right  out  of  the  heart  of  this  propitious  month  thus  went  by. 
Only  gradually  did  the  elasticity  of  the  public  feeling  return,  and 
business  move  again  in  its  ordinary  channels,  so  that  I  could  do 
anything  more  in  my  homestead  work." 


CHAPTER  X . 

THE  RELIGIOUS  SPIRIT  OF  THE  COLLEGE. 

It  is  pleasant  to  recall  the  delightful  religious  interest  that 
pervaded  the  College  and  the  College  School  in  the  spring  of 
1S65.  I  made  a  few  notes  of  it  at  the  time,  from  which  I 
quote  here: — 

"Monday  Evening,  March  21,  1865. 

"Soi)hoinore ,  an  earnest  Christian,  came  to  see  me  with  Senior 

,  who  is  seeking  the  way  of  life.  Spent  a  half  an  hour  in  con- 
versation as  to  what  it  is  to  become  a  Christian  and  live  a  Chris- 
tian. I  then  led  in  prayer,  and  both  of  the  young  men  followed. 
It  was  a  delightful  interview— a  blessed  beginning  of  the  Spirit's 
influence  in  the  College.  May  this  be  but  the  commencement  of  a 
series  of  meetings  of  this  kind.  May  they  bring  us  all,  officers  and 
students  together,  into  a  nearer  Christian  intercourse.  May  it  be  so 
through  all  the  years  and  generations  to  come. 

"  So  let  the  College  prosper,  as  it  is  thus  the  light  of  the  true  life 
in  the  world." 

"  Monday  Evening,  March  28. 

"  Sophomore called  again  and  told  me  of  a  prayer-meeting  held 

last  Friday  evening  by  the  students  themselves.  He  gave  me  the 
names  of  those  who  were  there.  It  is  cheering  to  see  this  spontane- 
ous movement  toward  the  new  life." 

"  Monday  Evening,  April  3. 
"The  same  young  men  came  to  see  me  as  before.     The  interview 
was  stimulating  and  cheering  in  a  high  degree." 

"  Monday  Evening,  April   10. 

"  Sophomore called.     He  reported  a  continued  attendance  of 

the  students  at  their  Friday  evening  prayer-meeting,  and  all  evincing 
an  undiminished  interest." 


t 


THE  RF.LIGIOUS  SPIRIT  OF  THE  COI  LEGE.  115 

"  Monday  Evening,  May  8. 

''  Our  regular  Monday  evening  meetings  have  continued,  and  so 
has  the  students'  Friday  evening  meeting,  and  one  by  one  new  at- 
tendants have  dropped  in.  Those  students  who  have  declared  their 
purpose  to  be  Christians  are  abiding  firm  and  hopefully.  The  inter- 
est is  growing  in  the  College  School.  Three  members  of  that  de- 
partment joined  the  Presbyterian  Church  yesterday.  We  are  full  of 
joy.  We  commend  ourselves  to  the  watch  and  care  of  our  merciful 
Saviour." 

"  Monday  Evening,  May  14. 

"  Our  little  gathering  is  the  same  as  before.  Three  other  members 
have  declared  their  purpose  to  be  Christians.  In  the  College  School 
the  good  work  goes  delightfully  on.  A  prayer-meeting  is  being  held 
there  at  this  very  hour.  I  hear  the  pleasant  sound  of  their  hymns 
which  they  are  now  singing.  A  similar  meeting  was  held  in  the 
Presbyterian  Church  last  evening,  when  many  of  the  young  people 
took  part. 

"  Last  Tuesday  evening  a  prayer-meeting  in  the  Congregational 
Church  was  one  of  very  decided  interest." 

These  were  all  the  notes  I  made  of  that  season  of  religious 
interest.  But  I  am  glad  I  made  even  these,  for  they  serve  to 
recall  those  scenes  of  the  College  life  that  awaken  the  pro- 
foundest  gratitude.  For  myself  I  could  enjoy  them  but  little- 
The  out-of-door  business  of  the  College  was  getting  now  to 
be  so  great  that  it  employed  every  waking  hour.  It  had  to 
be  attended  to,  whatever  else  was  neglected.  But  its  weari- 
ness was  lightened  and  relieved  when  I  could  know  that  such 
a  spirit  pervaded  the  institution,  for  which  I  was  trying  to  do 
the  best  I  could.  In  all  the  years  that  we  had  worked  to- 
gether to  found  and  build  the  College,  it  had  been  our  hope 
that  the  young  men  would  not  only  be  educated,  but  renewed 
by  the  Holy  Spirit,  and  go  out  manly  Christians.  It  was  our 
hope  that  such  changes  in  character  and  in  deportment  would 
be  seen  in  the  young  men  as  Professor  Durant  refers  to  as 
taking  place  in  one  of  the  classes,  in  his  term  report  to  the 
Trustees  on  a  preceding  page.  To  see  them  beginning  in 
the  young  men,  and  in  the  classes,  made  all  work  easy.  It 
lightened  all  burdens.     Itgave  courage  to  encounter  difficulties. 


116  mSTORV  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNLA. 

It  Stimulated  to  undertake  almost  impossibilities.  Tt  is  pleas- 
ant to  recall  how  this  spring-time  revival  brightened  every- 
thing about  our  enterprise.  The  soliciting  of  subscriptions, 
the  collecting  of  money,  the  selling  of  homestead  lots,  the 
measuring  of  land,  the  survey  of  springs,  the  transplanting  of 
trees,  the  borrowing  of  money,  the  paying  of  notes,  the 
searching  of  titles,  the  repair  of  buildings,  the  putting  up  of 
fences,  the  making  ready  for  Commenceinent  and  Alumni  oc- 
casions, involving  attention  to  an  untold  number  of  things, 
the  settling  of  bills  and  the  paying  of  salaries, — all  this  which 
in  itself  would  be  servitude  and  drudgery,  was  made  easy  and 
pleasant  when  minds  and  hearts,  in  the  College  itself,  were 
under  the  special  influence  of  the  Holy  Spirit. 

Thus  the  spring  term  passed  swiftly  and  pleasantly,  and  the 
Commencement  of  1865  hastened  on.  The  examination  that 
preceded  it  was  prolonged  and  thorough,  like  the  one  which 
closed  the  term  before.  It  was  in  every  respect  as  satisfactory 
as  that  had  been.  Commencement  was  to  be  on  Wednesday, 
June  7,  and  the  second  meeting  of  the  Associated  Alumni 
was  to  take  place  on  the  day  and  evening  before.  Prepara- 
tion for  both  these  occasions  was  carefully  made,  havmg  in 
view  the  experience  of  the  preceding  year.  Rev.  Horatio 
Stebbins,  D.  D.,  was  engaged  to  deliver  the  oration,  and  E. 
R.  Sill  the  poem  befon^  the  Alumni ;  and  Prolessor  Durant  the 
oration,  and  William  L.  Crowell  the  poem  before  the  College 
on  Commencement  Day.  This  year  the  Alumni  met  for  their 
oration  and  poem  in  the  l<"irst  Congregational  Church.  From 
there  they  proceeiied  to  the  spacious  new  hall  of  the  College 
School,  for  their  scc(jnd  annual  collation  and  evening  enter- 
tainment. Airiong  the  distinguished  guests  present  were 
Major-General  McDowell,  Gen.  James  Wilson,  Prof  C.  T- 
Jack.son,  M.  D..  Judge  O.  L.  Shafter,  Judge  Wychc,  of  Wash- 
ington Territory,  and  Rev.  W.  \\.  Prown,  of  New  Jersey 
About  as  many  graduates  sat  down  at  the  table  as  the  year 
previous.  After  the  company  had  done  justice  to  the  repast 
the  speaking  began.  Hon.  Edward  Tompkins  again  presided 
as  at  the  fust  meetinjf  the  year  before.      His  a|^tness  in  man- 


THE  RELIGIOUS  SPIRIT  OP  THE  COLLEGE.  117 

aging  such  a  meeting  was  quite   inimitable.     He  began   his 
greeting  by  saying: — 

"  Brothers  :  It  is  now  one  year  since  the  Associated  Alumni  of  the 
Pacific  Coast  held  their  first  meeting  in  this  place.  It  was  an  event 
of  much  more  than  ordinary  interest,  for  it  drew  together,  for  the  first 
time,  within  limits  extensive  as  those  of  a  mighty  empire,  the  intelli- 
gence nnd  education — not  educated,  not  graduated  here — but  that 
had  been  gathered  from  the  ends  of  the  earth,  to  find  a  home  here. 
It  was  unlike  the  gatherings  of  educated  men  in  old  States  and  old 
countries.  There  they  came  together,  hundreds  of  them,  all  edu- 
cated in  the  same  halls,  same  moulds,  and  making  up  a  kind  of  mutual 
admiration  society,  each  praised  the  other  and  himself  at  the  same 
time,  and  went  home  thinking  what  a  glorious  occasion  it  was.  But 
when  we  met  here  last  year,  instead  of  being  all  representatives  of 
one  school,  or  of  one  College,  all  thinking  in  one  groove  and  moving 
in  one  revolution,  we  were  made  up  of  the  most  heterogeneous,  ele- 
ments that  were  ever  combined  together  in  any  community  on  earth. 
Yale  was  here  with  its  troops,  and  Harvard  with  its  forces,  and  Union 
with  its  duteous  sons,  and  Wesleyan  University  with  its  children,  old 
Dartmouth  and  Brown,  and  all  the  rest,  I  cannot  stop  to  name  them, 
but  every  one  of  you  knows  I  mean  your  college  too.  All  were 
here,  and  each  elated  a  little,  perhaps,  by  that  sort  of  spirit  that 
would  stand  up  each  for  his  own;  and  swords  were  drawn,  and  steel 
glistened,  and  it  was  altogether  the  most  sparkling,  glowing,  and 
glorious  meeting  that  I  had  ever  seen  of  educated  men  on  earth. 
And  I  see  before  me  now  an  assembly  that  can  prove,  if  it  will,  what 
was  demonstrated  then,  that  the  spirit  that  animates  men  on  such 
occasions  need  not  be  all  of  the  earth  earthy,  but  may  be  that  other 
spirit  of  mental  culture  and  intellectual  rivalry  that  stirs  men  up  to 
higher  and  loftier  and  nobler  utterances  of  thoughts  than  were 
ever  aroused  by  the  malign  influences  that  they  have  thought  neces- 
sary in  times  past  to  arouse  them  to  action.  .  .  One  year  ago, 
although  our  hearts  were  lit  up  by  the  occasion,  and  we  did  enjoy, 
reverently,  as  patriots  might,  that  day  and  evening  of  relaxation,  yet 
there  was  upon  all  our  hearts  a  weight  and  a  gloom  so  threatening 
that  it  was  all  that  manhood  could  bear  as  it  looked  it  in  the  face. 
Then  vast  armies  occupied  our  land ;  then  bloodshed  was  the  order 
and  the  rule,  not  the  exception;  then  our  Government,  bleeding  at 
every  pore,  was  struggling  for  life,  and  although  hopeful  and  its  eye 


118  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

steadily  fixed  on  the  result  that  has  been  achieved,  yet  it  was  a  hope 
that  trembled  as  it  knew  the  mighty  burden  that  it  had  to  carry 
through  to  the  end  that  it  would  attain.  Every  heart  was  heavy, 
every  eye  was  suffused  with  tears,  as  they  thought  of  the  loved  ones 
lost,  the  loved  ones  in  danger,  the  wounds  of  our  country,  the  in- 
jury to  the  great  interest  of  humanity  that  we  believed  was  then  going 
on  in  our  land.  .  .  .  This  year  the  hatchet  is  buried.  Peace 
comes  back  with  golden  wing,  and  with  eye  of  light.  The  heart  of 
the  country  beats  full  and  strong;  and  our  pride  in  our  land  is  in- 
creased a  hundred-fold.  .  .  .  And  so,  friends,  this  year  has 
passed  and  gone. 

"  We  have  come  together  now  to  look  forward,  rather  than  back- 
ward. Who  can  say,  among  those  that  we  love  and  honor  to-day,  that 
one  year  from  now  we  shall  not  be  learning  from  the  lesson  of  their 
lives  other  great  truths,  as  we  are  learning  these  now  ?  It  becomes 
us  with  all  reverence  to  remember  the  age  that  we  are  in,  the  events 
that  are  crowding  about  us,  that  we  are  making  history  day  by  day, 
and  that  the  coming  year  is  charged  with  the  interests  of  all  time,  to 
a  degree  so  great  that  human  wisdom  trembles  upon  its  very  thresh- 
old. If  the  educated  men  of  this  coast  will  keep  this  in  mind,  and 
calmly,  prudently,  reverently  do  all  that  in  them  lies  to  steady  public 
sentiment,  to  give  a  healthy  tone  to  public  opinion,  to  protect  the 
right  and  resist  the  wrong,  then  it  will  be  a  glorious  year,  and  the 
beginning  of  other  and  more  glorious  years,  for  the  Pacific  Coast. 
That  such  may  be  the  result  will  be  the  wish  of  every  educated  man, 
not  only  here  but  throughout  all  our  country." 

The  President  then  read  a  dispatch  from  Governor  Low, 
expressing  his  regret  that  official  duties  rendered  it  impossible 
for  him  to  be  present,  as  he  had  hoped  to  be,  alsolettcrs  from 
Attorney-General  McCullough  and  General  Wright,  U.  S.  A., 
saying  that  they  were  sorry  that  business  rendered  it  impossi- 
ble for  them  to  be  present.  Rev.  Mr.  Brown,  who  was  here 
on  the  business  of  the  Christian  Commission,  responded  to 
the  sentiment:  "  Our  country;  glorious  ever  as  the  home  of 
the  free,  doubly  glorious  as  the  home  only  of  the  free." 
After  an  introduction  full  of  sparkling  points  that  many 
times  set  the  comjiany  into  a  roar  of  laughter,  Mr.  Brown 
came  down  to  the  sober  consideration  of  his   theme.     "  One 


\ 


\\ 


THE  REIJGIOUS  SPFKIT  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  !19 

of  the  lessons,"  he  said,  "  we  have  learned  by  the  war  is,  that 
it  is  more  blessed  to  give,  than  receive.  You  on  the  Pacific 
Coast  have  given  of  your  abundance  liberally,  bounteously, 
to  the  Sanitary  Commission  and  to  the  Christian  Commission. 
We  on  the  Atlantic  Coast  have  done  the  same.  Do  you 
know  that  five  hundred  millions  of  dollars  have  been  volun- 
tarily Contributed  by  the  people  of  the  United  States  in  the 
last  four  years  in  the  carrying  on  of  this  war?  h^ivc  hundred 
millions!  A  most  significant  fact.  The  people  have  learned 
to  give,  and  the  people  like  to  give  when  their  hearts  are  in 
the  cause,  as  they  have  been  in  this  great  and  glorious  war." 
In  the  course  of  the  evening,  one  of  the  toasts  was  to  "  Our 
Army,"  and  General  McDowell  responded.  He  was  received 
with  great  applause.     Among  other  things  he  said: — 

*'  Napoleon  had  his  grand  army  when  he  went  to  Russia.  If  you 
will  take  that  as  a  measure,  you  will  find  how  much  greater  the 
armies  of  the  United  States  have  been  and  are  now,  than  ever  any- 
where that  he  marshaled, — greater  in  number,  greater  in  character, 
and  far  greater  in  the  objects  which  they  had  in  view.  In  every 
nation  an  army  partakes  of  the  character  of  the  institutions  of  that 
nation;  and  if  our  army  is  so  much  greater,  as  I  have  affirmed  it 
to  be,  than  any  other  army  ever  was  before,  I  think  it  comes 
directly  from  the  fact  that  it  does  partake  of  the  institutions  under 
which  we  live.  I  do  not  think  you  will  accuse  me  of  egotism  when 
I  say  that  I  think  there  are  few  who  know  better  than  I  do  what  our 
army  was  in  the  beginning — I  mean  this  great  army  that  now  exists 
in  the  United  States,  not  the  little  army  to  which  I  belong,  and 
have  always  belonged,  but  the  one  you  mean  now,  when  you  speak 
of  the  Army  of  the  Union,— white  and  black,  volunteer  and  regular. 
In  the  beginning  this  little  nucleus  of  the  a^  and  b^'  graduates  from 
West  l*oint,  scattered  all  over  the  country  or  hid  away  in  some  little 
frontier  fort,  unknown,  not  knowing  themselves,  were  called  suddenly 
to  take  upon  themselves  immense  responsibilities,  and  trusts  they 
never  dreamed  of,  that  no  person  ever  thought  possible  they  could  be 
called  upon  to  assume.  In  Washington  the  Government  was  in  the 
hands  of  men  unaccjuainted  with  military  affairs, — Lincoln,  Seward, 
and  others.  Those  gentlemen,  who,  like  yourselves,  were  graduates 
of  institutions  of  learning,  and  had  been  called  upon  to  administer 


120  IirSTORY  OF  THE  COLLF.GF.   OF  CALIFOR.VfA 

the  affairs  of  the  country,  had  need  of  the  services  of  this  other 
class  of  people  from  West  Point  scattered  all  over  the  country, 
neither  knowing  the  other.  I  was  witness  myself  personally  of  this 
want  of  knowledge  of  these  two  classes,  each  of  the  other.  It  was 
a  curious  scene.  I  do  not  think  that  any  history  will  ever  show  a 
nation  suddenly  wanting  the  force  we  needed,  and  its  leaders  know- 
ing so  little  of  what  was  necessary  for  such  a  force — how  to  organize 
it,  how  to  get  it  together,  how  to  command  it,  or  anything,  in  fact, 
about  it.  And  then  those  men  who  have  become  so  great,  the 
Shermans,  the  Sheridans,  the  Cirants,  they  themselves  not  trusting  in 
their  own  power.  One  of  these  persons,  to  my  knowledge,  shrank 
even  from  the  command  of  a  regiment,  did  not  feel  himself  compe- 
tent to  lake  upon  himself  that  responsibility;  but  those  men,  obliged 
to  go  forward,  obliged  by  their  education,  and  by  the  bond  which 
that  imposed  upon  them,  and  accepting  any  responsibility  that  was 
given  them,  have  gone  forward  and  attracted  the  attention  and  the 
admiration  of  the  whole  world.  I  am  certain  there  are  many  here 
who  know  one  of  them,  and  will  agree  with  me  that  there  is  not 
a  more  gallant,  straiuhtforward,  loyal,  deserving  man  in  the  whole 
country  than  General  Sherman.  I  have  seen  something  of  the 
armies  of  Europe,  and  know  something  of  their  composition,  and 
therefore  feel  that  I  am  not  exaggerating  when  1  say  that  no  nation 
in  the  world  could  have  raised  such  an  army  as  we  have  now. 
No  monarch  could  have  done  it — nobody  but  the  grand  people 
could  have  done  it.  The  army  will  soon  pass  out  of  existence, 
I  hope;  liiat  is  to  say.  the  larger  i^rt  of  it  It  has  been  a  great 
weight  anil  burden  ujjon  the  country,  but  I  trust  that  it  will  always 
be  remembered  that  the  army  did  not  organize  the  Rebellion,  but  it 
was  the  army  that  put  it  down.  .  .  .  One  thing  was  always  said 
by  Europeans  and  persons  who  thought  and  wrote  about  this  country, 
which  was,  that  slavery  was  the  great  rock  on  which  we  were  going  to 
split.  Well,  we  struck  on  that  rock  and  we  struck  it  hard,  but  the 
rock  it  was  that  was  split,  and  not  the  country.  And  we  did  not  only 
split  the  ro(  k  but  we  ground  it  to  powder." 

The  hour.s  of  the  cvcnini^  flevv  by,  many  speakers  entertain- 
ing the  audience  with  wit  and  wisdom,  with  pleasantries  and 
repartees  as  well  as  more  sober  discourse,  till  all  too  soon  the 
President  was  oblijj^ed  to  rise  and  saj',  "  Two  minutes  only  to 
spare  to  train-time.      I    ain  very  sorr}-  the  evening  was  not 


THE  RELIGIOUS  SPIRIT  OE  PIIE  COLLEGE.  121 

long  enougli  for  all  the  good  speech'  s  that  were  here.  I  hope 
those  not  delivered  will  keep  until  next  year.  And  now,  on 
behalf  of  the  Association,  I  thank  )ou  all  for  }-our  presence 
here  and  for  the  cordiality  with  which  you  have  responded  to 
us;  and  we  bid  you  an  affectionate  good-night." 

The  next  day  Commencement  brought  together  its  usually 
crowded  assembly.  There  was  the  enthusiasm  which  such 
occasions  usually  inspire,  with  a  good  deal  that  was  peculiar  to 
a  young  college  in  a  young  country.  The  graduating  class 
consisted  of  four  young  men:  John  R.  Glascock,  Elijah  Janes, 
George  E.  Sherman,  and  Gardner  E.  Williams.  After  the 
speaking  by  the  youiig  men,  the  annual  Commencement  ora- 
tion was  pronounced  by  Rev.  Professor  Henry  Durant.  His 
theme  was,  "The  University."  It  was  listened  to  with  pro- 
found interest.  He  seldom  made  public  addresses,  and  this 
fact  made  all  more  than  usually  desirous  of  hearing  him. 
And  still  further  it  may  be  said  that,  so  far  as  I  know,  this  is 
the  only  piece  of  composition  of  his  in  prmt.' 

After  the  oration,  Mr.  Crowell  delivered  a  poem.  The 
degrees  were  then  conferred,  and  thus  ended  the  second  Com- 
mencement of  our  young  College.  "  We  had  the  pleasure," 
said  a  writer  in  the  Pacific,  "of  attending  several  of  the 
examinations  of  the  Sophomore  and  Ereshman  classes  in  the 
College  of  California,  and  the  Commencement  exercises  at 
the  close  of  the  last  term  of  that  institution.  It  was  really 
gratifying  to  witness  on  these  Pacific  shores  the  venerable 
and  stately  forms  of  a  genuine  classic  Commencement. 
There  were  the  large  and  gay  assemblage,  the  inspiring  airs 
of  a  trained  band  of  music,  the  broad  platform  with  its 
sweeping  semi-circle  of  Trustees,  Eaculty,  and  invited  guests, 
the  presiding  officer  occupying  the  elevated  chair  at  the  apex 
of  the  arc,  the  youth  on  the  stage  in  the  last  act  of  bursting 
out  into  manhood  and  showing  at  the  moment  a  novel  mixt- 
ure of  the  boy  and  the  man — at  once  a  history  and  a 
prophecy  and  both  in  one — the  generous  and  easily  excited 
applause,  the  bouquets  of  flowers  showered  on  the  stage,  the 

'Professor  Durant's  oration  is  produced  as  the  third  number  of  the  Appendix. 


122  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

stately  pronunciation  of  the  Latin  in  conferring  the  degrees, 
and  the  gaze  of  the  audience  on  the  President  as  a  kind  of 
arbiter  of  destiny,  whose  mysterious,  taHsinanic  words  changed 
at  will  plain  men  into  Doctors  of  the  Law  or  of  Theology. 
It  was  to  us  who  have  been  followed  hither  by  many  other 
faces  sacred  by  the  old  home  life  and  associations,  though 
somewhat  altered  by  time,  as  if  a  Commencement  of  old 
Harvard,  or  Yale,  or  Dartmouth,  had  suddenly  crossed  the 
continent,  and  thrown  open  its  arms,  and  were  greeting  us,  all 
in  its  smiles  and  joy,  in  a  renewed  and  young  California 
life.  And  to  think  of  all  this  so  soon  in  this  new  State,  and 
in  connection  with  a  real,  substantial  College,  and  crowning  a 
year's  solid  College  work,  made  us  at  once  thankful  and  hope- 
ful. 

"  The  exercises  of  Commencement  passed  off  well.  Four 
young  men  graduated.  They  spoke  well,  and  their  addresses 
were  written  in  clear,  intelligible  English,  and  exhibited  a  fair 
amount  of  thought  and  culture,  and  much  more  than  an 
average  amount  of  ability  in  the  way  of  putting  things. 
Some  of  their  themes,  however,  were  too  large  and  rambling. 
It  is  one  of  the  objects  of  mental  discipline  to  have  an  end 
and  a  point,  and  to  aim  at  that. 

"  It  is  our  impression,  from  what  we  have  seen,  that  j'oung 
men  can  get  a  good  and  stimulating  education  in  the  College 
of  California,  that  the  fact  of  the  small  size  of  the  classes, 
bringing  each  student  in  close  personal  and  quickening  rela- 
tions to  the  professors,  in  great  degree  compensates  for  the 
absence  of  some  other  advantages  which  long  endowed  insti- 
tutions possess,  and  that  there  is  now  no  need  of  looking 
beyond  our  own  State  for  a  college  to  which  to  send  our  sons. 

"  Things  are  taking  fixed  shape  in  connection  with  this 
institution;  hopes  are  becoming  facts;  experiments,  an  insti- 
tution; ami  now  that  God  has  recognized  it  and  breathed 
into  ii  the  breath  of  life  by  a  revival  of  religion  within  its 
walls,  and  endowed  it  with  the  institutional  spirit  of  piety, 
it  should  have  a  high  place  in  the  confidence  and  the  sj-mpa- 
thies  of  Californians." 


THE  RELfGIOUS  SPIRIT  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  123 

Without  much  time  for  recovery  from  the  fatigue  and 
excitement  necessarily  connected  with  getting  ready  for  all 
these  exercises,  and  going  through  with  them,  came  the  duty 
of  making  u{)  the  reports  and  putting  everything  in  readiness 
for  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Trustees.  The  sub- 
stance of  my  report  on  this  occasion  was  published,  and  is 
given  below:— 

Abstract  of  the  Annual  Report  of   the  Vice-President 
of  the  College,  to  the  Board  of  Trustees,  1864-68. 


"  The  College  laws  require  me  to  report  annually  to  the  Board, 
'  the  method  of  instruction,  the  state  of  discipline,  the  condition  of 
the  College  premises  and  property,  and  all  matters  pertaining  to  the 
general  interests  of  the  institution.' 

"  With  regard  to  the  '  method  of  instruction,'  the  reports  of  the 
professors  and  teachers,  already  read,  are  probably  a  sufficient  indica- 
tion. The  recitations  and  lectures  are  systematic,  thorough,  and 
punctual,  as  much  so  as  they  are  in  the  oldest  colleges  of  the  coun- 
try. The  peculiar  spirit  and  culture  of  college  education  are  begin- 
ning plainly  to  appear. 

"  The  state  of  discipline  in  the  College  is  all  that  we  could  desire. 
The  year  has  passed  without  any  serious  breach  of  decorum.  The 
students  are  attentive  and  respectful,  and  show  a  commendable 
improvement  in  a  scholarly  spirit,  and  in  gentlemanly  manners. 

"Of  the  departments  filled  by  Professors  Durant,  Kellogg,  Bray- 
ton,  and  Hodgson,  very  little  needs  to  be  said  here,  since  the  facts 
are  familiar  to  all  the  members  of  this  Board.  It  is  in  these  depart- 
ments that  the  College  compares  most  favorably  with  the  best  col- 
leges in  the  East. 

"  The  Department  of  Modern  Languages  is  satisfactorily  filled,  so 
far  as  it  can  be  in  the  time  which  it  is  possible  to  assign  to  it.  As 
the  classes  come  into  College  with  better  preparation,  it  will  be  possi- 
ble to  push  them  further  on  in  a  knowledge  of  these  languages,  so  as 
to  bring  the  student  into  the  enjoyment  of  the  literature  which  they 
contain. 

"  In  the  Department  of  Natural  Science  the  text-book  instruction 
has  been  given  by  Professor  Hodgson.  A  course  of  chemical 
lectures  was  given  to  the  Senior  class  by   Professor  Kinney,  now  of 


124  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  Or  CAf.IFORXLl. 

the  San  Jose  Institute.  A  course  of  lectures  on  anatomy  and  physi- 
ology was  given  by  Dr.  W.  P.  Gibbons;  and  lectures  on  literature, 
history,  and  the  Scriptures,  were  given  by  several  gentlemen  invited 
by  the  Faculty.  It  should  be  said  just  here,  that  in  the  Department 
of  Natural  Science  is  where  we  should  make  immediate  efforts  to 
increase  the  advantages  of  the  institution.  Special  note  should  be 
made  of  this  by  the  Board,  and  proper  measures  to  this  end  should 
be  immediately  set  on  foot. 

Moral  and  intellectual  philosophy  have  been  taught  by  Professor 
Durant,  while  history  and  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  have 
fallen  in  Professor  Kellogg's  Department.  In  general  it  may  be 
remarked,  that  the  college  spirit  more  and  more  pervades  the  institu- 
tion. It  is  pleasant  also  to  be  able  to  report  that  numbers  begin  to 
increase.  The  entering  Freshman  class  contains  fifteen  already. 
The  number  coming  forward  in  the  Preparatory  Department  is 
much  larger  than  formerly,  and  is  likely  to  increase.  And  touching 
that  department  it  may  be  truly  said  that  it  is  in  a  very  flourishing 
condition.  This  the  reports  herewith  submitted  clearly  enough 
show.  In  this  school  the  Classical  Department  has  always,  from 
the  foundation  of  the  institution,  been  well  taught.  But  now  it  is  so 
systematized  under  its  present  teacher,  Mr.  Sanborn,  who  devotes 
his  whole  time  to  it,  and  who  succeeds  in  inspiring  the  pupils  with  a 
true  scholarly  zeal,  that  it  is  bringing  forward  regular  annual  classes 
through  a  jjrolonged  course  of  thorough  classical  drill.  It  needs 
maturity,  and  this  will  come  in  time.  Parents  must  be  convinced  of 
the  importance  of  holding  their  sons  to  a  thorough  preparation  for 
College,  in  order  to  their  being  able  to  receive  the  proper  and  full 
benefit  of  the  College  course.  At  present  this  institution  is  the  only 
feeder  of  the  College.  Without  it  the  College  could  find  no  stu- 
dents.    'I'his,  we  hoi^e,  will  not  be  the  fact. 

"In  this  connection  it  may  be  remarked  that  the  recently  established 
Classical  Department  in  the  San  Francisco  free  schools  seems  to  be 
working  admirably.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  boys  to  whom  this 
great  advantage  is  now  offered,  will  show  by  their  perseverance  in 
the  course  of  classical  study,  that  they  appreciate  its  value  and  are 
determined  to  make  the  most  of  it.  The  classics  are  taught  to  a 
certain  extent  in  the  high  schools  of  some  of  our  other  cities,  but 
not,  so  far  as  I  am  informed,  to  the  extent  of  fitting  pupils  to  enter 
college. 


THE  RELfGfOUS  SP/AV7'  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  125 

"Something;  should  be  said  of  the  library.  Our  little  collection  of 
books  has  been  somewhat  increased.  In  the  spring  came  the  fine 
series  of  '  Coast  Survey  Reports,'  with  maps  and  profiles,  from  the 
Department  at  Washington.  Some  valuable  volumes  were  con- 
tributed by  Mr.  Day,  and  some  by  Rev.  Mr.  Brodt.  In  May  came 
the  books  from  Connecticut,  the  private  library  of  the  late  Rev.  Mr. 
Hart  -contributed  by  Mrs.  Hart,  through  the  agency  of  Rev.  Dr. 
Baldwin,  Secretary  of  the  Western  College  Society.  These  books, 
numbering  between  six  and  seven  hundred  volumes,  are  a  noble 
addition  to  our  list,  and  will  increase  largely  the  permanent  value 
of  our  library. 

"  Suitable  shelves  need  to  be  provided  for  these  books  before  our 
ne.xt  term  commences.  The  cases  for  minerals  and  geological  speci- 
mens should  also  be  extended,  since  all  the  room  we  now  have  is 
packed  full.  I  take  pleasure  in  saying  here,  that  the  free  use  of  the 
Odd  Fellows'  Library,  in  San  Francisco,  has  been  tendered  to  the 
P'aculty  and  to  the  members  of  the  Senior  class  of  the  College,  and' 
has  been  used  with  great  advantage  during  the  year  past.  This 
library  would  be  considered  a  choice  one  for  any  college.  It  is  one 
of  the  best,  if  not  the  very  best,  in  the  State.  It  is  so  near  to  us 
that  it  goes  far  towards  supplying  the  deficiency  of  a  well-selected 
library  of  our  own.     Such  a  library  we  ought  soon  to  have. 

"  A  word  respecting  apparatus.  Enough  was  procured  two  years 
ago  for  Professor  Brewer  to  serve  the  purpose  of  his  excellent  course 
of  lectures  on  chemistry.  It  was  somewhat  increased  last  year  by 
Mr.  Kinney,  who  gave  the  lectures;  and  all  we  have  is  in  good  con- 
dition and  will  serve  hereafter.  One  new  piece,  at  least,  must  be 
procured  immediately,  and  that  is  an  air-pump.  And  it  should  be  of 
the  best  sort.  What  I  have  said  before  of  our  deficiency,  as  an 
institution,  in  the  Department  of  Science,  pertains  equally  to  our 
apparatus.  Our  necessity  must  be  made  to  aij])eal  strongly  to  the 
generous  men  of  the  State,  till  somebody  is  found  to  contribute  the 
means  to  enable  the  College  to  do  its  duty  in  this  wide  field  of 
science  and  scientific  experiment.  The  institution  ought  not  to  be 
left  a  single  year  so  inadequately  furnished  in  departments  of  knowl- 
edge where  the  world  requires  special  thoroughness. 

"In  reference  to  the  College  in  general,  the  close  of  the  year  finds 
its  condition  sound  and  healthful.  The  year  past  has  brought  about 
decided  advances  in  every  feature  of  excellence.     The  examinations 


126  HISTORY  OF  TflF.  COLLEGE  OF  CJ/JFORNLA. 

at  the  close  are  fairly  represented  in  the  reports  of  Rev.  Dr.  Dwinell 
and  Rev.  W.  C.  Pond,  committee,  submitted  herewith.  These 
reports,  as  you  observed  when  they  were  read,  showed  both  their 
good  points  for  commendation,  and  their  defects  for  amendments. 

"The  Commencement  was  superior  to  the  former  one,  in  the 
character  of  the  performances,  and  in  the  order  and  dignity  with 
which  it  was  conducted.  The  degrees  were  conferred  in  course 
upon  the  members  of  the  graduating  class,  and  the  honorary  degrees, 
according  to  the  vote  of  the  Board,  as  follows:  That  of  M.  A.^  on 
John  Bidwell,  Delos  Lake,  John  Swett,  Samuel  I.  C.  Swczey,  W. 
H.  L.  Barnes,  and  S.  H.  Parker;  that  of  LL.D.,  on  Oscar  T.. 
Shaftcr;  and  that  of  I).  I).,  on  M.  C.  Briggs. 

"  The  meeting  of  College  Alumni  on  the  day  preceding,  was 
again  this  year,  as  it  was  last,  an  occasion  of  great  interest.  The 
numbers  present  were  about  as  before,  and  the  exercises  were  not  a 
whit  behind  in  excellence.  A  permanent  Association  of  Alumni 
was  formed,  to  meet  annually  with  the  College,  on  Commencement 
week,  to  have  its  oration,  poem,  and  supper,  with  accompanying  off- 
hand speeches,  as  heretofore. 

"  The  condition  of  the  finances  of  the  College  is  shown  in  the 
Treasurer's  report  and  the  accompanying  papers,  together  with  the 
statement  of  the  resources  by  which  the  institution  is  to  be  sustained 
for  the  year  to  come. 

"The  Homestead  Association,  which  has  been  organized  during  the 
past  year  for  the  purpose  of  selling  certain  lands  adjoining  the  per- 
manent site  of  the  College,  in  order  to  open  the  way  for  the  removal 
of  the  institution  as  soon  as  possible  to  its  permanent  home,  is  pro- 
gressing well.  By  the  terms  of  its  subscriptions,  its  monthly  install- 
ments will  close  with  Ai>ril  next. 

"When  all  its  share.s  are  taken,  and  the  dues  thereon  i>aid.  a  fund 
will  be  accumulated  with  which  to  proceed  with  the  improvements 
necessary  to  placing  the  College  where  it  is  to  remain.  In  antici- 
pation of  this,  the  survey  and  laying  out  of  the  College  park,  and,  in 
fact,  of  the  whole  tract  of  land  owned  by  the  College,  has  been  put, 
by  direction  of  the  JJoard,  into  the  hands  of  Kred  Law  Olmstead. 
Esq.,  who  has  already  undertaken  it.  When  this  work  is  completed, 
and  a  map  shall  be  i)resented  by  which  this  |:)roi)erty  can  come  into 
market,  it  is  believed  that  enough  can  be  sold  to  realize  the  money 
that  will  be  still  further  required  for  contemplated  improvements. 


Tlir-:  REIJGIOVS  SPIRIT  or  THE  COLLEGE.  127 

"  Already  considerable  has  been  done  in  the  way  of  starting  orna- 
mental trees  in  nursery.  Seeds  of  several  kinds  of  trees  were 
procured  last  winter — some  from  Europe,  some  from  the  Eastern 
States,  and  some  from  this  State,  and  from  them  a  great  many  thrifty 
young  trees  are  now  growing.  The  work  of  planting  seeds  should 
be  prosecuted  next  winter  on  a  still  larger  scale.  The  growths  will 
then  be  ready  for  use  in  two  or  three  years  from  this  time,  and  be  of 
great  value. 

"  With  respect  to  water  supply.  Of  the  nine  springs  belonging  to 
us,  one,  the  nearest  to  the  College  site,  is  only  about  three  thousand 
feet  from  the  proper  place  of  the  reservoir.  I  have  made  some 
inquiries  and  estimates  as  to  the  cost  of  bringing  the  water  of  this 
spring  into  a  reservoir,  and  leading  it  in  iron  pipe  to  the  places  on 
the  College  grounds,  or  homestead  tract,  where  it  may  be  required 
for  use.  I  submit  the  figures  from  the  engineer  and  others,  here- 
with, merely  remarking  in  this  place  that  for  a  few  thousand  dollars, 
this  spring  alone  can  be  made  to  yield  an  ample  and  unfailing  supply 
of  water  for  twenty  or  thirty  houses,  including  all  uses  for  which,  in 
a  rural  residence,  it  may  be  wanted,  the  reservoir  being  at  least  one 
hundred  and  fifty  feet  above  the  buildings  or  localities  to  be  supplied. 

"When  the  flow  of  this  spring  is  not  enough,  the  others  can  be 
brought  in,  in  like  manner,  along  the  same  line  from  their  greater 
distances,  and  altogether,  you  will  remember,  they  were  flowing,  last 
October — the  driest  month  of  the  driest  year — over  one  hundred 
thousand  gallons  a  day. 

''  Their  daily  flow  is,  at  this  time,  probably  two  or  three  times 
that,  and  by  proper  treatment  it  could  be  made  much  greater  than 
it  is.  Properly  developed  and  managed,  this  water  may  be  made  a 
very  important,  permanent,  and  useful  part  of  the  College  property 

"  All  of  which  is  respectfully  submitted. 

"S.  H.  WiLLEY,   Vice-President:' 

College  of  California^  July  7,  iSd^). 

The  reports  of  the  examiners,  Rev.  Dr.  Dvvinei!  and  Rev. 
Mr.  Pond,  referred  to,  were  as  follows.  First  Dr.  Dwinell 
says : — 

"  The  first  examination  I  attended  was  that  of  the  Freshman 
in  geometry.  This  showed  faithful  instruction  and  fair  imi)rove- 
ment.     A  few  only,  however,  had  mastered  the  subject,  and  these 


128  in.' TORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNLA. 

were  well  trained  in  the  processes  of  mathematical  reasoning, 
while  some  of  the  others  had  been  carried  so  far  beyond  their 
capacity  or  diligence  as  to  suggest  the  inquiry  whether  the  same 
effort  might  not  have  been  spent  on  less  ground  to  better  ad- 
vantage. The  examination  of  the  Sophomore  class  in  rhetoric 
showed  that  the  students  had  been  benefited  by  the  study  of  that 
art  by  the  rich  and  excellent  instruction  given  them,  but  it  occurred 
to  me  whether  the  very  affluence  of  it  had  not  in  part  defeated  the 
end,  by  doing  too  much  for  the  pupil.  The  Freshman  class  trans- 
lated the  '  Memorabilia '  finely,  showing  good  training  and  good 
results.  I  was  particularly  pleased  with  the  exact  rendering  of  the 
Greek  into  pure  English,  and  with  the  attention  that  had  been  given 
to  the  etymology  of  English  words  derived  from  the  Greek.  The 
pronunciation  and  some  other  minor  matters  relating  to  the  rudi- 
ments of  the  language  had  been  too  much  neglected.  The  same 
class  did  well  in  French  so  far  as  I  was  able  to  witness  the  examina- 
tion, but  as  I  was  i)resent  only  a  short  time  I  cannot  speak  particu- 
larly about  it.  The  Freshmen  exhibited  fair  results  in  Horace, 
showing  ni(  c,  exact,  faithful  teaching,  yet  in  spile  of  that,  a  want  of 
familiarity  with  the  grammar  and  the  principles  of  construction  which 
indicated  that  the  class  had  attempted  to  go  over  more  than  it  could 
master,  or  that  the  class  had  not  been  sufficiently  well  grounded  in 
the  rudiments  of  the  language  at  the  time  of  entering  College.  The 
Sojihomorcs  seemed  to  enter  into  the  spirit  of  Demosthenes'  '  Ora- 
tion on  the  Crown,'  exhibiting  enthusiasm,  appreciation,  and  a  lively 
sense  of  the  claims  of  the  English  tongue,  while  bringing  out  the 
treasures  of  a  dead  one.  The  impression  left  on  my  mind  on  the 
whole  is,  that  the  instruction  in  the  College  has  been  decidedly 
thorough,  stimulating,  and  suggestive,  aiming  rather  to  draw  out  the 
powers  of  the  student  than  to  crowd  him  with  learning,  and  that 
most  of  the  young  men  have  met  the  effort  of  the  professors  with 
appreciation,  zeal,  and  earnest  endeavor.  The  most  obvious  criticism 
I  have  to  make  is  that,  in  my  judgment,  most  of  the  students  were 
not  sufficiently  prepared  for  college,  and  have  never  yet  overcome 
that  want  of  preparation.  It  may  well  be  a  (juestion  also  whether  it 
would  not  be  better  not  to  attempt  so  much  in  the  college  course 
proper.  If  two  of  the  modern  languages  were  omitted  and  more 
time  devoted  to  Latin  and  Greek  and  the  remaining  modern  tongue 
in  the  course,  the  young  men  might  enter  more  fully  into  the  advan- 


THE  RELIGIOUS  SPIN  11'  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  129 

tages  of  these  studies,  and  be  able  to  discover  something  more  of 
the  wealth  of  the  literature  revealed  in  them.  As  it  is,  they  are 
occupied  with  the  rudiments  of  several  languages  and  enter  into  the 
spirit  of  none,  nor  do  they  acquire  that  facility  of  translation  in  any 
one  which  will  be  likely  to  lead  them  to  continue  to  read  it  after  the 
demands  of  the  recitation  room  are  met.  Either  the  qualifications 
for  entering  College  might  be  increased  to  advantage,  or  the  ground 
gone  over  in  the  course  be  made  less." 

Rev.  Mr.  Pond  added: — 

"  My  own  views,  after  attending  the  examinations  of  the  Freshman 
and  Sophomore  classes,  correspond  closely  with  those  expressed  by 
Dr.  Dwinell.  The  classes  are  small,  and  on  that  account  were  ex- 
amined more  thoroughly,  and  criticized  perhaps  by  examiners  more 
closely  than  is  usual  where  the  number  to  be  examined  is  larger. 
The  proportion  of  those  who  did  very  well  was  fully  equal  to 
that  which  obtained  in  the  only  college  which  I  have  had  oppor- 
tunity to  compare  with  this  one.  But  the  proportion  should  be,  if 
possible,  increased.  But  in  Latin  and  Greek,  it  is  my  earnest  con- 
viction that  the  preparation  should  be  more  thorough  and  complete, 
and  a  familiarity  with  syntectical  principles  and  with  the  modes  of 
expressing  shades  of  thought  should  be  better  maintained,  and  more 
successfully  developed  in  the  exercises  of  the  College  itself." 


il_. 


^^^       or  Thi        '1^    \ 

UNIVEKSITY    ) 

CH7^rf¥Eir"xi. 

CALLS    FOR    FUNDS  AND   STUDENTS. 

Ill  reviewing;  the  prot;re.ss  of  the  College  of  California,  each 
College  year  appears  to  have  had  a  history  peculiar  to  itself- 
And  so  it  was  with  1865-66.  The  catalogue  records  the 
number  of  members  of  the  College  to  have  been  twenty-five, 
and  \u  the  College  School  two  hundred  and  forty-three.  The 
first,  or  fall  term,  opened  prosperously,  and  the  year's  work 
.started  vigorously  in  all  the  departments.  But  our  financial 
outlook  was  not  particularly  animating.  Our  three-year 
temporary  endowment  subscriptions  were  about  to  expire. 
In  the  confusetl  and  uncertain  condition  of  public  and  private 
financial  affairs  at  that  time,  it  was  quite  impossible  to  renew 
those  subscriptions  at  once  from  the  same  individuals,  and  to 
find  others  was  out  of  the  question.  It  was  our  belief  all 
along  that  when  it  was  made  clear  t(j  the  [)ublic  that  the  in- 
stitution was  doing  the  genuine  work  of  a  college,  there  would 
come  forward  patrons  to  support  it,  as  had  been  the  case  in 
other  new  States.  To  be  sure  money  was  very  valuable  at 
the  time,  and  interest  high.  Hut  there  were  many  men  who 
had  taken  advantage  ol  the  markets  in  war-time,  and  of  the 
price  of  exchange  between  gold  here  and  currency  in  the 
Kast,  and  had  accumulated  very  largely.  This  was  not  so  well 
known  at  the  time,  but  it  became  known  afterward.  Never- 
theless the  College  asked  support  from  them  in  vain.  Nobody 
came  forward  offering  any  endowments.  Nobody  proposed  to 
give  to  the  College  in  sums  such  as  would  enable  it  to  meet 
its  increasing  expenses,  and  retain  its  real  property.  At  that 
very  time  gifts  were  pouring  into  the  treasuries  of  the  colleges 
at  the  ICast,  in  unprecedented  amounts.     Just  then  it  was  re- 


■   I 

II 


^ 


CALLS  FOK  FUNDS  ANP  STUPE  NTS.  131 

ported  that  Amherst  had  received  $100,000;  Princeton,  $130,- 
000;  Robert  College,  in  Syria,  $103,000;  Hamilton  College, 
$100,000;  Rutgers  College,  $100,000;  and  Yale,  $450,000  I 
But  none  could  come  to  us  from  that  quarter,  because  Califor- 
nia produced  gold,  and  had  plenty  of  rich  men.  But  those 
rich  men  were  making;  money  too  fast  with  their  capital  to 
feel  ready  to  invest  any  adequate  sums  in  endowing  a  college 
in  California.  It  seems  a  little  singular,  even  now,  looking 
back  upon  it,  after  the  lapse  of  twenty  years,  that  this  should 
have  been  so.  But  with  a  strong  faith  in  a  better  time  com- 
ing, we  were  of  one  mind  still  to  push  on. 

It  had  become  evident  that  to  carry  out  the  plans  of  the 
Trustees,  in  making  the  contemplated  improvements  at  Berk- 
eley, it  would  be  necessary  for  the  Vice-President  to  remove 
and  live  there.  Consequently  I  purchased  ground  of  the 
College  and  built  the  first  dwelling-house  in  all  that  region. 
It  is  still  standing  at  the  corner  of  Audubon  Street  and 
Dwight  Way,  surrounded  by  the  trees  and  shrubbery  which  I 
then  planted.  Mrs.  Chamberlain,  who  has  been  its  owner  since 
I  left,  has  carried  out  our  plans  of  improvement,  and  has 
added  greatly  to  its  attractiveness  as  a  home.  We  moved 
there  from  our  residence  in  Oakland,  which  was  at  the  north- 
west corner  of  Ikoadway  and  Eleventh  Street,  near  the  end 
of  December,  1865.^  Some  t'encing  was  done,  and  the  Col- 
lege land  was  rented  for  the  year. 

An  earnest  effort  was  made  by  some  of  the  officers  and 
friends  of  the  College  at  this  time  to  attract  the  attention  of 
young  men  generally,  to  the  importance  of  their  acquiring  a 
liberal  education.  As  one  way  of  doing  this,  I  went  to  the 
High  Schools  in  San  Francisco,  Stockton,  Sacramento, 
Marysville,  and  elsewhere,  making  the  acquaintance  of  the 
teachers  and  scholars,  and  talking  to  them  of  the  importance 
of  making  the  best  of  the  only  opportunity  they  would  ever 

Ut  happened  that  public  duty  called  for  this  removal  just  at  the  wrong  time  for 
me  financially.  The  half  block  which  I  owned  and  sold  for  $5,000,  in  a  few 
weeks  after  brou{];ht  $30,000  cash.  It  was  the  time  of  the  great  rise  in  real  es- 
tate prices  in  Oakland. 


f 


132  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

have  to  get  learning,  which  was  in  their  youth.  These  visits 
were  very  pleasant  to  me,  and  were  not  without  good  results. 
Articles  to  the  same  effect  were  written  and  published  in  vari- 
OU-.  newspapers,  intended  to  stir  up  the  young  people  and 
inspire  them  with  an  ambition  to  .study.  As  specimens  of 
these  articles  the  following  paragraphs  are  cited  from  the 
Pacific: — 

SEND  THE  BOYS  TO  COLLEGE WHAT  EDUCATED  MEN  CAN 

DO  TOWARD  IT. 

"  It  is  obvious  enough  that  something  needs  to  be  done.  The 
boys  of  the  State  are  not  awake  to  their  opportunity.  AVhere  it 
would  be  natural  to  find,  according  to  Eastern  standards  of  judging, 
ten  of  them  fitting  for  college,  we  hardly  find  one.  But  the  differ- 
ence in  their  circumstances  from  what  they  would  be  at  the  East,  and 
the  very  different  influences  surrounding  them,  are  sufficient  in  a 
great  measure  to  account  for  this.  There  the  younger  boys  see  many 
of  their  older  associates  entering,  or  passing  through,  college.  Elder 
brothers  are  away  at  college,  and  the  younger  want  to  go.  Fathers 
who  have  graduated  wish  to  have  their  sons  also,  lobe  nursed  at  their 
Alma  Mater.  More  than  all,  bright  boys  who  thirst  for  knowledge, 
long  for  the  opportunities  of  college  life  with  intense  desire.  Many 
of  them  are  poor,  and  can  hardly  see  their  way  clear  to  pay  college 
bills  a  single  term,  and  yet  with  what  little  means  they  can  get  to- 
gether, they  set  forward,  determined  to  win,  if  industry  and  persever- 
ance can  do  it.  Academies  and  grammar  schools  abound  in  every 
principal  neighborhood,  and  there  the  boys  of  resolution  and  aspira- 
tion are  to  be  found  preparing  for  college.  The  influences  of  the 
home  circle  are  generally  in  their  favor,  ond  often  the  friendly  advice 
or  enrouragcnicnt  of  some  edurated  man — perhaps  the  village  law- 
yer, the  family  physician,  or  the  trusted  pastor — de(  ides  a  boy  on  his 
undertaking.  Many  a  modest,  self-distrustful  youth  has  been  brought 
forward  in  this  manner,  and  made  of  inestimable  value  to  his  country 
and  the  world.  Telling  instances  of  this  kind  come  to  mind,  and 
might  be  related  here,  but  similar  ones  will  ])robably  occur  to  every 
reader.  If  any  educated  man  should  recall  the  influences  and  cir- 
cumstances that  determined  him,  in  his  boyhood,  upon  pursuing  a 
course  of  liberal  learning,  he  would  find,  upon  reflection,  that  very 
few  such  circumstances  and  influences  surround  the  boys  of  Califor- 


CALLS  FOR  FUKDS  AND  STUDENTS.  1S3 

nia.  They  are  in  the  midst  of  those  of  a  very  different  sort.  Our 
colleges  here  are  young,  and  do  not  yet  exert  any  such  commanding 
influence  as  do  the  noble  old  colleges  at  the  East.  They  have  not 
even  entered  so  much  into  the  public  thought  as  to  be  always  distin- 
guished from  the  many  high  schools,  select  schools,  or  academies 
that  have  assumed  the  name  of  colleges  without  having  one  single 
point  of  real  resemblance  to  them.  Such  there  are  about  us,  in 
great  abundance,  and  a  stranger  coming  to  California  would  be  led 
at  first  to  think  from  the  '  announcements  '  that  it  was  the  most  re- 
markable State  in  the  Union,  for  its  colleges.  Time  will  correct  all 
this,  but  the  present  confusion  in  names  is  really  mischievous,  be- 
cause it  lets  down  the  standard  of  estimation  in  which  a  college  is 
held,  to  the  rank  of  .small  village  academies  !  Youngsters  who  have 
attended  such  schools  a  few  terms,  talk  about  the  time  when  '  they 
were  in  college.'  Others,  who  have  completed  some  kind  of  a 
'  course,'  speak  afterward  of  their  associates  therein  as  their  '  class- 
mates in  college ' !  While  this  is  ridiculous  enough,  it  is  not  harm- 
less. Colleges  that  are  really  and  truly  such,  will  by  and  by 
distinguish  themselves  from  all  these  pretentious  institutions,  and 
exert  an  influence  accordingly. 

"  But  this  must  necessarily  be  the  work  of  time.  Meanwhile 
the  great  public  influences  that  existing  colleges  at  the  East  exert  on 
the  youth  about  them,  do  not  touch  our  California  boys. 

"  None  of  us  have  an  Alma  Mater  here,  of  which  we  speak  to 
our  sons,  as  we  should  if  living  in  our  native  State.  Munificent 
gifts  and  endowments  are  not  here  announced  as  bestowed  on  the 
well-known  and  venerated  college,  thus  impressing  all  the  young  men 
with  a  sense  of  its  value.  No  imposing  structures  appropriate  to 
their  jjurposes  are  possessed  by  any  college  here,  inspiring  the  young 
witii  a  desire  to  belong  to  it.  No  great  and  rich  library  yet  exists. 
No  cabinets  in  natural  history  are  yet  collected.  We  have  scientific 
and  learned  men  enough  among  us,  but  they  cannot  be  employed  in 
any  college.  There  are  no  endowments,  or  other  resources,  with 
which  to  pay  them  for  their  services,  irade,  or  the  professions,  or 
engineering  pays  them,  and  therefore  they  must  be  thus  employed. 
But  if  the  wealth  of  the  State  would  endow  a  college,  so  as  to  pay 
them,  then  the  college,  through  their  talents,  and  the  results  of  their 
studies,  instructions,  and  lectures,  would  exert  a  widespread  and  at- 
tractive influence  on  the  minds  of  the  young.     But  it  must  he  con- 


134  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

fessed  that  this  power  is  not  now  exerted.  And,  as  yet,  there  are 
few,  if  any,  well-taught  academies  or  classical  schools  in  the  different 
parts  of  the  State,  where  boys  can  be  fitted  for  college.  They  ought 
to  exist  in  every  county,  either  in  connection  with  the  common  school 
or  independently,  and  afford  the  boys  everywhere  the  opportunity  of 
preparing  to  enter  college. 

"  But,  from  all  these  circumstances,  it  is  very  evident  that  the 
friends  of  sound  learning  have  something  to  do.  The  lack  of  influ- 
ences favorable  to  learning,  above  described,  needs  to  be  made  up. 
And  who  shall  supply  it  unless  it  be  the  educated  men  of  the  State .'' 
I  will  suppose  that  the  reader  is  convinced  that  there  is  a  great  work 
to  be  done  here  in  behalf  of  learning,  and  is  ready  to  ask  how  it  can 
be  commenced.  Let  us  see.  It  may  be  set  down  as  the  first  thing, 
to  have  the  work  definitely  in  mind ;  to  give  it  thought  and  reflec- 
tion. This  every  man  can  do,  however  busy  he  may  be  in  his  pro- 
fession or  employment.  He  can  be  on  the  lookout  how  he  can  do 
something  toward  making  up  for  this  great  lack  of  proper  influence 
on  the  present  generation  of  boys  in  the  State,  in  favor  of  their 
pursuing  a  thorough  course  of  education  at  college.  In  pursuance 
of  this  pur|)ose,  he  can  watch  for  the  bright  boys,  and  become  ac- 
quainted with  them,  and  set  them  to  thinking  as  to  whether  they 
might  not  gain  a  college  education.  The  minister  knows  them  in 
the  Sabbath-school,  in  the  various  families  of  his  congregation.  The 
doctor  finds  them  in  the  circuit  of  his  practice.  The  lawyer  remem- 
bers them  among  his  friends,  or  perhaps  in  the  common  schools  where 
he  visits.  More  than  all,  teachers  find  them  among  their  [)upils. 
The  idea  of  a  liberal  education  should  be  presented  to  such  boys  in 
time,  and  its  great  advantage  described.  No  matter  if  there  are  dif- 
ficulties in  the  way.  No  matter  if  poverty  i)resents  its  formidable 
discouragements.  Tell  a  boy  of  his  opportunity  while  it  is  his.  Let 
him  resolve  to  encounter  the  difficulties  in  the  way;  if  he  has  the 
necessary  resolution,  he  may  conquer,  and  be  all  the  better  and 
greater  for  it.  A  single  conversation  sometimes  fixes  the  noble  pur- 
pose in  a  boy's  mind. 

"  '  Come  and  ride  with  me  ? '  once  asked  Rev.  Dr.  B.  of  a  boy 
whom  he  was  about  passing  in  the  street.  *  With  pleasure,  sir,'  said 
the  boy,  glad  enough  of  the  opportunity.  I  he  inijuiry  was  raised 
with  that  boy  as  they  rode  along  what  he  was  going  to  make  of  him- 
self.    And  that  single  conversation  probably  determined  him  on  pur- 


I 


CALLS  FOR  FUNDS  AND  STUDENTS.  135 

suing  a  course  of  liberal  education,  making  his  way  on  by  means  of 
his  own  industry — which  he  undertook  and  accomplished.  None 
should  be  discouraged  because  some,  of  whom  they  had  high  hopes, 
prove  unworthy.  More  than  one  man,  to  our  knowledge,  has  under- 
taken to  help  a  boy  to  an  education,  in  this  State,  and  before  the 
work  was  far  along,  found  his  confidence  misplaced.  But  that 
should  not  deter  them,  or  anybody  else,  from  lending  a  helping  hand 
to  the  next  promising  youth  who  needs  it,  and  wants  to  make  his 
trial. 

"  The  importance  of  a  college  education  needs  to  be  held  uj)  in  our 
new  State.  Its  acquisition  should  be  made  honorable.  It  is  so  in  the 
most  enlightened  parts  of  our  country.  It  should  be  so  here.  Who 
shall  make  it  so,  unless  it  be  those  who  have  enjoyed  its  advantages .? 
As  they  regard  it,  so  will  others,  especially  the  young.  The  two  or 
three  thousand  liberally  educated  men  of  California,  of  the  present 
day,  are  determining,  and  will  determine,  the  estimate  in  which  learn- 
ing will  be  held  by  those  who  will  be  the  men  of  the  next  generation; 
If  they  take  little  interest  in  it,  those  who  succeed  them,  having  had 
few  oi)portunities  of  finding  out  its  value,  will  take  none  at  all.  If 
every  one  of  these  two  or  three  thousand  men  of  learning,  scattered 
all  over  the  State,  would  do  something  in  this  matter,  exert  some  di- 
rect and  positive  influence,  the  good  effect  would  very  soon  be  seen. 
We  remember,  for  instance,  a  young  man  who  went  into  a  rural 
neighborhood  to  teach  a  country  school  for  a  few  months.  His  in- 
fluence inspired  half  a  dozen  boys  with  the  desire  for  a  college  edu- 
cation, and  most  of  them  are  now  in  the  way  of  securing  it.  He 
had  no  more  opportunity  of  doing  this  than  have  hundreds  of  other 
teachers,  nor  as  much.  Hundreds  of  ministers,  and  lawyers,  and 
doctors  could  be  stimulating  the  minds,  and  elevating  the  purposes, 
of  the  boys  about  them  in  the  same  way,  if  they  only  thought  of  it. 
Let  the  influence  be  exerted  upon  the  young  men,  directly,  and 
through  them  it  will  very  surely  reach  the  parents.  And  if  both 
children  and  parents  agree  upon  the  undertaking,  it  will  create  a  de- 
mand for  academies  and  classical  schools  in  which  youth  may  be 
fitted  for  college,  which  is  the  great  desideratum  at  present.  In  this 
work  no  time  should  be  lost.  Of  the  fifty  thousand  boys  of  Califor- 
nia, under  t-ightecn  years  old,  very  few  will  acquire  an  education  if 
things  are  left  to  their  natural  course.  Rai)idly  the  years  will  be  car- 
rying them  beyond  the  age  when  it  is  desirable  to  undertake  a  seven 


136  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

years'  work,  preliminary  to  the  active  duties  of  life.  They  should  be 
persuaded  to  seize  upon  the  great  opportunity  now,  while  it  is  theirs. 

"  It  should  be  said,  also,  that  those  who  wish  to  see  an  adequate 
number  of  ministers  of  the  gospel  trained  up  here,  have  a  very 
important  jjart  to  perform  in  this  work.  \\'e  must  soun  obtain  them 
in  that  way,  or  not  have  them.  'I'he  East  will  not  supply  us  always. 
Nor  ouglu  we  to  ask  it,  if  she  would.  If  within  a  reasonable  time, 
a  State  does  not  jjroduce  its  own  ministers,  and  build  its  own  institu- 
tions, it  had  better  be  left  to  try  a  taste  of  destitution.  It  is  to  be 
hoped  that  we  may  not  need  to  be  left  to  that  regimen. 

"  One  thing  more.  It  is,  somehow,  very  often  the  case  that  boys 
who  are  most  anxious  to  gain  a  college  education,  are  poor.  Every- 
body knows  that  this  is  proverbially  true.  But  these  are  the  very 
boys  who,  if  they  succeed,  make  the  most  useful  men.  They,  there- 
fore, should  have  help.  'I'hosc  that  have  the  resolution  to  undertake 
to  work  their  own  way  through,  encourage.  When  the  exjjenses  are 
large  and  the  earnings  are  small,  stand  by  them;  don't  let  them  be 
broken  down  in  health,  or  courage,  or  scholarship,  for  the  tack  of  a 
little  money  to  pay  their  necessary  bills. 

"  'i'hcre  is  agony  in  the  suspense  endured  by  many  a  young  man 
who  dreads  to  give  u|)  his  place  in  his  class,  and  his  cherished  hopes 
of  learning,  and  who,  nevertheless,  knows  not  where  to  look  for  the 
few  dollars  which  he  lacks,  and  knows  not  where  to  obtain,  with 
which  to  pay  his  expenses  at  the  term's  end.  Young  men  of  siiirit 
will  not  say  much  about  this.  They  will  work,  and  they  will  suffer, 
but  you  will  have  to  inquire  of  others  to  learn  their  needs.  yMready 
there  are  meritorious  youth  amongst  us,  working  their  way  to  learning 
through  just  these  difficulties.  The  elements  of  true  manhood  are 
in  them.  They  need  but  little,  but  that  little  is  essential  to  their 
success.  Other  like  cases  will  arise  hereafter,  without  doubt,  and  by 
promptly  meeting  them  with  the  needed  encouragement,  we  may  se- 
cure men  of  cultivation  and  excellence  to  the  country." 

HOYS    OK    CALIFORNIA. 

"  Did  you  read  in  the  last  week's  Pacifu  that  call  for  '  help,'  ad- 
dressed to  '  Educated  Men  ' — '  Send  the  Hoys  to  College  '  ?  We 
trust  you  did.  Then  you  have  found  out  that  the  watchmen  are 
after  you,  posse-comitatus,  detectives,  and  all;  and  that  your  chance  of 
escape  is  exceedingly  small.  If  you  take  our  advice,  you  will  show 
youi  selves  at  once,  and  surrender  at  discretion.     Vou  are  to  be  ar- 


CALLS  FOR  FUNDS  AND  STUDENTS.  137 

rested,  it  sccins,  and  sent  to  college.  He  not  alarmed.  The  college 
is  not  a  prison ;  you  are  not  suspected  of  any  crime  ;  fio  violence  is 
contemplated.  The  measure  is  a  peaceable  one — a  sort  of  reunion, 
by  which  it  is  proposed  to  initiate  you  into  the  Republic  of  Letters — 
a  policy  like  our  national  President's,  in  a  different  sphere;  very 
conciliatory  and  conservative.  We  endorse  it  with  all  our  might. 
We  would  have  the  boys  taken  and  sent  to  college,  to  be  sure,  but 
then  we  would  also  have  them  willing  to  be  sent.  In  this  way,  you 
see,  they  will  be  doing  as  they  please.  We  would  send  you  to  col- 
lege, for  your  own  sake,  and  to  gratify  your  own  inclinations,  as  we 
would  send  an  arrow  to  its  own  mark,  or  drive  a  ball  to  its  own  goal, 
by  first  giving  you  a  direction  of  yotir  own,  and  then  an  impetus  of 
your  07vn,  to  follow  that  direction.  We  would  send  you  as  we  would 
send  a  locomotive  engine,  by  getting  up  a  force  within  yourselves  to 
carry  you.  That  is  what  wc  would  do,  and  with  a  due  attention  on 
your  part  for  a  little  time,  we  think  we  shall  really  do  it.  And  how  ! 
do  you  ask?  By  winning  your  confidence,  first;  and  then,  coming 
right  home  to  your  hearts.  If  in  the  appeal  to  '  Educated  Men,'  the 
last  week,  you  found  yourselves  put  into  the  third  person,  grammat- 
ically, to  be  spoken  of,  but  not  consulted,  and  into  the  third  estate, 
politically,  to  be  voted  on,  but  not  represented,  it  is  yourselves  that 
we  address  now — your  innermost  selves — your  sympathies.  We  wish 
to  show  you  something  that  you  may  love,  something  that  answers  to 
your  own  likeness;  that  was  made  for  you,  and  without  which  to 
yourself,  as  a  helpmeet  for  you,  you  can  never  be  more  than  half  a 
man.  This  is  the  college — a  liberal  education — the  counterpart  of 
yourself — yourself  grown  into  a  cultivated,  ripened  manhood.  We 
would  possess  you  with  this  sentiment;  have  your  mind  imbued  with 
the  college  idea;  your  soul  inspired  with  the  college  spirit;  and  with 
these  forces  working  within  you,  you  will  surely  go  to  college. 
You  will  go  of  your  own  choice;  you  will  go,  as  I  was  about  to  say, 
without  your  own  choice — instinctively — by  an  attraction  of  affinities; 
as  the  lightning  leaps  from  one  of  its  poles  to  the  other,  over  a  con- 
ductor, though  it  be  round  the  world;  as  the  rivers  run  to  the  sea; 
as  the  fire,  ascending,  seeks  the  sun.  But  I  seem  to  hear  you  ex- 
claiming at  this,  '  Is  there  no  help  to  come  from  without^  AVill  a 
boy's  aspirations  educate  him  }  Must  he  not  have  facilities,  as  well 
as  fancies,  and  feelings  ?  A  way  as  well  as  a  will  ?  .A.re  not  the  rivers 
to  which  you  refer,  sometimes  lost,  or  obstructed  in  their  course,  by 


138  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

reason  of  faulty  channels?  Does  not  the  electric  current  sometimes 
fail  to  flow,  from  want  of  a  proper  medium  ?  Are  not  the  fires  of 
the  soul,  like  those  within  the  earth,  surrounded  by  a  cold  world, 
through  which  they  cannot  always  rise?'  'Yes! '  we  reply.  'Dear 
boys,  we  are  glad  to  have  you  reason  so  sensibly.  You  must  have 
means;  but  you  vawsX  feel  your  need  oi  them  first,  or  you  will  hardly 
use  them.  It  is  want  that  looks  out  for  supply;  and  not  supply  for 
want.  It  is  a  will  that  makes  a  way,  and  not  a  way  that  makes  a  will. 
"  The  life  is  more  than  meat,  and  the  body  than  raiment."  Set  your 
heart  upon  going  to  college,  and  our  word  for  it  -nay,  more,  our  ex- 
perience for  it — you  will  go.' 

"  We  will  speak  to  you  more  particularly  about  the  reasons  for 
seeking  a  liberal  or  college  education,  next  week.  In  the  meanwhile, 
think  for  yourselves,  and  converse  with  some  friend  who  can  enlighten 
and  advise  you. 

"  If  you  have  so  far  taken  the  hint  intended,  as  to  have  raised  the 
question  of  your  going  to  college,  you  have,  doubtless,  started  a 
multitude  of  other  and  lesser  questions  which  belong  to  this,  and 
which,  like  so  many  bees,  that  swarm  around  a  new-hatched  queen, 
must  be  settled,  to  gather  in  the  same  hive.  '  What  is  the  good  of 
going  to  college  ?  '  '  (^r  whatever  the  good  may  be,  will  it  pay  ?  ' 
'Will  it  pay  in  such  a  country  as  this,  California,  and  in  this  last  half 
of  the  nineteenth  century  ?  '  '  Mining,  farming,  the  mechanic  arts, 
railroads,  steam  navigation,  electro-magnetic  telegraphs,  politics,  com- 
merce—are not  all  these  practical  matters  to  be  learned  by  use,  and 
operated  by  men  of  practical  experience?'  '  Do  we  not  even  hear 
it  said  that  the  learned  professions,  law,  theology,  and  medicine,  are 
only  mystified  by  Latin  and  Greek,  i)hilosophy,  logic,  and  metaphys- 
'cs,  and  that  they  would  be  likely  to  fare  much  better  if  they  were 
left  to  the  instincts  of  nature  and  the  dictates  of  common  sense  ? ' 
'Fire  burns,  water  runs  downhill,  plants  and  animals  grow  and  come 
to  their  uses  without  going  to  college  to  learn  liow:  and  why  should 
not  the  lords  of  this  lower  creation-,  as  well  ?  ' 

"These  doubting  (juestions,  called  up,  in  your  minds,  by  some 
faint  idea  of  college,  vanish  under  a  stronger  application  of  the  same 
light;  as  the  mists  that  are  raised  by  the  morning  sun,  melt  away  in 
his  noonday  beams. 

"The  more  .you  see  and  know  of  college,  the  less  objection  you 


_L 


CALLS  FOR  FUNDS  AND   STUDENTS.  139 

will   find  to  it.     And  in  this  fact  lies  the  first  of    our   reasons   why 
you  should  go  to  college. 

"  Reason  First. — Go  to  college  to  learn  (what  you  will  be  sure 
to  learn  there,  if  nowhere  else)  that  college  is  the  right  place  for  you. 
No  young  man  of  intelligence,  ambitious  of  making  the  most  of 
himself,  can  ever  find  another  place,  or  process  of  education,  so  ade- 
quate to  his  purpose,  or  so  congenial  with  his  heart  in  this  respect,  as 
college.  The  force  of  this  reason  will  further  appear  in  the  matter  of 
our  next. 

"  Reason  Second. — Go  to  college  that  you  may  learn  how  to 
choose  your  profession,  or  especial  business  for  life.  You  will  find 
college  an  excellent  school,  if  not  an  indispensable  one,  for  teaching 
you  this  lesson.  We  are  aware  that  most  persons  seem  to  think  that 
the  choice  of  a  profession  is  a  matter  of  mere  caprice,  predisposi- 
tion, or  prejudice;  or,  at  best,  a  thing  of  convenience,  luck,  or  neces- 
sity; and  that  a  collegiate  education  should  be  sought,  if  .sought  at 
all,  for  the  sake  of  its  use  to  some  profession  or  pursuit  already 
chosen.  But  we  would  ask  you,  boys,  whether  it  stands  to  reason 
that  one  should  need  a  good  education  that  he  may  know  how  to  do 
business  well,  and  no  education  at  all,  or  next  to  none,  to  know  how 
to  choose  what  sort  of  business  he  ought  to  do. 

"  A  man's  profession  will  go  far  towards  making  the  man  himself; 
in  many  cases,  doubtless,  much  too  far.  And  should  a  boy,  while 
yet  he  has  scarcely  any  knowledge  of  the  world,  and  even  less  of 
himself,  be  capable  of  deciding  so  great  a  concernment  wisely  7 

"  W^hether  that  broad  survey  of  the  whole  field  of  life,  and  of 
learning,  and  that  large  amount  of  culture  which  the  college  curricu- 
lum affords,  be  indispensable  or  not,  to  the  choice  m  question,  you 
can  see  that  such  an  education  is  on  the  safe  side,  in  a  case  where 
you  ought  to  run  as  little  risk  as  possible.  The  more  you  know  of 
yourself  and  of  the  world,  the  better  you  can  judge  of  what  you  can 
and  ot4ghi  to  do  in  the  world.  Do  you  find  yourself  already  leaning 
towards  some  one  pursuit  ?  Very  well,  what  we  would  say  is,  subject 
this  bias  of  yours  to  the  test  of  study,  the  test  of  a  well-informed 
mind,  an  educated  taste,  and  a  thorough  self-knowledge.  You  can- 
not do  otherwise  in  a  matter  so  momentous,  without  great  danger, 
nor  without  sin. 

"  Reason  Third. — A  liberal  education  will  not  only  help  you  to 
decide  safely  and  discreetly  upon  a  profession,  but  go  far  towards 
preparing  you  for  it.     It  will  soon  afford,  not  only  the  principles  that 


140  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

are  fundamental  to  all  professions,  but  much  of  that  knowledge  which 
is  especially  useful  to  the  one  of  your  choice.  It  will  increase  your 
facility  to  learn  ;  enable  you  to  judge  of  what  you  want ;  and  teach 
you  how  to  apply  your  especial  knowledge  directly  to  your  profes- 
sional pursuits.  But  to  have  the  knowledge  of  any  particular  branch 
of  business,  so  as  to  manage  it  for  what  it  is  in  itself,  is  the  smallest 
part  of  even  a  business  education.  A  tailor,  for  example,  should  not 
only  know  how  to  fit  garments  to  men's  persons,  but  to  fit  his  trade 
to  other  men's  trades,  and  to  make  it  part  and  parcel  of  one  great 
public  economy.  It  is  in  this  organization  of  trades — this  working 
of  them  in  the  service  of  society  as  a  whole,  that  they  are  truly  no- 
ble, and  worthy  of  men.  They  cease  to  be  mere  servants  and  become 
controlling  powers. 

"  Rkason  Fourth. — A  man's  profession  or  especial  pursuit,  how- 
ever wide  a  space  it  may  occupy  in  the  outside  world,  does  not  fill 
the  whole  measure  of  his  own  being.  There  is  much  besides  his 
trade  that  belongs  to  him,  and  for  the  sake  of  this,  especially,  he 
needs  to  be  educated.  If  he  be  a  shoemaker  he  is  also  a  man — a 
social  being.  He  must  have  a  country,  a  home  with  house  and 
grounds,  well  ordered,  convenient,  tasteful,  beautiful,  and  his  house- 
hold as  much  finer  and  more  beautiful  than  his  homestead  as  it  is 
better  and  higher  in  degree.  It  is  but  a  very  small  portion  of  this 
man's  proper  self  that  can  be  covered  by  his  profession — about  as 
large  a  portion  of  it  as  his  lap-stone,  or  the  dust  on  it,  to  the  whole 
round  earth,  or  the  earth  itself  to  the  universe. 

"  Now,  is  it  not  reasonable  that  a  boy  should  be  educated  with 
reference  to  what  lies  outside  of  a  profession,  much  rather  than  with 
reference  to  what  lies  within  it?  Who  shall  say  that  the  education 
for  which  we  contend,  is  too  good  for  him  ?  too  broad  and  too  lib- 
eral for  the  breadth  and  generosity  of  his  nature,  for  the  uses  of  such 
an  intelligence,  such  a  responsibility,  and  such  a  destiny  as  his.? 
But  there  is  an  especial  reason  why  the  boys  of  California  should 
be  wide-awake  to  the  education  in  question. 

"  Rkason  Km- rn. — >Vhilc  there  are  some  good  places  in  ('alifornia, 
which  may  be  filled,  or  if  not  filled,  at  least  occupied,  by  partially 
educated  men,  there  are  many  others  which  cannot  be  so  filled,  and 
will  not,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  be  so  occupied.  These  places  may  be 
( ounted  by  hundreds  now,  and  they  are  multiplying  every  day.  If 
you  of  California  arc  not  prepared  for  them,  boys  of  other  States 
and  countries  will  be;  and  they  will  be   im|)orted   to  occupy  them 


CAI./S  FOR  FUNDS  AND  SIUPFNTS.  Ml 

over  your  heads.  We  are  not  disposed  to  lay  an  embargo  upon 
scholarship  and  genius,  anywhere,  but  to  offer  them  rather  the  free- 
dom of  the  world.  Let  them  go  whithersoever  they  list,  and  subdue 
and  have  dominion  wherever  they  can.  But  we  do  protest  against 
your  giving  up  the  chief  places  of  influence  and  trust,  in  the  land  of 
your  birth,  to  strangers  and  foreigners,  without  competition.  We 
shall  not  impute  it  to  any  lack  of  wisdom  or  ambition  on  your  part, 
if  you  should  import  John  Chinaman  to  do  some  part  of  your  handi- 
work: but  we  shall  impute  it  to  a  lack  of  every  manly  attribute  if 
you  shall  allow  John  Chinaman,  or  any  other  imported  superior,  to 
do  for  you  your  head-work,  too.  Let  the  fame  of  California  forever 
be  the  supremacy  of  her  sons,  not  merely  for  her  adopted  sons,  as 
now,  but  for  those  who  shall  be  '  native  and  to  the  manor  born.' 
\\'hat  say  you,  boys,  to  this  ?  When  you  want  another  orator,  an- 
other statesman,  or  another  general,  to  represent  your  own  generation 
— another  Baker,  Sherman,  or  Grant — will  you  send  abroad  for  the 
men,  or  will  you  hope  and  strive  to  become  such  men  yourselves  ? 
When  you  want  the  history  of  California  written  again,  will  you  be 
content  that  it  should  be  written  as  it  has  been,  more  than  a  hundred 
times,  by  wayfarers  and  sojourners,  or  will  you  provide  a  historian  of 
your  own  ?  When  you  want  another  State  Geologist  to  rectify  and 
perfect  the  work  now  begun,  will  you  import  one  upon  trust,  who, 
having  no  interest  in  the  State,  may  still  belie  its  geology  to  gratify  a 
personal  pique,  or  to  gain  a  temporary  advantage  in  a  private  quarrel  ? 
Shall  the  State  of  California  repose  her  trust  in  the  genius  and  edu- 
cation of  her  own  sons,  and  be  disappointed  ?  See  to  it,  boys,  that 
you  do  not  fail  her  in  your  duty." 

It  was  by  the  publication  of  many  .such  articles  as  these  in 
various  parts  of  the  State,  that  it  was  sought  to  stir  the 
manly  ambition  of  the  boys,  and  excite  them  to  seek  learning. 
And  this  use  of  the  press  was  continued  for  years,  and  its  ef- 
fect was  manifest.  It  was  seen  especially  in  oui  College 
School,  in  which,  as  before  stated,  there  were  at  this  time  two 
hundred  and  forty- three  scholars. 

If  attention  could  have  been  spared  from  money-seeking 
by  the  receiving  of  endowment  from  those  who  were  amply 
able  to  give  it,  and  given  continuously  for  a  few  years,  in 
these  various  ways,  to  enkindling  a  zeal  for  learning  among 
the  young,  the   College   itself  would   have  come   to  count  its 


142  11ISTCK\    OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

students  by  the  hundred,  just  as  well  as  the  College  School. 
It  needed  only  work  of  this  kind  to  bring  it  to  pass.  But 
there  being  no  endowment,  time  and  effort  had  to  be  concen- 
trated on  obtaining  means  to  live.  Every  resource  was  tried. 
I  tried  individuals,  men  of  wealth,  whether  they  were  thought 
to  be  likely  or  unlikely  to  give.  I  tried  Mr.  Lick.  I  had 
known  him  somewhat  for  many  years.  I  went  to  Alviso, 
where  iiis  flour-mill  was,  and  where  he  was  building  an 
"earthquake  proof "  house,  and  found  him  in  a  little  cabin. 
He  received  me  kindly,  for  he  knew  me.  And  he  listened 
patiently  to  all  I  had  to  say;  but  it  made  no  more  impression 
on  him  than  on  the  fruit  trees  we  were  walking  under.  He 
had  no  idea  of  a  college  or  what  it  was  worth,  none  whatever. 
He  could  see  the  use  of  a  flour-mill,  and  of  a  fruit  orchard, 
and  of  a  hotel,  but  as  to  a  college,  he  knew  nothing  whatever 
about  it,  and  I  have  always  thought  that  his  providing  in  his 
will  for  the  endowment  of  an  astronomical  observator}-  must 
have  been  the  idea  of  somebody  else  and  not  of  himself  I 
went  to  see  Mr.  Clark,  of  Clark's  Point,  and  got  less  satis- 
faction by  far  than  frorn  Mr.  Lick,  because  I  was  a  stranger 
to  Mr.  Clark,  and  he  gave  the  subject  no  welcome  whatever. 
I  went  to  see  Hon.  Horace  Hawes.  He  objected  to  our  Oak- 
land side  of  the  ba}-.  It  was  all  wrong,  in  his  view,  to  locate 
the  College  there.  It  was  too  far  from  San  Francisco.  It 
would  always  be  dangerous  crossing.  And  then  the  "bar" 
was  in  the  way  at  low  tide;  the  boats  would  always  be  get- 
ting stuck  on  it.  And  besides  all  that,  our  "College  jilan  " 
was  all  wrong  in  his  view.  And  at  that  point  he  leaned  back 
in  his  chair  and  entered  upon  a  detailed  exposition  of  his 
idea  of  what  a  college  should  be.  It  was  a  l<jng  storj-,  and 
took  me  into  cloudland,  and  that  is  all  I  remember  about  it. 
Hut  when  Mr.  Hawes' will  was  published  after  his  death,  I  saw 
that  he  had  provided  means  for  realizing,  as  he  thought,  his 
ideal.  But  it  proved  to  be  too  impracticable  to  be  made  real, 
even  with  all  his  money.  And  so  I  went  from  one  man  of 
means  to  another,  failing  with  this  one  for  one  reason,  and 
with   that  one  for  another.     Where  I  succeeded  was  with  the 


CALLS  FOl^    FUNDS  AXD  STUDENTS.  WW 

active  business  men  of  moderate  means,  and  whatever  sup- 
port the  College  had,  came  from  them.  One  business  cor- 
poraticn,  the  California  Steam  Navigation  Company,  doing 
business  on  our  bay  and  rivers,  generously  gave  us  a  thousand 
dollars  once  or  twice.  A  thousand  dollars  was  the  largest 
donation  we  ever  had  at  once,  except  in  one  instance.  That 
instance  was  this:  In  the  early  autumn  of  1865  the  Trustees, 
at  my  suggestion,  appointed  a  committee  to  ask  a  donation 
from  the  Pacific  Mail  Steamship  Company  of  New  York.  In 
due  time  came  back  the  following  very  satisfactory  reply: — 

Office  of  Pacific  Mail  Steamship  Co.,      \ 
New  York,  November  21,  1865.  j 

To  '^.  H.  WiLLEV,  Anson  G.  Stiles,  William  Alvord,  Committee 
of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  College  of  California — 

Dear  Sirs  :  Your  communication  addressed  to  the  President  and 
Directors  of  this  company  under  date  of  October  16,  1865,  was  re- 
ceived the  tenth  inst.,  and  was  referred  by  the  Board  of  Directors  at 
their  meeting  held  the  fourteenth  inst.  to  the  undersigned,  with  power. 
In  accordance  therewith,  and  in  view  of  the  important  interests  of 
education  on  the  Pacific  slope  involved  in  the  prosperity  of  the  Col- 
lege of  California,  I  have  reciuested  the  company's  agent,  Oliver 
Eldridge,  Es(i.,  to  place  to  your  credit  the  sum  of  $5,000  in  U.  S. 
gold  coin,  said  donation  to  be  for  the  sole  use  of  the  library  of  the 
College  of  California. 

"  In  conclusion,  permit  me  to  express  the  hope  and  expectation 
that  some  of  your  able  and  public-spirited  citizens  will  contribute  a 
sufficient  fund  for  the  additional  purposes  named  in  your  letter.  I 
am,  dear  sirs,  respectfully  yours,         Allan  McLane,  President.'' 

This  mark  of  appreciation  from  that  great  company,  and 
from  its  President,  who  knew  California  so  well,  and  knew 
.some  of  us  engaged  in  building  the  College,  was  gratifying 
and  encouraging  beyond  expression.  It  was  a  surprise  to 
some  that  our  enterprise  was  appreciated  to  this  extent  by 
business  men,  many  of  whom  were  strangers  and  living  so  far 
away.  Concerning  this  donation  the  /"rtrZ/fr  of  January  ii, 
1866,  said: — 

"The  Pacific  Mail  Steamship  Company  handsomely  inaugurated, 


144  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

as  we  trust,  a  new  era  in  California  benevolence.  We  hope  their 
munificent  gift  of  $5,000  to  the  College  of  California,  for  a  library, 
will  generously  provoke  others  to  good  works. 

"During  the  past  two  or  three  years,  our  Eastern  colleges  have  re- 
ceived princely  endowments.  In  the  very  shock  and  tumult  of  war, 
there  was  a  gentler  inspiration,  which  led  to  a  wonderful  outpouring 
of  treasure  in  behalf  of  many  of  these  institutions.  But  California, 
which  steadily  rolled  the  great  golden  balance-wheel,  keeping  all  the 
little  paper  fly-wheels  from  going  to  smash — got  very  little  back  in 
the  way  of  thank-offerings,  or  eleemosynary  contributions.  But  as 
public  watchmen,  wc  proclaim  that  the  'good  time  coming'  //A'icome. 
The  era  of  handsome  giving  fairly  opens  with  this  year  of  grace. 
The  College  library  now  has  just  the  quarter  part  of  a  respectable 
endowment.  It  needs  an  additional  $15,000;  or,  rather,  the  public 
needs  to  have  it  invested  there,  to  meet,  in  some  sense,  the  educa- 
tional wants  of  this  thronging  company  of  young  students  already 
hungry  for  books  and  doomed  to  famish  if  they  cannot  be  fed. 

"  ^\'hat  a  grand  opportunity  to  do  good!  We  are  painfully  anxious 
that  some  of  our  friends  shall  not  miss  it.  In  the  name  of  more  than 
one  hundred  thousand  of  our  youth,  we  send  greeting  to  a  score  of 
rich  men — or  such  as  are  rich  in  devising  and  executing  liberal 
things.  Better  let  the  marble  monument  go  unbuilt.  If  friends 
put  on  the  inscrijition,  ten  to  one  if  they  do  not  fib  awfully.  If  one 
wishes  to  be  a  power  in  the  world,  let  him  not  only  make,  but  exe- 
cute, his  will  before  he  dies.  What  a  lever  of  hidden  forces  in  five 
thousand  books  !  And  what  a  glorious  band  of  executors  will  these 
youth  be,  whom  he  commands  to  read,  emulate,  and  march  on  to 
a  better  manhood  !  Surely,  a  man  may  be  a  living  power  in  the 
world,  and  that  to  some  purpose,  who  marshals  five  or  ten  thousand 
books,  so  that  they  live  and  speak  for  him,  for  generations.  We 
want  less  obituary  literature,  and  more  ante  mortem  subscriptions. 
There  are  men  among  us,  providentially  called  to  go  out  and  feed 
more  than  five  thousand  in  the  desert,  and  they  can  do  it  without 
any  miracle  but  that  miracle  of  grace  which  overcomes  self  and  makes 
all  good  things  jiossible.  There  will  be  more  than  twelve  baskets 
of  fragments — more  even  of  unbroken  loaves  to  hand  down  to  the 
next  hungry  generation.  Lest  any  should  meditate  too  long  on  the 
question  of  what  constitutes  a  'call '  to  complete  this  work — we  make 
no  doubt  llial  such  as  read  this,  and  feel  inclined  to  do  this  thing,  are 
s/yecially  called." 


CHAPTER   XII. 

PROGRESS  IN  THE  COLLEGE  WORK. 

The  first  or  fall  term  of  1865-66  closed  with  its  appropriate 
examinations,  and  in  due  time  the  Faculty's  reports  came  be- 
fore the  Trustees: — 

"In  general,"  the  Secretary,  Professor  Kellogg,  said,  "the  records 
of  the  Faculty  show  a  healthful  tone  of  discipline,  and  an  absence  of 
offenses  against  the  College  laws.  The  marks  for  the  term  indicate 
for  the  most  part  faithful  and  successful  application  on  the  part  of  the 
students.  The  Freshman  class  marked  lowest  in  scholarship,  a  fact 
plainly  owing  chiefly  to  imperfect  preparation  for  college.  They 
exhibited  a  marked  improvement  during  the  term.  One,  by  advice, 
has  left  the  class  to  make  better  preparation  for  the  next  class. 
Several  others  have  been  obliged  to  absent  themselves  for  reasons 
not  connected  with  their  college  standing.  One  member  of  the 
Junior  class  has  gone  to  an  Eastern  college.  The  Senior  class 
made  a  good  term's  record  except  in  connection  with  a  single  de- 
partment. In  this  their  rank  was  unhesitatingly  cut  down  to  a  very 
low  point,  although  there  will  be  a  partial  opportunity  to  retrieve  the 
ground  lost  at  the  Senior  examination.  The  Faculty  find  that  one 
lesson  a  week,  as  in  Senior  German  and  French,  and  Junior  French, 
Latin,  and  Greek,  is  too  little  to  keep  up  a  continuous  interest  in  the 
study  pursued.  The  German  teacher  has  desired  two  recitations  a 
week  for  the  Seniors,  and  the  French  teacher  two  for  each  of  the 
upper  classes.  If  the  Trustees  do  not  see  fit  to  allot  more  time  to 
these  studies,  the  Faculty  have  it  in  mind  to  rearrange  the  schedule, 
so  that  no  study,  while  it  is  regularly  pursued,  shall  have  less  than 
two  exercises  a  week." 

Accompanying  this  Faculty  report,  came  the  several  reports 

of  the  individual  professors  and  instructors.      Professor  Durant 

said: — 

10 


146  HISTORY  or  TI/E  COIJ.EGF.  OF  CArJFORNTA. 

"  The  lectures  of  President  Hopkins  on  Moral  Science  were  re- 
cited through  and  reviewed  by  the  Seniors  during  the  session,  and  a 
large  part  of  Butler's  Analogy  was  recited  once.  These  studies  were 
not  only  interesting  to  the  class  generally  for  their  scientific  and 
iterary  value,  but  useful  for  their  moral  influence.  The  Juniors 
continued  the  reading  of  Demosthenes  concerning  the  crown. 
Having  only  one  recitation  each  week  they  could  not  bring  the  les- 
sons into  that  close  contact  with  each  other  which  rhetoric  must  have, 
like  any  other  fuel,  to  burn,  and  therefore  they  made  a  frigid  work  of 
it.  A  greater  continuity  of  study  might  have  afforded  a  better  result. 
This  class  also  recited  W'hately's  Logic.  But  reciting  only  twice 
each  week  they  were  obliged  to  pass  over  some  parts  of  the  work  by 
pretty  long  strides,  which,  however,  as  the  author  himself  is  not  very 
consistent  or  consecutive,  they  managed  to  do,  with  '  chopping '  the 
book  only  and  not  the  logic.  The  Sophomore  class  recited  the 
'  Prometheus  Bound  '  of  ,4^"schylus.  They  performed  this  task  well, 
not  only  as  a  study  of  the  original  (ireek,  but  a  practice  of  their  own 
English.  Nor  yet  as  a  matter  of  mere  language  chiefly,  nor  of  tragic 
execution  ;  but  as  a  philosophic  ideal  of  humanity  and  of  divine 
Providence-  The  Freshman  class  recited  Homer's  'Iliad,'  (Ireek 
Grammar,  and  Arnold's  Greek  Prose  Composition.  The  class  was 
very  deficient  in  preparation  for  college,  and,  of  course,  studied 
during  the  term  to  disadvantage.  More  time  was  spent  in  drilling 
on  those  elements  which  should  have  been  thoroui^hly  known  al- 
ready, than  was  consistent  with  the  claims  of  the  College  curriculum. 
The  ])rescribed  amount,  however,  was  read,  and  the  class  passed  a 
very  good  examination.  All  the  classes  recited  together  every  PViday 
morning  during  the  session  in  the  Greek  I  estament,  reading  Matthew 
nearly  through.  The  classes  were  not  examined  in  this  study,  a 
jjersonal  religious  use  of  it  being  intended,  more  than  a  philological 
or  grammatical  one.  There  is  every  reason  to  know  that  the  relig- 
ious studies  and  devotional  exercises  of  the  students  as  appointed  in 
the  College  and  in  their  several  places  of  Sabbath  instruction  and 
worship,  are  eminently  .salutary." 

Professor  Kellogg  said  : — 

"The  Senior  class  recited  to  me  in  Weber's  Outlines  of  History, 
going  over  most  of  the  first  three  hundred  images.  They  reviewed 
the  larger  ])art  of  the  term's  work,  and  passed  a  satisfactory  examina- 
tion on  the  portions  reviewed.     They  also  recited  to  me  the  whole  of 


\  \ 


Clark's  Lectures  on  English  Literature,  which  they  did  not  review. 
The  Junior  class  took  up  Weber's  Outlines,  one  lesson  a  week  for 
two-thirds  of  the  term,  and  made  special  study  of  English  History. 
Topics  were  assigned  them  for  further  investigation  and  independent 
judgment,  the  result  being  communicated  orally  or  in  written  essays. 
The  Latin  for  the  term  was  the  first  twenty  pages  of  Cicero  de 
Oratore,  which  they  reviewed,  and  were  examined  on.  It  is  unfor- 
tunate to  be  limited,  in  Junior  Latin,  to  one  recitation  a  week.  The 
class  did  a  fair  term's  work.  The  Sophomore  class  read  with  me  the 
whole  of  Cicero  dc  Scnectutc,  which  they  reviewed  for  examination. 
They  read,  also,  the  first  chapters  of  De  Oratore^  and  completed  the 
usual  course  in  Latin  prose  composition.  The  class  reached  a  high 
standard  of  excellence.  The  Freshman  class  read  less  than  the  usual 
amount  of  Livy,  but  read  it  well,  and  passed  a  good  examination. 
They  recited  the  syntax  and  prosody  of  the  grammar,  began  prose 
composition,  and  went  over  Piltz  &  Arnold's  Cieography  and  History 
of  Greece." 

Mr.  Hodgsoi>  reported  : — 

"The  Senior  class  had  three  recitations  a  week.  They  completed 
Olmsted's  Astronomy  and  began  reciting  in  chemistry.  The  Juniors 
recited  four  times  a  week  from  Snell's  Olmsted's  Philosophy.  They 
studied  and  reviewed  from  the  beginning  to  the  subject  of  optics. 
The  Sophomores  recited  four  times  a  week.  They  studied  plane 
trigonometry,  spherical  geometry,  and  trigonometry,  and  commenced 
the  study  of  surveying.  The  Freshmen  with  four  recitations  a  week 
passed  over  Robinson's  University  Algebra,  from  quadratics  to  sec- 
tion 8  on  the  properties  of  equations.  I  have  no  reason  to  com- 
plain of  any  class  as  a  whole." 

Mr.  Des  Rochers,  from  the  French  Department,  said  : — 

"  The  Senior  class  has  recited  but  one  lesson  a  week  during  the 
term.  On  account  of  the  frequent  absence  of  two  members  of  the 
class  from  their  recitations,  the  Seniors  did  not,  perhaps,  do  full 
justice  to  themselves.  The  class  translated  a  portion  of  Julius 
Caesar,  one  of  our  most  classic  French  works.  The  Juniors  had, 
also,  but  one  lesson  a  week  during  this  term.  That  class  has  done 
very  well  indeed.  Had  they  recited  twice  a  week,  the  result  would 
have  been  remarkable.  Both  classes  felt  very  much  the  want  of  two 
recitations  a  week  in  order  to  keep  up  a  greater  degree  of  interest  in 


148  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLF.GE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

that  most  important  branch  of  education.  The  Sophomores  have  re- 
cited three  times  a  week,  and  the  result  has  been  very  satisfactory. 
They  showed  great  interest  in  every  lesson,  writing  all  the  exercises, 
and  learning  the  rules  perfectly,  so  that,  if  the  class  continues  with  the 
same  good-will  through  the  next  term,  I  think  it  will  be  but  little  be- 
hind the  other  two  classes  above  mentioned.  It  would  be  very  de- 
sirable, on  account  of  the  increasing  necessity  of  the  knowledge  of 
French,  that  the  Seniors  and  Juniors  should  have  two  recitations  a 
week  if  possible,  in  order  to  do  full  justice  to  the  French  Grammar, 
translation,  pronunciation,  exercises,  and  composition." 

Mr.  Sanborn,  Instructor  in  German,  reported: — 

"  During  the  past  term  the  Senior  class  has  read  twenty  pages  ot 
Goethe's  'Faust.'  The  Junior  class  has  recited  one  hundred  and 
twenty  pages  of  Woodbury's  German  Grammar,  with  nearly  all  the 
etymology,  and  several  pages  of  reading  lessons,  making  very 
commendable  progress." 

In  view  of  the  .statements  contained  in  thpsc  reports,  the 
Trustees  authorized  a  reconstruction  of  the  schedule  of  recita- 
tions by  a  committee  consisting  of  members  of  the  Faculty 
and  of  the  lioard.  In  summin<j  u[)  the  work  of  the  term 
I  reported  to  the   Trustees  as  follows: — 

"The  examination  was,  on  the  whole,  satisfactory.  It  was  con- 
tinued through  two  days.  As  conducted  by  the  professors  and  in- 
structors, it  was  impartial  and  searching.  Its  thoroughness  in  detail, 
and  the  comprehensiveness  of  its  range  through  the  studies  of  all  the 
classes,  bespoke  the  spirit  and  the  reality  of  the  ('olkge.  No  i)ne 
could  be  present  through  it  all,  and  not  become  aware  that  here  was 
the  beginning  of  liberal  learning.  The  foregoing  reports  of  the  pro- 
fessors and  instructors  in  the  different  dei)artments  indicate  that  but 
moderate  satisfaction  is  fell  by  them  with  any  degree  of  excellence 
yet  reached,  but  that  their  standard  is  high,  and  that  no  exertion  will 
be  spared  on  their  part  to  advance  further  and  further  onward  every 
term.  'I'he  young  men  respond  with  scholarly  zeal  to  these  efforts  of 
the  Faculty,  and  apply  themselves  with  more  than  usual  assiduity. 
These  facts  all  go  to  show  to  the  Board,  and  to  all  thinking  men, 
that  we  have  an  institution  of  rare  promise,  and  one  that  will 
speedily  mature  if  the  pro|)cr  exertion  is  made  in  its  behalf.     It  is, 


PROGRESS  IN  THE  COLLEGE  WORK.  U'J 

possibly,  a  few  years  in  advance  of  the  common  demand  of  the  youth 
of  the  State.  The  smallness  of  the  classes  indicates  this  There  are 
very  few  if  any  scholars  in  the  various  academies  and  high  schools 
who  are  within  two  years  of  being  prepared  to  enter  college. 

"  We  have  to  depend  solely  on  our  own  College  School  to  supply 
candidates  for  college.  But  the  grade  of  schools  above  mentioned 
is  now  found  in  most  of  our  cities  and  towns,  and  youth  are  pursuing 
their  studies  in  them,  aiming  toward  the  College  A  few  years  hence 
there  will  be  applicants  enough  presenting  themselves,  if  we  hold 
well  to  our  standard  and  provide  the  proposed  instruction.  In  fact, 
we  are  not  a  day  too  early.  This  is  the  very  hour  in  the  progress  of 
things  when  the  initial  work  we  are  now  doing  can  best  be  done. 
The  college  standard  should  be  set  up.  The  first  attempts  should 
be  made,  and  the  institution  reared  and  furnished.  This  is  the  time 
for  these  things.  A  beginning  could  hardly  be  more  proj>itious  than 
we  have  here.  This  indicates  the  responsibility  resting  on  the  officers. 
Trustees,  and  friends  of  the  College.  The  foundation  now  well  laid 
must  receive  brick  by  brick  its  superstructure.  The  work  of  the 
past  term  must  be  repeated  and  improved  upon  in  the  terms  that  are 
to  follow.  The  importance  of  this  whole  matter  must  be  so  pressed 
upon  the  attention  of  business  men  as  to  bring  forth  the  means 
wherewith  to  go  forward  in  this  work.  We  turn  now  towards  the  last 
half  of  the  current  College  year.  'I'he  coming  six  months  must 
show  the  fruits  of  what  has  gone  before." 

And  so  we  turned  into  the  work  of  the  new  term,  which 
was  to  end  with  another  Commencement,  and  the  graduation 
of  tiie  class  of  1866.  Not  far  had  we  gone  in  it  before  we 
met  with  another  great  loss.  I  remember  it  as  if  it  were  but  yes- 
terday. It  was  on  Monday,  the  sixteenth  of  April.  I  was  in 
Montgomery  Street,  on  College  business,  when  there  came  the 
sound  of  a  great  explosion,  and  then  a  cloud  of  smoke  rose  up 
from  the  vicinity  of  the  crossing  of  California  and  Montgom- 
ery Streets.  Quickly  it  was  ascertained  that  there  had  been 
a  nitro-glycerine  explosion  in  the  rear  of  Wells,  Fargo  &  Co.'s 
Express  building,  and  that  among  the  dead  was  G.  W.  Hell, 
one  of  our  College  Trustees.  It  was  a  personal  grief  to  us 
all,  and  a  very  great  loss  to  the  College.  Mr.  Bell  was  one  of 
our  generous  men,  and  also  one  of  our  willing  men,  ready  to 


150  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CAI iFORNLA. 

help  meet  emergencies,  punctual  at  Trustee  meetings,  and 
patient  to  go  through  the  sometimes  tiresome  detail  of  affairs. 
He  was  the  kind  of  man  we  needed.  And  to  lose  him  in  ad- 
dition to  the  other  able  Trustees  whose  names  have  already 
been  mentioned,  was  a  heavy  blow  to  our  cause.  We  felt  it 
to  be  so  tiien.  And  we  found  it  t(^  be  so  in  the  time  follow- 
ing. 

At  the  ne.xt  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Trustees,  held  May 
7,  1866,  the  following  preamble  and  resolutions  were  adopted: 

"Whereas,  In  the  providence  of  God,  since  our  regular  meeting 
in  April,  (iarrett  W.  Bell,  a  member  of  this  Board,  was,  by  a  fearful 
accident,  removed  suddenly  from  this  life, 

'■'■Resolved,  That  we  put  upon  record  our  heart-felt  sorrow  at  his  loss, 
and  gladly  bear  our  testimony  to  his  distinguished  worth  as  a  man.  a 
Christian,  and  a  lover  of  the  cause  of  education,  and  a  ready  and 
generous  helper  in  its  service  ;  studious,  particularly  of  ways  in  which 
most  effectively  to  build  up  the  institution  under  our  charge. 

"  Resolved,  further,  'I'hat  we  tender  our  sympathies  to  the  family  of 
the  dccca.sed,  assuring  them  that  their  great  sorrow  is,  in  no  small 
measure,  ours  also,  and  that  we  shall  ever  fondly  cherish  the  memory 
of  the  departed  with  the  tenderness  of  a  personal  friendship." 

Ver\-  soon  afterward  wc  received  word  from  Rev.  Dr.  Hitch- 
cock," that  he  must  decline  the  office  of  President  of  the  Col- 
lege, which  we  had  tendered  him.  His  letter  to  us  was  as 
follows: — 

"  Union  Theological  Seminary,      ( 
New  York,  April  5,  1866.  j 

"  Rev.  S.  H.  Willkv — Dear  Sir:  I  have  not  forgotten  that  1  was 
invited  some  time  ago  to  the  Presidency  of  the  College  of  California. 
Under  ordinary  circumstances  the  office  ought  long  ago  to  have  been 
either  accepted  or  declined.  But  my  understanding  of  the  matter 
was  that  since  I  could  not  see  my  way  clear  to  accept,  I  was  desired 
nut  to  decline  so  long  as  there  remained  any  chance  whatever  of  such 
changes  in  my  own  situation  or  feelings  as  might  turn  my  feet  to- 
wards the  Pacific  Coast.  Such  changes,  of  course,  were  jmssible,  if 
not  very  probable.  But  now  there  seems  to  be  no  good  reason  for 
keeping  the  question  any  longer  open.  pA-erything  conspires  to  keep 
me  on  the  .\tlantir  seaboard.      In  a  few  days  I  leave   for  Europe  to 


PROGRESS  IN  THE  COLLEGE   WORK.  ir,l 

be  absent  till  autumn.  Allow  me  therefore  to  return  to  the  hands  of 
your  Trustees  the  appointment  with  which  they  honored  me,  and  be 
good  enough  to  express  to  them,  not  only  my  thanks  for  their  kind 
appreciation  of  me.  but  also  my  lively  interest  in  the  success  of  their 
most  interesting  and  important  enterprise.  Yours  very  truly, 

"  RoswELL  D.  Hitchcock." 

Preparatory  to  the  Commencement,  which  was  to  be  on  the 
sixth  of  June,  Hon.  O.  L.  Shafter,  one  of  the  judges  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  State,  was  engaged  to  address  the  As- 
sociated Alumni,  and  Rev.  Frederick  Buel  to  deliver  the  poem. 
Rev.  Horatio  Stebbins,  D.  D.,  was  also  invited  to  address 
the  College  on  Commencement  Day. 

At  the  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Trustees,  on  May  7,  1866, 
the  committee  that  had  previously  been  appointed  on  naming 
the  streets  in  the  Berkeley  Homestead  Tract,  reported  through 
their  chairman,  Rev.  Dr.  Benton,  recommending  "  that  there 
be  scientific  streets  and  hterary  ways;  the  streets  to  run  north 
and  south,  and  the  ways  east  and  west.  That  the  streets  be 
called  in  alphabetical  order  after  the  names  of  American  men 
of  science,  and  the  ways  in  like  order,  after  American  men  of 
letters;  beginning  on  the  east  side  with  the  streets,  Audubon. 
Bowditch,  Choate,  Dana,  Ellsworth,  Fulton,  Guyot,  Henry, 
etc.;  and  the  ways,  beginning  on  the  north  side,  Allston, 
Bancroft,  Channing,  Dwight,  Everett,  Fulton,  etc.  This  re- 
port was  adopted  and  the  streets  and  ways  named  accordingly. 
The  name  of  the  proposed  College  town  was  not  a  matter  so 
easily  determined.  It  was  desired  to  find  one  not  too  com- 
mon, and  at  the  same  time  appropriate  to  the  locality  and  to 
the  institution  which  we  expected  would  characterize  the 
place.  We  consulted  Mr.  Olsmted.  He  wrote  a  letter  discuss- 
ing the  principles  of  taste,  according  to  which  the  selection  of 
a  name  should  be  made.  He  suggested  a  variety  of  names 
which  seemed  to  him  appropriate.  But  for  some  rea.son  no 
one  of  them  came  to  be  the  choice  of  the  Board.  Nor  did 
any  name  among  the  ,many  that  were  hitherto  suggested  by 
individual  Trustees.  T'.ic  matter  had  been  up  sev^eral  times 
before,  and  every  time  laid  over  for  future  consideration.      But 


152  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLRGE  OF  CALIFORXfA. 

now,  in  the  progress  of  our  map-making,  etc.,  we  had  come  to 
a  time  when  we  must  have  a  name.  In  the  pinch,  Mr.  Bill- 
ings was  casting  about  in  his  mind  for  lines  of  thought  that 
would  suggest  a  name  appropriate  and  unobjectionable,  and 
our  far  western  location  where  we  were  trying  to  build  a  col- 
lege brought  to  his  recollection,  "  Westward  the  course  of 
empire  takes  its  way."  "  Berkeley,"  he  said  to  himself,  "  Berke- 
ley, the  author  of  those  prophetic  lines — why  wouldn't  Berke- 
ley be  a  good  name  for  our  town?"  And  so  he  proposed  it, 
and  it  was  talked  over.  The  more  it  was  considered,  the  more 
it  was  favored.  It  seemed  to  meet  the  conditions  of  the  case 
better  on  the  whole  than  any  other  name  that  had  been 
thought  of  And  so  "  Berkeley  "  was  the  name  unanimously 
chosen  for  our  new  College  town.  This  was  at  a  meeting  of 
Trustees  held  on  May  24,  1866.' 

'  Although  I  have  used  tliis  name  "  Berkeley,"  in  speaking  of  the  College  site 
hitherto,  it  has  been  merely  Un  convenience.  Before  this  date  the  general  loca- 
tion was  known  only  as  "  The  College  Grounds." 


UNIVEBSIT 

;§Ji.lFORK»' 

CHAPTER^III. 

THE  THIRD  COMMENCEMENT. 

After  the  usual  examinations  at  the  close  of  the  College 
year,  came  the  Commencement-time.  A  change  was  made 
this  year,  and  the  Commencement  was  held  in  the  large  hall 
of  the  College  School  in  the  forenoon,  and  the  Alumni  Ora- 
tion was  delivered  there  in  the  afternoon,  and  the  collation 
for  the  evening  was  spread  as  usual  in  the  College  chapel. 
The  day  was  auspicious  and  beautiful;  the  attendance  was 
large  and  cheering,  the  great  hall  being  filled.  Four  young 
men  were  graduated,  namely,  Charles  A.  Garter,  Lowell  J. 
Hardy,  William  D.  Harvvood,  and  Clarence  F.  Townscnd,  all 
of  whom  took  part  in  the  exercises.  Their  addresses  did 
them  credit  for  ability,  style,  and  delivery.  The  College  ora- 
tion was  pronounced  by  Rev.  Horatio  Stebbins,  D.  D.  It 
was  brief,  pertinent,  philosophical,  effectively  delivered,  and 
was  warmly  applauded.  After  the  conferring  of  decrees  on 
the  graduating  class,  the  honorary  degree  of  Master  of  Arts 
was  conferred  on  George  W.  Bunnell,  E.  D.  Sawyer,  H.  P. 
Carlton,  H.  W.  Cleveland,  and  Charles  A.  Tuttle.  In  the 
afternoon  Judge  Shafter  delivered  an  address  before  the  As- 
sociated Alumni.  His  theme  was:  "The  relations  of  human 
progress  to  the  reason,  acting  in  right  method."  The  discus- 
sion was  able  and  the  style  scholarly  and  beautiful.  He  spoke 
to  a  crowded  assembly,  in  which  was  an  uncommonly  large 
number  of  educated  men.  Rev.  Mr.  Buel's  poem,  which  fol- 
lowed, surprised  the  audience  with  its  humor,  and  often 
brought  forth  laughter  and  applause. 

These  exercises  over,  the  procession  was  formed  and  the 
march  taken  to  the  chapel,  where  the  festivities  of  the  even- 


ir)4  insroRy  of  the  college  of  California. 

ing  were  to  be  observed.  The  attendance  was  larger  than  at 
either  of  the  Alumni  meetings  that  had  gone  before,  and  was 
one  of  great  interest  and  enjoyment  throughout.  John  W. 
Dwindle,  President  of  the  Association,  presided  at  the  table, 
supported  by  Bishop  Kip  and  General  McDowell.  Every 
chair  was  taken.  The  supper  was  pronounced  excellent,  and 
the  fair  ladies  of  Oakland  replenished  the  board.  Then  came 
the  speaking.     The  President  opened  by  saying: — 

"  Brothers  :  Another  year  has  completed  its  circle  since  we  cele- 
brated our  last  festival,  and  the  Alumni  of  the  Pacific  Coast  are  once 
more  together.  .  .  .  Dear  to  the  heart  of  an  alumnus  is  his  Alma 
Mater,  the  nursing  mother  who  first  taught  his  tender  feet  to  tread 
the  difficult  paths  of  knowledge.  Around  her  cluster  his  fondest 
memories,  and  in  that  distant  land  from  which  we  came,  it  was 
among  our  most  cherished  hopes  to  return  again  and  again  to  her 
feet  on  annually  recurring  seasons  of  reunion,  there  to  meet  our  fos- 
ter brothers,  who  made  us  boys  again  in  the  renewal  of  old  intimacies 
and  associations.  But  alas,  our  Alma  Maters  are  far  removed  from 
us,  and  the  high  places  to  which  we  went  up  to  worship  during  the 
summer  solstice,  sink  fir,  far  in  the  distance,  thousands  of  miles  be- 
yond the  most  distant  horizon.  We  all  love  California  as  the  seat 
of  our  early  homes,  and  the  future  field  where  our  children  are  to 
reap  the  harvests  of  life.  Here  will  we  live,  and  here  will  we  be 
buried.  She  was  once  to  us  the  land  of  prom'ise  which  we  were  not 
constrained  to  behold  only  from  the  distant  mountain-top,  and  then 
die,  but  have  been  permitted  to  enter;  and  which  has  already  become 
to  most  of  us,  in  a  blessed  manner,  the  land  of  realized  hoi)e.  We 
are  bound  to  her  by  the  s'trongest  ties  of  attachment,  and  not  less 
because  she  so  much  resembles,  in  her  physical  features  and  produc- 
tions, that  other  promised  land  of  Israel,  that  hers,  also,  is  a  land 
flowing  with  milk  and  honey;  that  the  lion  goes  up  to  the  mountains 
from  the  swelling  of  her  mighty  rivers;  that  her  cedars  are  loftier 
and  more  ancient  than  those  of  Lebanon;  that  her  stones  are  silver 
and  her  rocks  are  gold;  land  of  the  fig  tree,  the  olive,  the  orange,  and 
the  vine, — Calilornia,  next  to  our  mother  in  the  aflections  of  our 
hearts!  But  even  while  we  bend  before  her  in  homage,  and  pay  her 
the  vow.s  of  our  eternal  fealty,  as  she  sits  enthroned  beside  the  sun- 
set sea;  the  crown  of  her  young  sovereignty  glittering  with  jeweled 
light;  her  bosom  fiiloil   uilh  harvests,  and   her  lap   overflowing  with 


THE  THIRD  COMMENCEMENT.  I5r) 

gold,  we  cannot  forget  that  other,  Eastern  land,  the  land  of  our  birth 
and  education,  which,  in  our  common  speech,  we  still  call  by  the 
tender  name  of  home.  And  as  we  turn  our  wistful,  longing  eyes  to 
the  East,  and,  in  imagination,  behold  the  long  processions  of  our 
fellow  Alumni,  winding  up  the  sacred  hills  to  the  sites  of  our  Alma 
Maters,  we  feel  an  irresistible  impulse  to  send  them  messages  of  love 
and  affection. 

•  And  we  are  fortunate  in  having  present  with  us  on  this  occasion 
one  who  in  position,  character,  and  attainment  we  are  proud  to  claim 
as  our  representative;  whose  reputation  as  a  writer  and  a  scholar  is 
wider  than  the  domain  of  our  republic;  and  who,  lately,  in  foreign 
lands,  and  in  the  crisis  of  our  country's  destiny,  in  his  own  person, 
illustrated  the  type  of  the  American  gentleman  and  patriot.  I  re- 
quest the  Bishop  of  California  to  respond  to  this  sentiment :  ''  The 
Associated  Alumni  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  to  the  Alumni  of  the  East" 
em  States,  send  greeting." 

Bishop  Kip  rising  to  respond,  was  greeted  with  long  and 
hearty  applause.  When  this  had  subsided  he  spoke  as  fol- 
lows:— 

"  Mr.  Chairman  and  Brethren  of  the  Alumni:  I  have  been 
honored  by  the  request  to  reply  to  the  sentiment  which  has  just  been 
read,  a  sentiment  most  appropriate  to  this  your  annual  festival.  It  is 
one,  too,  to  which  I  can  most  heartily  respond.  An  occasion  like 
this  banishes  all  feelings  of  strangeness,  and  enables  those  who  never 
before  met  face  to  face  to  realize  that  there  is  a  golden  chain  which 
unites  them,  as  disciples  in  a  common  cause.  In  the  Republic  of 
Letters  there  are  no  aliens,  and  in  the  brotherhood  of  scholars  all 
may  claim  kindred,  however  humble  their  efforts,  if  they  are  animated 
by  the  right  spirit,  and  are  laboring  for  the  common  welfare.  In  the 
name,  then,  of  those  who,  like  myself,  derive  their  membership  from 
the  tmie-honored  institutions  of  the  East,  brethren  of  the  Associate 
Alumni,  we  would  thank  you  for  your  greeting,  for  the  right  hand  of 
fellowship  you  have  held  out,  for  the  kindly  welcome  you  have  given. 

"  Next  indeed  to  the  brotherhood  of  faith  is  that  of  letters.  It  is  a 
wide  brotherhood,  including  within  its  ranks  all  who  are  striving  to 
diffuse  sound  literature,  or  to  labor  for  the  intellectual  advancement 
of  themselves  or  others.  It  is,  too,  an  ancient  brotherhood.  We 
are  no  isolated  laborers,  but  members  of  a  mighty  fellowship,  whose 


156  IlISTORy  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALLFORNIA. 

origin  is  in  far  distant  ages,  and  which  is  to  go  on  long  after  we  have 
run  our  brief  career.  In  us  the  dead  have  labored,  and  we  hare 
entered  in  to  enjoy  the  fruit  of  their  patient  toil.  And  solemn  it 
is  as  we  look  to  the  past,  to  watch  the  progress  and  development  of 
that  knowledge  which  we  have  inherited;  to  see  how,  through  pass- 
ing centuries,  the  noblest  intellects  were  laboring  in  the  mine  of 
thought,  that  we  might  stand  upon  a  vantage-ground,  and  become  the 
heirs  of  treasures  which  they  purchased  by  the  strivings  of  a  life.  It 
was  a  mighty  struggle,  with  ever  varying  success.  At  times,  as  in  the 
days  of  (irecian  glory,  or  the  Augustan  age  in  Rome,  the  human 
mind  advanced  with  a  rapidity  which  all  could  mark,  and  lofty  intel- 
lects came  forth,  at  the  very  mention  of  whose  names  we  now  rise 
up  and  bare  the  brow  in  reverence.  And  then,  for  a  time,  it  seemed 
to  suffer  a  defeat,  and  the  cause  went  backward,  when  the  journeyers, 
like  the  schoolmen  of  the  Middle  Ages,  were  wandering  in  a  mighty 
desert,  arid,  trackless,  and  silent,  with  no  gushing  fountains  to  quench 
their  thirst,  and  no  manna  to  relieve  tlieir  hungry  souls.  They  had 
struggled  to  leave  the  land  of  Egyptian  darkness,  but  poor  humanity 
strove  in  vain  to  advance,  and  the  promised  Canaan  of  knowledge 
ever  receded  from  them.  But  this  was  not  so.  These  were  not  only 
as  'men  beating  the  air'  Those  long  and  laborious  years  were  not 
wasted.  These  earnest  thinkers,  though  they  seemed  to  add  nothing 
to  the  sum  of  human  knowledge,  did  not  live  in  vain.  They  were 
aiding  in  the  education  of  the  human  mind,  and  though  this  disci- 
pline was  gained  in  the  desert,  still  it  fitted  them  for  the  conquest  yet 
before  them.  And  when  there  came  a  law-giver  like  Bacon,  who 
pointed  out  the  path  they  were  to  tread,  they  found  themselves  jirepared 
to  'go  up  and  possess  the  land.'  And  so  the  cause  went  on  through 
successive  generations  till  it  came  to  us.  And  now  from  the  distant 
past,  from  the  populous  centuries  which  have  gone,  there  is  wafted  to 
us  a  solemn  and  mysterious  sound,  which  is  the  voice  of  these  ancient 
laborers.  The  field  in  which  we  are  to  toil  is  filled  with  their  me- 
morials, anil  each  moment  of  busy,  eager,  craving  life,  we  are  brought 
into  contact  with  the  records  of  the  dead.  'Ihis,  then,  is  the  tie 
which  links  us  together  in  one  mighty  fellowship. 

"  To  recur,  for  an  instant,  to  another  illustration.  Those  who  went 
before  us  laid  the  foundation  of  that  vast  edifice  which,  through  ages, 
has  been  gradually  rising  into  power  and  strength.  And  when  they 
were  called  away  from  their  toil,  others  of  the  common  brotherhood 


i 


THE  THIRD  COMMENCEMENi:  157 

who  succeetleil  them,  took  u])  the  implements  of  labor  which  they 
hud  dropped,  and  built  on  where  they  had  been  forced  to  leave  off, 
until,  at  length,  these  too  ceased  from  their  work.  And  thus  the 
work  was  betjueathed  to  us,  that  we  might  do  our  share  for  the 
world's  welfare.  In  returning  the  greetings  of  our  younger  brothers, 
may  we  not  expect  them,  particularly  those  who  to-day,  for  the  first 
time,  have  put  on  the  toga,  to  live  in  accordance  with  the  dignity 
they  have  assumed?  Here  in  this,  the  place  where  your  youthful 
powers  have  been  nurtured,  in  these  classic  shades  where  many  a  day- 
dream has  been  indulged,  which  you  trust  the  future  will  change 
into  reality — determine  to  live  worthy  of  the  brotherhood  to  which 
you  belong.  Turn  from  that  shallow  philosophy  which  would  reject 
the  hoarded  experience  of  ages  and  discard  all  that  the  world  has 
ever  reverenced.  In  humility  and  distrustfulness  of  self,  learn  to  be 
Christian  scholars.  Then,  laboring  on  with  high  and  holy  purpose* 
whether  success  crowns  your  efforts  or  not,  your  rew'ard  will  be  with 
you.     In  the  words  of  a  living  poet,  we  may  say  to  you: — 

"  '  (Ireal  duties  are  before  you,  and  great  works, 
But  whether  crowned  or  crownless  when  you  fall, 
It  matters  not,  so  as  God's  will  is  done.'  " 

At  the  close  of  Bishop  Kip's  speech  the  President  said :  "  Look- 
ing around  us  upon  our  associates  who  crowd  this  hall,  we 
know  who  and  what  the  Alumni  of  the  Pacific  Coast  arc.  Cicero 
speaks  of  some  of  his  younger  friends  as  probable  orators  and  as 
possible  statesmen,  but  we  know  that  the  Alumni  of  the  future  are 
certain  to  succeed  us.  Their  forms  are  already  visible  through  the 
parting  mists  of  the  future,  but  their  faces  are  veiled.  I  ask  Profes- 
sor Durant.  of  the  College  of  California,  to  answer  for  The  Alumni 
in  esse^  and  .\lumni  in  posse. 

Said  Professor  Durant :  " '  The  Alumni  in  esse,  and  Alumni  in  posse.' 
A  phraseology,  Mr.  President,  gotten  up,  one  might  suppose,  on 
purpose  to  provoke  the  speech  of  some  classical  professor !  Cottcn 
up,  I  say,  sir,  for  it  never  grew  naturally  from  the  classics,  nor  from 
any  other  source  of  language.  It  is  what  you  may  call  a  hybrid — an 
insolence  to  nature,  and  to  all  good  usage  as  well.  '  The  Alumni ! ' 
an  English  article  with  a  Latin  noun  !  'In  esse  and  m posse!' — two 
Latin  phrases  connected  by  an  English  conjunction  !  '  /«* — a  prep- 
osition common  to  several  languages,  and  made  here  to  govern  the 
infinitive   mood! — a  construction   tbund   in   no  language,  probably, 


158  ///STORY  (?/•"  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CAL/EOK.VIA. 

under  the  sun  !  You  intended  it,  I  presume,  sir,  as  an  illustration  of 
that  theory  which  your  Honor  detailed  to  us  the  last  year,  as  your 
theory  of  the  Latin  and  Greek  languages,  that  they  were  not  the 
l,atin  and  (ireek  languages  at  all,  but  only  a  couple  of  /t'ngos,  which 
somebody  had  made /or /un,  to  play  off  upon  young  collegians,  who 
might  be  green  enough,  and  gullible  enough,  to  pore  over  them  for 
years,  to  be  graduated  finally,  only  to  be  laughed  at  for  their  pains 
by  those  who,  like  yourself,  sir,  were  in  the  secret  of  the  game,  and 
had  been  pulling  its  wires  !  We  were  much  amused  at  the  expose 
which  you  thus  made  of  these  languages,  and  of  yourself.  Sir,  ex- 
cuse us;  for  while  we  laughed  at  the  idea  of  thinking  such  a  se//  was 
possible,  we  laughed  still  more  that  you  should  think  it  had  been 
practiced  on  yourself,  when  it  never  had  been;  and  that  you  should 
(  ommunicate  such  a  fiction  to  the  young  bachelors  as  a  fact !  It  was 
evident  that  you  really  believed  in  what  you  were  saying.  '  You  had 
been  told  it  when  you  graduated,'  and  you  took  it  in  earnest.  That 
was  what  we  laughed  at  most.  And  now  our  amusement  amounts  to 
admiration,  not  to  say  amazement,  that  you  come  forward  this  year 
with  a  practical  illustration  of  what,  the  last,  you  confessed  as  a  per- 
sonal misfortune,  namely,  that  you  had  been  hazed  in  the  matter  of 
your  classical  education,  and  that,  in  fact,  you  never  had  studied  the 
classical  languages.  Your  sensibility  to  misfortune  must  be  rather 
small,  sir,  or  else  your  love  of  consistency  very  great,  that  you  take 
such  pains  to  show  your  past  experience  in  your  present  practice. 

"  '  "^Phe  Alumni  in  ^-.or,  and  Alumni  in  posse.'  This  means,  we 
suppose,  the  Alumni  essentially,  and  the  Alumni  potentially — the 
Alumni  in  essence,  and  the  Alunmi  in  puissance!  We  shall  speak  to 
that  sentiment.  The  essence  of  an  Alumvus  is,  that  he  is  one  who 
has  come  to  be  what  he  is  by  alimentation,  or  l)y  feeding  and  nursing. 
If  he  is  not  that,  then  there  is  no  reliance  to  be  placed  on  Latin 
philology;  and  the  i-atin  language  is  what  you  have  taken  it  to  be. 
sir,  a  humbug!  The  learned  author  of  what  he  himself  has  called 
'The  Intellectual  Development  of  Europe,'  which  is,  'the  intellectual 
development'  of  Dr.  Draper,  of  the  University  of  New  York,  has 
written  this  book  (as  not  a  little  also  of  his  Physiology  )  on  pur- 
pose to  show  that  to  the  nursery  alone  is  due  the  difference,  not  only 
between  any  one  man  and  another,  but  between  man  and  every  other 
animal,  nay,  between  the  animal  and  the  plant,  the  plant  and  any 
form  even  of  inorganic  matter.     Whether  nitrogen  and  oxygen  shall 


T!fF.    rillRI^  COAfMENCEMENT.  159 

become  common  air,  or  a(jua  fortis,  depends  on   whether  these  ele- 
ments arc  mechanically  or  chemically  mixed;  whether  they  are  mas- 
ticated and  swallowed  together  merely,  or  whether  they  arc  digested 
and  assimilated  as  well.     Whether  the   same  egg,  or  larva,  in  a  bee- 
hive shall  become  a  working  bee,  a  drone,  or  a  queen  bee,  depends 
on  whether  it  be  crowded  away  into  a  narrow  cell,  and  fed  meanly, 
that  makes  a  worker;  or  introduced  into  a  more  roomy  saloon,  and 
free-lunched,  that  makes  a  drone,  a  bee  loafer ;  or  bestowed  in  the 
regal  pavilion,  surrounded  and  sung  to,  fed  and  nursed  by  maids  and 
bachelors  of  honor,  that  makes  a  queen  bee.     Whether  any  given 
germ  cell  of  life  (and  all  the  germ  cells  are  assumed  to  be  identically 
alike,  whether  animal  or  vegetable)  shall  become  the  merest  blotch 
of  mold  that  ever  sprouted  or  decayed  in  the  core  of  an  old  cheese, 
or   the  heart   of  an   old  bachelor,  or   the  noblest  soul   of  son   or 
daughter  of  Adam  that  ever  trod  the  earth,  or  spurning  its  trash, 
went  up  to  the  inheritance  in  the  skies,  is  all  a  matter  of  feeding  and 
lodging — '  merely  this,  and  nothing  more.'     Without  running  into  any 
such  extravagance,  I  do  say,  Mr.  President,  that  the  college  culturet 
or  what  is  tantamount  in  education,  no  matter  where  acquired  (it  is 
not  necessary  that  a  man  should  go  through  college  in  order  to  get 
the  spirit  or  even  the  form  of  a  collegiate  education,  but  only  that 
the  college  go  through  him — a  ([uestion,  indeed,  of  swallowing  and 
digestion),  but  the  thing  itself,  the  college  drift  and  habit  of  thought, 
its  compass  and  character  oi  knowledge,  is  essential  to  a  full-grown, 
thoroughbred    orthodox    man    or   woman,     '  fitted,    furnished,    and 
stablished,'  as  Paul  would  exhort,  '  in   every  good  word  and   work.' 
It  is  the  style  and  quality  of  our  knowledge,  more  than  its  amount, 
its  consistency  and  unity  of  form  and  aim,  that  makes  it  a  'power.' 
There  is  a   lax,  disjointed,   slipshod  knowledge,  that  weakens  and 
impedes   our   movements,  like  drastic  laxatives  and  loose  clothes. 
There  is  another,  which  is  organic,  which,  while  it  is  pliant,  is  com- 
pacted and  strong.     The  one  is  a  bundle  of  shreds,  a  rope  of  sand, 
a  skeleton  without  sinews   or  wires.     The  college,  like  the  gospel, 
gathers  up  the  fragments  into  its  baskets  that  nothing  may  be  lost. 
It  weaves  the  scattered  shreds  into  a  seamless  garment,  which  it  were 
sacrilege  to  part.     It  fuses  the  sands  into  the  crystal  glass,  which, 
through  its  coundess  uses  in  science  and  the  arts,  is  among  the  prime 
civilizers  of  the  world.     It  says  to  '  the  dry  bones.  Live; '  and  '  they 
come  together  bone  to  his  bone,'  as  it  bids;  and  it  clothes  them  with 


160  H/.STOKY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALLFOKXLA. 

flesh,  and  it  grows  them  into  men.  It  fits  man  to  man,  organizes 
men  into  society,  and,  true  to  its  name  of  college  and  of  university,  it 
collects  and  constructs  the  universal  race  at  last  into  one  brother- 
hood. It  is  only  in  fitness,  proportion,  and  combination  that  there 
is  power.  No  element,  by  itself,  has  any  significance  or  efficiency. 
Any  other  man  may  be  this  particular  thing  or  that,  a  mere  individual. 
An  Alumnus  is,  what  one  said  of  Burke,  '  not  a  man,  but  a  system.' 
As  gunpowder  is  not  one  thing,  nor  yet  many,  without  union,  carbon, 
sulphur,  or  saltpetre,  but  all  these  substances  massed,  granulated 
rather,  and  dried  into  so  many  intensified  personalities,  not  to  de- 
stroy their  common  quality,  but  precisely  to  make  them  the  more 
active  in  it,  the  more  easily  communicable,  and  the  more  instanta- 
neously one,  when  they  are  fired — such  are  Alumni  in  essence,  and 
such  are  they  in  power.  Hut  in  speaking  of  their  power,  it  becomes 
us  to  speak  modestly.  It  is  a  modest  power.  It  makes  little  show 
of  itself  even  in  its  works. 

"These  are  obvious  enough,  but  the  agency  which  operates  them 
is  often  concealed.  That  crashing  reaper  and  thresher  in  the  harvest- 
field,  drawn  over  the  ground  by  twenty  horses,  prostrating  the  growth 
of  the  year  as  by  a  hurricane,  yet  gathering  it  all  up  without  waste, 
driving  away  the  chaff  and  broken  straw,  on  the  wings  of  the  wind, 
pouring  out  the  golden  grain  in  clear,  full,  and  steady  stream,  amidst 
choking  dust,  and  giddy  whirl,  and  deafening  clatter,  gives,  to  the 
rustic  observer,  no  hint  of  the  far-off,  silent  college,  from  whose 
mysteries  of  science  it  was  evoked.  '  The  school-master  is  abroad, 
mistaken  by  no  one,  yet  few  are  they  who  seem  to  take  knowledge 
of  the  fact  that  the  college,  also,  is  abroad,  more  widely  than  he, 
and  much  in  advance  of  him,  preparing  the  way  for  his  coming;  lay- 
ing down  its  railroad  tracks  from  city  to  city,  and  from  State  to  State ; 
stretching  its  telegraphic  wires  from  continent  to  continent  over  the 
ocean's  bed,  and  from  ocean  to  ocean  across  the  continents;  in  our 
fields  of  tillage,  |)lowing,  sowing,  reaping,  mowing,  raking,  threshing ; 
upon  our  lakes  and  rivers,  seas  and  oceans,  driving  our  commerce, 
surveying  our  coasts,  and  improving  our  harbors;  in  our  battle-fields, 
marshaling  armies,  figliting  battles,  or  forestalling  them;  conciliating 
enemies,  constructing  and  reconstructing  States,  and  what  is  better 
than  '  a  congress  of  nations,'  reading  lectures,  and  indicting  laws  of 
internationality,  reciprocity,  and  peace  for  the  whole  world.  Nor  is 
the  college  only  abroad;  it  is  at  home  with   us,  in  our  architecture 


THE  THIRH  COMMENCEMENT.  IGl 

and  painting,  our  sculpture  and  music,  furniture,  instruments,  and 
books,  making  our  houses  convenient  and  beautiful,  hanging  them 
with  pictures,  and  filling  them  with  song;  the  piano  for  elegant  and 
playful  leisure ;  the  sewing-machine  for  elegant  and  amusing  labor; 
the  cooking-stove  and  the  bellows  for  economy;  the  fire-kindlers,  and 
the  matches  to  kindle  these;  the  lamps  and  the  kerosene — all  gradu- 
ates of  our  colleges,  domesticated  with  us,  to  serve  us  with  their  handi- 
work, and  to  prove  the  busy  manipulation  of  their  myriad  fingers,  in 
whatever  is  cunningly  or  usefully  wrought  under  the  sun.  But  per- 
haps it  was  intended,  Mr.  President,  by  the  language  to  which  you 
would  have  me  speak,  that  the  Alumni  who  noiv  are  have  some 
special  relation  to  the  Alumni  who  are  yet  to  be ;  that  the  one  are 
dependent  on  the  other.  If  ever  there  was  a  consequent,  Mr. 
President,  that  had  its  own  antecedent,  a  future  that  grew  out  of  its 
past,  then  the  Alumni  who  are  to  follow  us  when  we  are  in  our  graves, 
have  the  possibility  of  their  future  in  us  while  we  are  yet  above  the 
sod.  There  should  be  graduated  this  year,  in  California,  at  least  one 
hundred  men.  I  doubt  if  there  will  be  seven.  Next  year  the  want 
of  Alumni  will  be  much  greater  still.  How  shall  this  demand  be 
met.''  By  immigration!  And  why  not?  The  better  the  people  im- 
migrating, and  the  more  of  the  better  sort,  the  better  for  the  country  ; 
and  how  can  we  induce  a  greater  amount  of  this  better  immigration, 
than  by  leaving  the  places  which  it  must  seek,  unoccupied  by  our 
own  children  ?  Make  a  scarcity  at  home,  and  you  invite  abundance 
from  abroad.  The  reason  that  we  have  no  thunder  and  lightning 
in  California  is,  that  everything  is  ecjually  electrified.  If  you  would 
raise  the  wind,  create  a  vacuum. 

"  Our  Congress  at  W^ashington  has  just  now  appropriated  $240,000 
in  gold,  to  build  and  endow  a  High  School  at  Pekin,  the  capital  of 
China,  for  the  education  of  classes  of  '  ingenious  Celestials,'  to  meet 
the  new  conditions  of  the  times.  Would  it  not  be  well  for  us  to  for- 
ward to  that  establishment  a  timely  application  to  send  its  Alumni  to 
California,  as  fast  as  they  are  graduated?  We  are  in  a  fair  way  of 
wanting  just  such  a  supply,  to  fill  the  places  for  which  our  own  sons 
and  daughters,  it  seems,  through  lack  of  brains,  or  education,  are 
incompetent.  We  repel  the  insinuation  !  Congress  may  have  meant 
it  or  not.  It  shall  only  provoke  us  to  a  proper  jealousy  for  ourselves, 
our  children,  and  our  institutions.  With  such  a  resolution  let  us 
leave  these  festivities  to  find,  each  one,  if  possible,  some  youth  of 
1 1 


162  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CAf.IFORNIA. 

genius  to  endow  with  a  liberal  education.  Rear  him,  if  it  may  be, 
from  the  wedded  bosom  of  your  own  home.  God  grant  you  may.  If 
not,  find  him  somewhere;  send  him  to  college  to  represent  you  there 
— your  spirit  and  your  influence,  what  is  and  what  can  be.  '  The 
Alumni  in  esse,  and  the  Alumni  \n  posset 

,  This  speech  of  Professor  Durant's  surprised  and  delighted 

j/^  us  all.  He  very  seldom  spoke  in  public,  and  never  before 
amid  the  play  of  wit  and  repartee  such  as  characterized  our 
Alumni  meetings.  He  was  rather  a  serious  man,  not  over- 
much so,  but  quiet  and  scholarly  in  his  manner.  You  would 
take  him  to  be  in  his  element  in  the  lecture-room,  with  his 
classes  around  him,  intent  upon  some  well-studied  theme- 
But  though  serious,  he  was  cheerful,  and  about  his  work  he 
was  intensely  in  earnest.  Wc  knew  he  was  a  man  of  resources. 
But  we  had  never  quite  supposed  that  they  could  lie  espe- 
cially in  the  line  of  free  and  easy  speech  after  the  manner  of 
this  one  reportetl  here  verbatim. /And  as  his  oration,  found 
in  the  Appendix  to  this  volume,  is  the  only  printed  production 
from  his  pen  that  I  know  of,  so  this  speech  of  his  is  the  only 
one  fully  reported  and  in  print.  They  both  bespeak  the  fine 
qualities,  and  especially  the  versatility,  of  his  cultivated  and 
richly  furnished  mind. 

'■  I  have  often  thought,"  the  ['resident  said,  "that  the  first  Alumni 
graduated  in  California  were  greatly  to  be  envied.  They  may  not- 
win  the  great  battle  of  life,  or  they  may  even  not  live  to  fight  it  at  all. 
Hut  there  is  one  distinction  which  will  be  theirs  as  long  as  literature 
and  education  flourish  on  the  borders  of  the  Western  ocean.  Their 
names  are  inscribed,  and  will  forever  remain  inscribed,  on  the  banner 
which  ihey  bear  aloft  as  they  march  at  the  head  of  that  '  innumera- 
ble caravan'  of  the  future  Alumni  of  the  l\'icific  C'oast,  drawing  re- 
cruits by  millions,  ilownwards  as  far  as  the  stormy  cape,  and  north- 
wards as  far  as  the  frozen  sea.  The  honor  of  leading  that  column  is 
one  which  we  may  envy,  but  which  we  cannot  share.  I  propose  the 
following:  The  Indigenous  .Mumni  of  California;  like  Titans,  gath, 
ering  freshness  and  strength  from  contact  with  their  native  soil,  they 
are  the  accessions  to  our  ranks  whom  we  are  the  most  to  welcome 
and  to  fear." 


THE  Tin  KB  COMMENCEMENT.  163 

John  R.  Glascock,  of  the  class  of  1865,  of  the  College  of 
California,  replied  as  follows: — 

"Mr.  Chairman,  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen:  After  listening  to  so 
many  eloquent  speeches  from  those  who  have  the  honor  and  future 
welfare  of  the  College  of  California  at  heart,  I  am  afraid  that  what 
few  remarks  I  may  utter  will  fall  upon  unappreciating  ears.  But,  sir, 
as  it  is  one  of  the  recognized  principles  of  this  College  never  to  back 
down  from  what  has  been  once  undertaken,  I  consider  it  a  religious 
duty  to  speak  for  her,  and  I  know  I  shall  find  it  a  pleasure. 

"  Every  true  lover  of  education  must,  and  does,  take  an  interest 
in  the  cause  of  learning.  And  you  who  have  issued  from  the  portals 
of  old  Yale,  Harvard,  Williams,  Union,  and  a  host  of  other  grand  cen- 
ters of  learning,  give  hearty  cheer  and  sincere  congratulation  to  our 
young  and  glorious  enterprise.  But  in  comparison  with  this  feeling, 
what  must  be  the  interest  taken  in  this  College  by  us,  who  have  seen 
her  spring,  a  new-born  Venus,  from  the  foam  of  California  ignorance. 
It  is  not  strange,  then,  that  we  should  entertain  for  her  a  deeper  and 
holier  affection.  It  is  not  strange  that  every  rude  wind  that  jostles 
her  should  send  a  chill  to  our  hearts,  for  we  love  her  with  a  *  love 
that  passeth  understanding.'  We  have  watched  her,  this  young 
mother  of  ours — not  as  old  as  her  children — from  tottering  infancy 
to  vigorous  youth.  And  if  at  times  she  has  seemed  to  falter,  it  was 
not  from  lack  of  energy  nor  want  of  courage.  If  cares  and  troubles 
have  left  their  mark  on  her  fair  young  brow,  we  feel  a  deeper  venera- 
tion for  every  furrow — for  only  that  is  worthy  which  has  passed  the 
furnace  of  trial. 

"  It  was  held  among  the  ancient  Romans,  as  a  law  well  defined 
and  beyond  dispute,  that  to  be  horn  in  the  purple  was  a  higher  mark 
of  dignity  than  admission  to  it.  So  we  think.  No  '■  purpureus  Pan- 
nus '  for  us,  our  whole  cloak  is  royal.  So  we  deem  it  a  peculiar 
honor  that  our  lot  was  cast  here  at  such  an  early  period  as  to  enable 
us  to  witness  the  inception  of  this  College,  and  so  early  to  become 
identified  with  her  fortunes.  x\nd  toward  the  four  short  and  happy 
years  spent  under  her  tutelage,  our  hearts  now  beat  with  emotions  of 
pleasure,  as  we  recollect  and  acknowledge  her  earnest,  noble  efforts 
in  behalf  of  virtue  and  manly  honesty,  and  the  pure  spirit  of  Christian 
philanthropy  breathed  through  all  her  teachings.  No  sectarianism, 
but  a  basis  as  broad  as  the  Bible.  No  creed,  but  a  love  for  the  Book 
of  books.     Governed  by  such  principles,  and  guided  by  such  men  as 


1()4  HISTORY  OF  I  HE  rOIJ  ECF.    c^r  (WLIFORNIA. 

she  is,  can  we  predict  aught  for  her  but  a  brilliant  future  ?  No,  we 
shall  see  her  continue  steadily  on  the  course  which  she  has  marked 
out  for  herself,  still  holding  in  view,  and  being  swayed  by,  those 
principles  which  presided  over  her  birth  ;  and,  piercing  the  dark, 
misty  ranks  of  ignorance,  like  the  Macedonian  phalanx,  widen  as  she 
penetrates,  and  make  her  influence  felt  throughout  the  length  and 
breadth  of  the  land.  Even  now,  young  as  she  is,  she  extends  to  you, 
sons  of  kindred  Alma  Maters,  maternal  greeting,  and  though  her 
grasp  be  not  as  forcible  as  others,  it  is  none  the  less  hearty.  Though 
her  voice  be  not  as  strong,  yet  she  gives  you  a  welcome  as  broad  as 
our  plains,  as  deep  as  our  valleys,  as  rich  as  our  mines,  and  as  warm 
as  the  pure,  devoted  love  she  bears  her  own  offspring." 

"This  elocjuent  and  appropriate  effort,"  continued  the  President, 
'•convinces  me  only  too  well  of  my  prescience,  in  saying  that  these 
young  accessions  to  our  ranks  are  those  '  whom  we  are  must  to  wel- 
come and  to  fear.'  Cavete,  pueros — beware  of  the  bo)s — that  is 
Latin,  isn't  it,  Professor?  [To  Professor  Durant.]  We  see  plainly 
that  the  time  is  coming  when  the  indigenous  Alunmi  will  lake  these 
festivities  into  their  own  hands,  and  if  we  get  any  invitation  to  them> 
it  will  be  only  to  occupy  the  back  seats.  But  our  i)ersonal  sadness 
at  our  future  fate  does  not  hinder  us  from  rejoicing  at  the  intellectual 
future  of  California.  Let  us  rejoice,  and  rejoicing  let  us  sing  the  old 
familiar  song  of  '  Gaudeamus.'  " 

And  it  was  sung  with  great  fervor  by  the  audience,  all 
standing. 

After  as  many  inorc  speeches  as  the  evening  would  hold, 
and  a  few  parting  words  by  the  President,  the  Ahnnni  sang 
another  song  of  the  good  old  college  times  and  then  reluc- 
tantly dispersed.  Thus  ended  their  third  annual  meeting; 
more  fully  attended,  and  certainly  not  less  enjoyed  than  th(isc 
of  the  two  previous  years. 

It  was  the  habit  of  the  College  School  to  hold  its  annivcr- 
sar)'  exercises  at  the  close  of  its  school  year  in  the  week  fol- 
lowing that  of  the  College  Commencement  These  exercises 
consistctl  of  declainations,  dialogues,  recitations,  and  the 
speaking  of  original  pieces  by  some  of  the  inore  advanced 
students.  At  this  time  the  school  was  ver)-  large.  The  cat- 
alogue gave  the  year's  attendance  as  two  hundred  and  forty- 


THE   77// RP  LOMI^ENCEMENT.  1(>5 

three,  and  the  number  of  teachers,  twelve.  And  this  fairly 
represents  the  size  of  the  school  for  a  series  of  years.  After 
the  close  of  this  year's  work,  1865-66,  and  the  usual  anniver- 
sary occasion,  the  Pacific  <^ave  the  following  account  of  it:  — 

OAKLAND    COLLEGE    SCHOOL. 

"  The  first  four  days  of  last  week  were  devoted  to  the  examination 
of  students  in  the  various  de])artments  of  this  institution.  We  could 
not  he  present  during  the  entire  examination,  but  in  these  instances 
we  had  accounts  from  gentlemen  upon  whose  critical  judgment  we 
can  rely.  The  examination  extended  over  a  range  of  studies  from 
the  primary  up  to  the  advanced  English  and  Classical  Course  for  busi- 
ness, or  for  admission  to  the  College,  to  which  some  are  transferred 
every  year.  This  number  we  hope  to  see  increased  with  each  suc- 
ceeding year.  Our  young  people  must  not  forget  that  while  a  thor- 
ough and  accomplished  English  education  is  a  great  thing,  there  is 
no  country  in  the  world  where  a  complete  college  education  will  be 
more  available  than  here. 

"  The  examination  showed  as  much  careful  training  and  thorough- 
ness as  we  have  ever  seen.  An  excellent  band  of  teachers  has  been 
attached  to  the  institution,  and  each  one  seems  to  have  striven  after 
especial  excellence.  Of  course,  in  so  large  a  school,  there  are  all 
grades  of  mental  development  and  native  capacity,  and  no  uniform 
proficiency  can  be  attained.  Each  student,  as  near  as  may  be,  is 
put  upon  his  possibilities  after  being  furnished  with  the  best  aids  the 
school  can  command.  We  think  it  is  fair  to  say  that  the  results  of 
the  examination  fully  met  the  just  expectations  of  all  who  were 
present. 

"  This  institution  has  come  to  be  the  largest  training  school  for 
boys  and  young  men  on  this  coast.  Commencing  with  a  small  num- 
ber many  years  ago  as  the  nucleus  of  the  College,  it  has  now  becotne 
a  separate  department,  requiring  the  entire  supervision  of  one  of  the 
professors.  Rev.  I.  H.  Brayton,  who  brings  to  his  assistance  some 
nine  or  ten  teachers.  Besides  the  ordinary  routine  of  study,  music, 
French,  and  drawing  are  represented  by  teachers  of  the  best  attain- 
ments. The  pupils  during  the  last  term  have  averaged  one  hundred 
and  nfty,  of  whom  eighty  and  upwards  have  boarded  at  the  institution. 

"  The  new  school  building  furnishes  additional  facilities  in  the 
way  of  class-rooms  and  dormitories,  and  has  also  one  of  the  most 
spacious  and  commodious  halls  in  the  State. 


166  IHSTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CATJFORNL\. 

"  During  the  exhibition,  which  occupied  Thursday  and  Friday 
evenings,  every  available  seat  in  the  great  hall  was  taken.  Dialogues 
were  spoken  in  both  French  and  Spanish,  and  the  music,  vocal  and 
instrumental,  ircluding  that  of  a  brass  band,  was  furnished  by  per- 
formers among  the  pupils  in  attendance.  The  one  hundred  and  fifty 
boys  who  filed  in  upon  the  stage  and  sang  the  opening  piece  with 
their  own  band  for  an  accompaniment,  was  something  worth  a  jour- 
ney to  see  and  to  hear.  The  declamations  which  followed  were 
more  than  up  to  the  average  of  such  performances,  and  not  a  few  of 
them  showed  decided  rhetorical  excellence." 


UNIVEfiSTTY 
CHAPfEiR  XIV. 

THE  COLLEGE  WATER  SUPPLY. 

The  work  of  this  college  year  being  thus  completed  in  all 
the  departments,  it  became  immediately  necessary  to  prepare 
for  the  next.  In  respect  to  the  College,  we  had  to  face  the 
fact  that  the  three-year  subscriptions  for  the  temporary  sup- 
port of  the  College  had  expired.  There  were  special  reasons 
at  that  time  why  it  was  very  difficult  to  renew  them,  or  to 
raise  an  income  in  that  way.  The  consultations  in  the  Board 
and  among  the  friends  of  the  College  were  frequent  and  pro- 
longed. The  expenses  of  the  College,  as  it  grew,  were  neces- 
sarily increasing.  Especially  was  this  so  in  the  Department 
of  Natural  Science.  Costly  apparatus  for  illustration  and  ex- 
periment must  be  had.  Nor  would  a  little  do.  There  must 
be  enough  to  enable  the  instructor  to  teach  the  classes  suc- 
cessfully. And  also  for  several  other  purposes  besides  the 
payment  of  salaries,  money  must  somehow  be  raised.  In  the 
pinch  we  felt  keenly  the  need  of  endowment.  After  all,  the 
deliberations  resulted  in  this  only — they  could  result  in  nothing 
else — first,  resolutely  to  undertake  to  obtain  for  five  years  en- 
suing an  annual  subscription  of  $15,000;  and  second,  to  sell 
the  remaining  homestead  lots,  and  other  salable  lots  around 
the  College  grounds,  as  fast  as  could  be  done  to  adv^antage. 
On  these  two  things  as  our  working  plan  we  set  our  faces 
toward  1866-67.  -^t  this  time  came  from  New  York  the  re- 
port of  the  completed  work  of  Fred  Law  Olmsted,  who  had 
been  employed  to  project  a  plan  for  the  improvement  of  the 
College  property.  The  report  is  here  reproduced  as  the  fourth 
number  of  the  Appendix. 

But  the  sale  of  the  lots  came  now  to  depend  on  the  intro- 


168  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

duction  of  water  for  their  improvement.  Those  who  had 
bought  many  of  them  wanted  to  plant  and  adorn  their  lots, 
and  some  were  now  proposing  to  buy  and  build,  if  they  could 
depend  on  having  the  water.  Attention  was  therefore  given 
to  the  question  of  providing  water.  The  fact  met  us  at  the 
outset,  that  the  College  corporation,  as  such,  could  not  effect- 
ively manage  this  water  business. 

Though  the  College  owned  the  land  and  the  water  fur- 
nished by  Stravvberry  Creek  and  its  sources,  the  nature  of 
their  incorporation  simply  as  a  college,  was  not  such  that 
they  could  well  construct  and  control  water-works,  both  to 
supply  themselves,  and  sell  to  those  who  might  want  to  buy. 
Besides,  the  College  owned  a  copious  spring  on  the  Hayward 
Ranch,  a  mile  or  two  away  in  the  hills,  and  in  time  it  would 
be  necessary  to  get  the  right  of  way  and  construct  and  con- 
trol Works  to  bring  that  water  in. 

What  was  fcjunti  to  be  wanted  was  the  rights  and  powers 
possessed  by  water  companies,  inct^rporated  under  the  law  of 
the  State  for  furnishing  towns  and  cities  with  pure,  fresh 
water.  It  was  therefore  proposed  to  organize  a  water  com- 
pany, which  should  be  bound  by  contract  to  the  College, 
and  consist  mainly,  if  not  wholly,  of  College  Trustees,  The 
members  of  the  College  Board  who  were  familiar  with  the 
law  took  the  proper  steps,  and  in  due  time  the  "  College 
Water  Company  "  was  duly  incorporated  according  to  law, 
and  empowered  to  act  under  its  provisions.  The  surveys, 
measurements,  etc.,  which  had  been  previously  made  were 
placed  in  the  hands  of  this  company.  After  verifying  them, 
the  plan  agreed  upon  was  as  follows:  To  cofiStruct  a  good 
brick  reservoir  at  such  a  point  of  elevation  on  the  hill-side 
as  would  furnish  water  to  those  who  might  build  on  tiie 
higher  levels,  and  be  a  permanent  source  of  water  supply  to 
them.  To  bring  into  this  reservoir  so  much  of  the  flow  of  the 
u|)per  and  best  springs  running  into  Strawberry  Creek,  as 
might  be  wanted.  To  have  this  water  as  a  permanent  supply 
of  that  higher  reservoir,  from  which  those  building  on  the 
high   levels    might  always   draw;  and   then,    later,    construct 


THE  COLLEGE  WATEl^  SUPPLY.  101) 

a  larger  reservoir,  lower  clown,  to  supply  all   who  might  wish 
to   receive  below.     To    test    the  practicability    of  this    plan, 
accurate  surveys  were  made.     A  point  on  the  hill-side  v/as 
fixed  upon  for  the  small  reservoir.     A  line  from  that  point  to 
the  point  above,  where  it  was  proposed  to  take  the  water  from 
Strawberry  Creek,  was    measured.     The  distance    from  the 
proposed  site  of  the  reservoir  to    the  College    grounds  was 
measured,  and  also  the  distances    to    the    various    lots    and 
buildings  where  the  water  was  already  wanted.     Then  careful 
estimates  were  made  of  the  cost   of  the  reservoir,  well  and 
permanently  constructed;  of  the   iron  pipe  to  take  the  water 
from  the  reservoir  and  deliver  it  where  it  was  to  be  used,  and 
of  the  flume  through  which  to  bring  the  water  from  the  creek 
and   the  springs   to  the  reservoir.      It  was  found  that  in  all  it 
did  not  exceed  such  a  sum  as  would  receive  a  good  paying 
interest  from    the  monthly    water  rates    of  those  owners    of 
property  who  would   pledge  themselves  in  advance  to  receive 
and  pay  for  it,  even  then.     Of  course  it  was  plain  that  the 
number^of  takers  would  increase,  and  therefore  the  money 
required  to  build  the  works  would  be  well  and  safely  invested. 
And  more  than  that,  as  the  use  of  the  water  increased,  there 
would  be  a  rapidly   growing  income.     On   the   ground  of  all 
these  well-ascertained  facts,  it  was  determined  by  the  College 
Trustees  to  lend  to  the  water  company  the  Five  Thousand 
Dollar  Library  Fund,  with  which  to  construct  these  works, 
and  use  the  entire  income  for  the  purpose  for  which  the  fund 
was  given.     This   imposed  a  threefold  work  upon  me  during 
the  autumn  and  winter  of  1866-67.     Fir^t,  it  was  my  duty  to 
push  the  subscription  for    obtaining  the    Fifteen    Thousand 
Dollar  Annual  Subscription  for  five  years,  with  such  help  as 
the  individual  Trustees  could  give.     Second,  to  effect  the  sale 
of  the  remaining  homestead  lots;  and  third,  get  all  things  in 
readiness  for  the  construction  of   the  water-works  as  early  as 
might  be  during  the  next  dry  season.     Meanwhile  it  belonged 
to  me  to  collect  all   subscriptions  and   dues,  small  and    large, 
and  pay  all  salaries  and  bills  when  due,  and  .see  that  no  taxes 
went  delinquent,  or  interest  remained  unpaid,  or  notes  went 


170  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

to  protest.  Also  it  was  made  my  duty  to  attend  to  the  end- 
less questions  arising  from  defective  land  titles  with  which 
we  were  pestered,  and  see  that  defects  were  corrected.  At 
the  same  time  it  was  my  duty  to  keep  the  run  of  all  the 
accounts,  and  at  any  time  to  explain  them  to  the  Board  or 
the  Finance  Committee,  and  also  as  Secretary  of  the  Board 
to  keep  in  full,  and  write  out,  all  the  records.  Furthermore, 
when  Commencement  came,  it  fell  to  me  to  arrange  all  the 
details,  and  see  that  everything  was  ready  at  the  right  time 
and  place,  so  that  all  the  different  exercises,  meetings,  colla- 
tions, etc.,  might  pass  off  smoothly  and  without  hitch.  This 
light  and  easy  duty  accumulated  upon  me,  while  for  years, 
living  at  Berkeley,  five  miles  from  Oakland,  I  drove  in  my 
buggy  each  morning  to  take  the  eight  o'clock  train  to  San 
Francisco,  where  business  of  one  kind  or  another  was  press- 
ing every  day.  No  grass  grew  under  my  feet  in  those  days. 
And  the  daily  travel  to  and  from  Oakland  in  stormy  weather, 
and  over  roads  sometimes  well-nigh  impassable,  often  before 
it  was  fairly  light  in  the  morning,  or  after  dark  at  night,  was 
something  not  to  be  undertaken  except  in  the  service  of  a 
great  cau.se. 

The  Trustees  saw  that  I  had  more  to  do  than  I  could 
possibly  get  through  with.  And  so  they  appointed  a  special 
committee  of  their  own  number,  business  men,  to  aid  in 
securing  the  Fifteen  Thousand  Di)llar  Annual  Fund  to  meet 
the  current  expenses  of  the  College. 

The  fall  term  of  the  college  year  1866-67  passed  pleasantly 
and  successfully.  The  number  of  students  was  beginning  to 
be  larger.  There  were  at  this  time,  according  to  the  catalogue, 
two  Seniors,  six  Juniors,  ten  Sophomores,  and  six  Freshmen. 
The  standard  of  preparation  was  gradually  raised  in  the  Col- 
lege School,  and  consequently  the  College  studies  could  go  on 
to  better  advantage.  The  examinations  before  the  Christmas 
vacation  were  prolonged  and  thorough  as  before,  and  not  less 
satisfactory  than  on  an}'  former  occasion. 

When  the  severity  of  the  winter  was  over,  preparation  was 
made  to  carry  out  the  plans  for  constructing  the  water-works. 


THE  COLLEGE  WATER  SUPPLY.  171 

Those  plans,  however,  contemplated  a  great  deal  more  than 
the  bringing  in  of  the  waters  of  Strawberry  Creek  and  its 
tributary  springs  in  our  own  ravine,  more,  even,  than  adding 
to  them  the  flow  of  the  large  Hayward  Springs.  It  was  be- 
lieved that  farther  on  in  the  hills,  the  waters  of  Wild  Cat  Creek 
could  be  reached  by  our  line  of  works,  at  some  future  time,  and 
that  that  stream  could  be  brought  into  our  larger  reservoir. 
The  flow  of  this  stream  had  been  carefully  measured  when  it 
was  smallest,  during  the  preceding  dry  season,  and  it  was 
then  found  to  be  four  hundred  thousand  gallons  of  water 
every  twenty-four  hours.  To  ascertain  whether  this  water 
could  be  brought  into  our  large  contemplated  reservoir,  an 
accurate  survey  was  ordered.  Hon.  Sherman  Day,  one  of 
the  Trustees,  was  employed  to  superintend  it.  The  proposed 
reservoir  for  this  large  flow  of  water  seemed  to  have  been  almost 
constructed  for  us  by  nature.  It  required  only  a  dam  to  fill  a 
space  some  sixty  feet  wide  between  two  rocky  walls,  where 
Strawberry  Creek  breaks  through  in  its  course  down  to  the 
lower  plain,  to  create  a  lake  covering  several  acres  of  level 
land,  apparently  useful  for  no  other  purpose  than  this.  This 
large  body  of  water  empounded  there,  it  was  ascertained  by 
measurement,  would  be  at  such  an  elevation  that  it  could  be 
introduced  into  the  highest  stories  of  buildings  that  might  be 
erected  on  the  College  grounds,  or  be  thrown  all  over  them  in 
case  of  fire.  There  proved  to  be  no  engineering  obstacle  in  the 
way  of  commanding  the  copious  water  supply  of  Wild  Cat 
Creek,  in  addition  to  our  own  springs,  and  that  at  a  very 
moderate  cost.  Steps  were  forthwith  taken  by  the  College 
Water  Company,  according  to  the  law  of  the  State,  above 
referred  to,  in  the  county  of  Contra  Costa,  where  the  stream 
was  situated,  to  acquire  the  right  to  take  and  appropriate  the 
waters  of  Wild  Cat  Creek. 

This  work  required  a  good  deal  of  time,  and  a  good  deal  of 
travel.  We  found  that  at  that  time  the  owners  of  land  bor- 
dering on  the  stream  were  but  few.  And  what  was  more, 
when  the  object  of  the  College  Water  Company  was  explained 
to  them,  they  did  not  object,  or  propose  to  contest  the  matter 


172  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

before  the  court,  or  claim  any  damages.  The  nature  and  use 
of  the  land  in  question  seemed  then  to  be  such  that  no  injury 
appeared  Hkely  to  arise  from  the  carrying  out  of  the  plans  of 
the  water  company.  Consequently  the  application  before  the 
court  for  the  right  to  appropriate  the  waters  of  the  creek 
was  not  contested,  and  the  proceedings  went  on  in  due  form 
to  the  end. 

Then,  by  order  of  the  court,  the  water  company  was  author- 
ized and  empowered  to  take  and  use  the  waters.  Meanwhile, 
the  owners  of  all  the  land  through  which  th^^  surveyed  line  for 
the  aqueduct  passed,  from  the  point  in  the  stream  where  the 
waters  were  to  be  taken,  to  our  contemplated  large  reservoir, 
were  negotiated  with,  and  the  right  of  way  along  the  whole 
line  was  secured.  When  this  was  done,  it  seeined  to  the 
Trustees  that  the  foundation  was  indeed  laid  for  securing  such 
a  water  supply  as  had  from  the  beginning  been  considered 
the  only  thing  wanting  to  make  the  College  site  very  nearly 
perfect  for  its  purpose.  With  all  its  other  fine  advantages,  as 
before  remarked,  it  would  never  have  been  chosen  as  the  loca- 
tion of  a  great  institution  of  learning  by  the  l^oard  of  Trust- 
ees without  a  more  copious  and  reliable  water-supply  than 
that  furnished  by  Strawberry  Creek  alone.  They  would  have 
felt  that  they  never  could  have  excused  themselves  to  the 
generations  of  coming  time  for  placing  such  an  institution  as 
a  college  where  there  was  not  a  copious  flow  of  pure,  fresh 
water.  And  in  those  early  years,  when  they  had  the  whole 
State  to  select  from,  they  knew  well  that  it  would  be  judged 
as  a  folly  unmitigated  to  build  a  college  where  the  water  was 
liable  to  run  short  in  the  dry  .sea.son,  putting  the  institution 
and  its  surrounding  community  on  short  allowances  every 
now  and  then.  Hut  when  this  last  source  of  supply  was 
assured,  the  College  site  was  judged  to  be  possessed  of  every 
advantage  as  the  j)ermancnt  location  (^f  the  College  and  the 
College  town.  Plans  could  now  be  made  for  improvement  of 
grounds  and  building  lots  without  fear  of  drought  or  scarcity 
of  water.  While  these  proceedings  were  going  on  the  con- 
struction   of    the  preliminary   water-works    before  ilcscribed 


THE  CO/J.EGE  WATER  SUPPLY.  173 

was   commenced.       There  being  no  haste,  only    a  few  men 
were  employed,  and  the  work  went  on  but  slowly. 

The  summer  college  term  was  by  this  time  drawing  to  a 
close,  and  another  Commencement-time  was  at  hand.  Every- 
thing connected  with  the  College  was  moving  prosperously, 
except  the  endowment  subscription.  This  held  back.  The 
committee  appointed  by  the  Trustees  from  among  their  own 
number  failed  of  success.  It  was  easy  to  see  that  there  were 
reasons  for  this,  but  these  reasons  did  not  make  the  lack  of 
resources  less  trying.  Among  these  reasons  was  the  fact  that 
the  entire  business  community  had  for  years  been  heavily 
drawn  upon  b)'  war  taxes.  At  the  same  time  very  large  con- 
tributicjns  had  been  asked  for  the  Sanitary  and  the  Christian 
Commissions  of  the  army,  and  they  had  been  freely  and 
generously  given.  Within  a  few  years,  also,  all  the  San 
Francisco  churches,  co-operating  in  building  the  College,  had 
changed  pastors,  receiving  new  ones  from  the  East.  Under 
their  administration  it  was  not  possible  that  the  College  cause 
could  be  viewed  in  quite  the  same  light  as  under  those  who 
knew  it  historically  and  by  experience.  The  indispensable 
necessity  of  concentration  upon  this  one  cause  for  the  time 
being,  did  not,  probably,  appear  to  them  all,  as  it  was.  It  is 
likely  that  the  College  itself  appeared  to  strangers  to  be  more 
firmly  established  than  it  had  actually  come  to  be.  It  had 
become  somewhat  generally  known  at  the  East.  It  had  its 
grounds  and  its  buildings.  It  had  its  annual  literary  festivals, 
largely  and  enthusiastically  attended.  And  it  would  not  be 
strange  if  it  made  the  impression  upon  new-comers  that  it 
was  past  the  period  of  uncertainty.  So  that  it  was  said:  "Of 
course  the  College  of  California  will  be  sustained.  Of  course 
an  institution  that  has  got  on  as  far  as  that,  will  be  carried 
forward.  The  public  would  not  let  that  suffer."  And  so 
attention  began  to  be  directed  to  other  new  institutions  that 
were  needed,  as  well  as  a  college.  Their  importance  was 
manifest  enough,  especially  to  those  recently  from  the  full 
equipments  of  the  East,  where  they  had  been  accustomed  to 
all    the  ample  methods  of  church  extension,  as  well   as  work 


174  IIISTOKY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

in  behalf  of  education.  And  these  new  enterprises  made 
their  appeal  to  the  same  class  of  givers  as  had  stood  by  the 
College  for  fifteen  years  or  more.  This  was  one  thing  that 
made  it  at  this  time  more  difficult  to  get  subscriptions  to  the 
temporary  endowment  fund,  than  before.  \  I 

The  situation  presented  a  problem  that  it  was  hard  to 
solve.  Business  prospects  after  the  war  were  unsettled.  In 
the  sudden  changes  of  fortune,  not  a  few  of  the  most  generous 
givers  to  the  College  were  now  utterly  disabled.  It  was  not 
easy  to  find  others  to  take  their  places.  The  vast  national 
debt  was  a  matter  of  concern,  and  fluctuations  in  the  value  of 
currency  unsettled  business  in  every  department.  Recon- 
struction was  in  its  earlier  stages  and  its  outcome  could  not 
be  foreseen.  What  was  needed  then  was  a  permanent  en- 
dowment, to  yield  an  incomp  to  meet  current  expenses — 
even  a  small  one,  such  as  had  been  given  to  several  young 
Western  colleges  within  a  year  or  two  before  that  time,  would 
have  sufficed.  It  seemed  as  if  it  had  been  earned  by  this 
College,  and  would  certainly  come  from  some  quarter. 


' 


I 


Of  THi        'r 

UNIVERSITY 
CHAPTER   XV. 

GRADUATION  OF  THE  FOURTH  CLASS. 

The  consideration  of  these  matters,  however,  was  put  aside, 
for  the  time,  by  the  occurrence  of  Commencement.  The  ex- 
amination that  preceded  it  being  over,  the  Commencement 
occurred  on  Wednesday  forenoon,  June  5.  The  two  Seniors 
of  that  year,  Marcus  P.  Wiggin  and  Wilh'am  Gibbons,  de- 
hvered  their  addresses,  and  then  Prof  Benjamin  Silliman 
pronounced  the  annual  oration  before  the  College,  on  the 
theme  :  "  The  truly  practical  man  necessarily  an  educated 
man."  After  its  conclusion  the  degrees  were  conferred.  The 
honorary  degrees  conferred  on  this  occasion  were  as  follows: 
that  of  Master  of  Arts,  upon  F.  M.  Campbell,  George  Tait, 
James  Wylie,  Freeman  Gates,  and  Henry  Hillebrand;  and 
that  of  Doctor  of  Divinity,  upon  Rev.  John  Chittenden. 

In  the  afternoon  the  Associated  Alumni  assembled.  It 
was  their  fourlh  annual  meeting.  The  orator  was  the  Rev. 
Dr.  A.  L.  Stone,  and  the  poet,  Bret  Harte.  The  oration  by 
Dr.  Stone  and  the  poem  by  Bret  Harte  constitute  the  fifth 
number  of  the  subjoined  Appendix. 

At  the  close  of  the  morning  exercises,  a  processicjn  was 
formed  under  the  direction  of  F.  M.  Campbell,  marshal  of 
the  day,  and  marched  to  the  place  of  the  evening's  enter- 
tainment. 

Hon.  John  W.  Dwindle,  Alumnus  of  Hamilton,  class  of 
1834,  President  of  the  Association  for  1866,  presided  at  the 
table,  in  the  absence  of  the  Hon.  Oscar  L.  Shafter,  LL.D., 
Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  President  of  the  Association 
for  1867,  and  Alumnus  of  VVesleyan  University;  and  was 
supported  by  His    Excellency    Gov.  F.   F.    Low,   and    Prof. 


176 


IlI:,rOKY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


B.  Silliman,  of  Yale  College.  Every  chair  was  filled.  The 
supper  was  excellent,  and  was  worthy  of  the  fair  hands 
by  which  it  was  furnished.  After  the  supper  came  the  speak- 
ing. 

The  President. — "Brothers:  We  greet  you  well.  An- 
other year,  with  its  inevitable  changes,  has  completed  its 
circuit  since  we  last  parted  in  this  hall,  and  we  are  permitted 
to  meet  once  more.  Death  has  meantime  visited  our  ranks, 
and  has  nipped  buds  of  unusual  promise,  which  were  just 
expanding  into  inatured  usefulness  ;  we  miss  also  the  forms 
and  faces  of  several  of  our  most  cherished  and  useful  mem- 
bers, but  we  are  grateful  that  their  absence  is  only  temporary, 
and  that  we  may  expect  them  to  rejoin  us  at  our  next  anni- 
versary. 

"We  are  drawn  together  to-day  and  on  this  occasion  by 
the  combined  influence  of  a  memory,  a  resolve,  and  a  hope. 
We  are  Californians  ;  to  this  fair  land,  fairest  of  all  earth's 
dowries,  we  have  succeeded  as  our  heritage,  prepared  for  us 
by  the  providence  of  God,  and  fostered  for  us  by  the  paternal 
care  of  the  American  Union.  Here  have  we  concentrated 
all  our  hopes  ;  here  have  we  embarked  all  our  enterprises  ; 
here  have  we  anchored  our  destiny.  To  California  we  pay 
the  tribute  of  a  grateful  and  undivided  allegiance  ;  we  have 
shared  the  hidden  treasures  of  her  mountains ;  we  have 
reaped  the  golden  harvests  of  her  plains  ;  we  have  partaken 
of  her  wine,  her  oil,  and  her  honey;  here  will  we  live,  here  will 
we  die,  and  here  will  we  be  buried.  Still  we  cannot  forget 
the  land  of  our  boyhood,  youth,  and  manhood — the  land 
where  we  were  born  and  educated — over  which  memory  sheds 
an  aurora  of  soft  and  radiant  light.  And  as  reminiscences 
come  crowdin.;  upon  us  from  that  far  distant  land  which  we 
can  never  call  by  any  other  name  than  that  of  home,  we  can- 
not forget  that  this  is  the  season  at  which  the  educated  men 
of  the  United  .States,  the  Alumni  of  their  Colleges,  return  to 
their  Alma  Maters,  to  celebrate  their  anniversaries,  and  to  hold 
social  communion  with  the  brotherhood  of  letters.  If  the 
electric  telegraph  could  flash  visions  upon  our  sight,  and  sound 


GRADUATION  OF  THE  l-OUKTl]  CLASS.  \Ti 

upon  our  hearing,  as  it  flashes  thoughts  into  our  souls,  we 
should  behold  the  fires  burning  upon  a  hundred  altars,  and 
hear  the  grand  symphony  of  ten  thousand  voices,  where  our 
fellow  Alumni  at  the  East — priests  and  hierophants — are  of- 
fering their  annual  sacrifice,  above  them  hovering  the  assist- 
ant spirits  of  our  mighty  dead.  With  them  in  spirit,  although 
absent  in  the  body,  we  resolve  that  we  will  found  in  this  young 
Pacific  republic  the  same  institutions  of  culture  around 
which  clustered  the  hopes  and  aspirations  of  our  youth. 
Hence  we  have  invoked  the  principle  of  voluntary  association; 
and,  as  the  ancient  colonist  of  Greece  reared  in  his  new  home 
an  altar  consecrated  to  the  religion  of  the  mother-land,  so 
have  we  here  erected  an  altar  to  culture,  with  the  inscription, 
H(EC  sit  patria  mea,  and,  lighting  upon  it  the  sacred  fire, 
with  the  invocation  esio  pcrpeina,  have  consecrated  it  to  the 
hope  of  the  future. 

"The  Associated  Alumni  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  then,  consists 
of  those  who  in  academic,  military,  naval,  medical,  law,  and 
scientific  institutions  of  collegiate  rank,  have  received  those 
testimonials  of  acquirement,  training,  and  skill  which  entitle 
them  to  be  styled  educated  men.  Adopting  as  its  means 
social  reunion,  frequent  intercommunication,  and  united  effort, 
it  has  for  its  object  the  dififusion  of  education  and  culture 
throughout  the  State  of  California,  and  all  the  States  of  the 
Pacific  Coast. 

"  In  proposing  our  beloved  State  as  the  first  sentiment,  we 
are  fortunate  in  having  present  one  to  whom  we  are  largely 
indebted  for  the  fact  that  while  she  has  rushed  on  in  her  orbit, 
mighty,  swift,  and  ponderous,  she  has  yet  noiselessly  obeyed 
the  restraining  influence  of  the  central  law.  I  propose, 
California;  with  a  luminous  past  and  a  still  brightening 
present,  she  promises  a  future  of  dazzling  brilliancy." 

His  Excellency  Governor  Low,  being  loudly  called  for 
spoke  as  follows: — 

"  When  I  look  around  me  upon  tliis  highly  cultivated  audi- 
ence, and  remember  the  exercises  of  to-day,  I  am  glad  that 
my  fortunes  are  cast  with  you  this  evening,  and  rcgiet  more 
12 


178  I/JSTOKV  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFOL^NIA. 

than  ever  the  rijjor  of  that  earlier  fortune  which  denied  me 
the  advantage  of  a  collegiate  education.  Those  early  defects 
I  have  done  what  I  could  to  remedy  since  I  arrived  at  the 
age  of  manhood.  It  is  now  eighteen  years  and  a  day  since  I 
first  saw  this  land.  Literature,  science,  and  art  have  grown 
up  here  since  that  time,  and  everything  has  combined  to  make 
California  a  giant  among  her  sister  States.  To  us  has  been 
confided  the  task  of  building  up  a  State  which  shall  exist 
long  after  we  shall  have  ceased  to  exist,  but  when,  I  trust,  we 
as  its  founders  shall  not  be  forgotten.  It  is  true,  as  has  been 
said  here  to-night,  that  the  present  generation  can  never  ap- 
ply to  the  land  of  our  birth  any  other  term  less  tender  than 
that  of  home — and  this  is  one  strong  ligament  that  has  ever 
bound,  and  will  always  bind,  California  to  the  American 
Union,  and  which  in  some  degree  explains  the  intense  feeling  ^  | 

of  loyalty  which  pervaded  her  during  the  Rebellion.  Hut  a 
new  ligament  will  be  possessed  by  the  next  generation,  and 
that  will  be  the  overland  railroad.  Then,  when  the  iron  car 
shall  have  passed  from  ocean  to  ocean,  over  mountain,  river, 
and  plain,  upon  the  broad  iron  band  which  spans  the  continent, 
we  may  well  exclaim,  'What  God  has  united,  let  no  man  put 
asunder.' 

"Without  education,  republican  institutions  woukl  be 
e[)]iemeral,  and  di.ssension  would  break  up  the  union  of  the 
States.  America  stands  stronger  to-day  \^y  its  enlightened 
.system  of  education  than  even  by  its  republicanism.  And 
seeing  Mr.  Swett,  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  here 
present,  I  cannot  refrain  from  saying  that  in  my  official  rela- 
tions with  him  I  have  had  occasion  to  entertain  a  high  appre- 
ciation of  his  talents  antl  attainments,  and  of  his  labors  in  the 
cause  of  education.  I  was  glad  to  hear  Professor  Silliilian, 
in  his  orati(Mi  to-el.i)-,  speak  so  highly  of  Mr.  Swett'-  plans, 
which  I  hope  he  will  be  i)ermitted  to  carry  cnit.  P'inally,  I 
h  ipe  that  the  acorn  planted  in  Oakland  may  grow  until  it 
rivals  the  grand  old  colleges  in  the  I'2ast,  which  have  sent  forth 
their  Alumni  to  all  jjarts  of  the  earth." 

TliK    PRESlDliNT. — "In    all   our    previous   gatherings,   we 


GRADUATION  OF  THE  FOURTH  CLASS.  171) 

have  been  fortunate  in  havin^^  with  us  as  guests  some  of  our 
distinguished  brethren  from  the  East  and  from  abroad.  This 
good  fortune  has  attended  us  to-night,  in  the  presence  of  one 
who  represents  the  second  generation  of  a  family  which  is 
already  more  than  half  a  century  illustrious  in  the  annals  of 
science,  literature,  and  the  arts.  Will  Professor  Silliman,  of 
Yale  College,  Alumnus  of  that  College,  of  the  class  of  1837, 
favor  us  with  a  response  to  the  following  :  The  United  States 
geological  exploration  of  the  fortieth  parallel;  lately  arrived 
on  these  shores,  bears  clear  testimony  to  the  fruitfulness  and 
thoroughly  practical  tendencies  of  those  schools  of  science 
which  have  trained  the  men  fitted  to  grapple  with  the  grand- 
est problems  of  physical  geography,  astronomy,  geology,  and 
metallurgy  the  world  has  to  offer,  and  the  solution  of  which 
will  vindicate  equally  the  claims  of  science,  the  honor  of  the 
institutions  which  have  trained  the  men,  and  the  sagacity  of 
the  Government  in  anticipating  and  prc^viding  for  the  wants 
of  the  coming  tide  of  emigration  to  follow  in  the  path  of  the 
continental  railway." 

Professor  Silliman  arose  amid  great  cheering,  and  when  it 
had  subsided,  spoke  as  follows: — 

"  I  wish  I  could  reply  to  the  sentiment  as  ably  as  I  can 
heartily.  The  expedition  alluded  to  is  partly  composed  of 
young  men  who  obtained  their  eminence  in  those  halls  where 
I  have  passed  the  greater  part  of  my  life.  The  eN;pedition  is 
so  new,  and  so  little  knowi',  that  a  few  words  of  explanation 
will  not  be  out  of  place.  Its  head  is  Clarence  King,  a  man 
well  known  in  California,  who  has  gained  a  part  of  his 
scientific  education  in  the  mountains  of  California,  Nevada, 
and  Arizona,  in  concert  with  Brewer,  as  members  of  the  State 
Geological  Survey.  Wc  have,  in  the  arrival  of  this  expedi- 
tion in  California,  a  signal  proof  of  the  necessity  of  such  in- 
stitutions as  we  have  met  to  encourage.  It  is  only  from  such 
institutions  that  we  can  insure  the  fitness  of  men  for  such 
work.  One  object  of  the  expedition  is  to  triangulate  the  zone 
l}-ing  within  one  hundred  miles  along  the  fortieth  parallel,  and 
to  examine  geologically  a  strip  of  country  one  hundred  miles 


180  rnSTOKY  OF  THE  COLLICCE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

in  width  across  the  continent.  The  object  is  not  only  to  ex- 
amine the  mineral  features,  but  also  to  connect  by  a  great 
network  of  triangulation  all  the  chief  localities  within  that 
zone  ;  to  make  a  scries  of  geographical  observations  for  de- 
termining with  exactitude  the  status  of  the  different  localities, 
and  their  bearing  toward  each  other.  It  will  surprise  many 
to  know  that  we  are  in  almost  absolute  ignorance  of  the  actual 
position  of  most  places  in  the  interior  of  this  country.  The 
existing  maps  arc  mostly  mere  figments  of  the  brain,  rather 
than  true  exponents  of  localities,  and  are  unworthy  of  the 
nation.  The  work  will  begin  from  a  base  obtained  by  actual 
mca.surcment  near  Pyramid  Lake,  and  then  proceed  in  two 
directions,  and  will  occupy  probably  five  or  six  years.  The 
work  will  be  done  by  men  of  experience  and  fitness;  and  when 
completed,  we  shall  know  more  of  that  part  of  the  country 
than  we  know  of  any  other  portion,  except  that  upon  the  co.ist 
and  its  immediate  vicinity.  Combined  with  the  settlement  of 
the  status  of  the  various  geographical  points,  information  will 
be  gathered  regarding  coal,  lead,  copper,  silver,  and  other 
minerals.  You  may  esteem  it  a  high  satisfaction  to  have 
those  gentlemen  as  guests.  They  are  men  of  high  capacity 
and  great  zeal.  Of  the  metallurgical  wealth  of  this  country, 
we  as  yet  know  only  the  skirts  of  the  garinent.  It  is  our 
interest  to  develop  them.  Connected  with  this  exploration, 
minute  studies  will  be  made  of  the  great  mines  on  the  Com- 
stock  lode,  as  also  of  all  the  important  mines  of  Reese  River 
and  the  Humboldt. 

In  reference  to  the  endowment  of  litgrary  and  scientific  in- 
stitutions, it  must  be  admitted  that  there  is  a  great  work  to 
do  in  educating  rich  men,  in  teaching  them  their  duties  to  the 
cause  of  science,  o{  literature,  and  of  society  generally.  Their 
attention  is  to  be  drawn,  not  by  appeals  made  in  a  mercenary 
spirit,  but  in  the  broadest  sense.  There  are  neither  titles  nor 
entailed  estates  in  this  country,  and  knowing  how  wealth 
tends  to  melt  away  ami  find  the  general  level,  even  in  a  single 
generation,  there  is  no  better  way  bj-  which  a  portion  of  the 
family  property  can  be  kept  together  and  associated  with  the 


GRADUATION  OF  TITE  F0CIR77/  CLASS.  181 

family  name,  than  by  intrusting  it  to  the  hands  of  an  institu- 
tion of  learning,  where  it  will  endure  throughout  all  perpetuity. 
Yale  and  Harvard  have  not  always  received  out  of  the  abund- 
ance, but  out  of  the  largeness  of  the  hearts  of  the  donors. 
Every  dollar  given  to  those  colleges  for  special  objects  is 
there  to-day,  and  will  be  there  for  all  time.  There  is  no  se- 
curity for  a  principal  sum  to  be  found  equal  to  such  an  invest- 
ment. No  insurance  companies,  banks,  or  mines  can  show 
such  security  and  perpetuity  of  investment  for  principal  and 
interest,  as  has  attended  college  benefactions  in  the  older  in- 
stitutions of  America.  I  hope  the  colleges  of  the  Pacific 
Coast  will  have  their  Harvards,  Lawrences,  Yales,  Sheffields 
and  Peabodys. 

The  Presidi^nt. — "I  propose,  The  clergy;  we  echo  the 
cry  of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers,  '  Save  us  from  an  uneducated 
ministry !  '  As  I  observe  several  clergymen  present,  and 
one  Mooar  besides,  I  will  call  upon  the  Rev.  George  Mooar,  of 
Oakland,  Alumnus  of  Williams,  class  of  185 1,  to  respond." 

Rev.  Mr.  Mooar. — "Mr.  President:  I  should  have  much 
preferred  to  be  introduced  with  a  new  joke. 

"  With  reference  to  the  sentiment  which  has  just  been  pro- 
posed, it  is  rather  a  trite  thing  to  argue  that  the  American 
clergy  have  a  very  special  interest  in  colleges  and  institutions 
of  liberal  learning.  It  is  one  of  the  open  lessons  of  our  his- 
tory that  the  colleges  owe  their  foundation  to  ministers  of  the 
Gospel.  We  may  instance  the  older  institutions — those  of 
New  England.  The  same  is  true  in  the  Middle  States.  The 
colleges  of  the  new  States  westward  have  been  founded  by 
the  same  class  of  men.  It  may  not  well  be  forgotten,  like- 
wise, that  this  College  of  California,  with  which  our  yVssocia- 
tion  is  connected,  had  a  similar  origin.  Such  facts  are 
specimens  of  the  class  of  facts  which  abundantly  attest  the 
interest  which  the  clergy  feel  in  the  College. 

"  Nor  can  this  other  fact  be  easily  lost  out  of  sight — these 
institutions  have  always  been,  they  still  are,  largely  under  the 
instruction  of  the  ministry.  The  presidents  of  the  colleges 
have  alnujst  universally  been  ministers — they  still  arc  nunis- 


\82  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLT.ECK  OF  CALIFORXTA. 

ters.  It  is  sometimes  said,  quite  generally  it  is  supposed,  that 
the  influence  of  the  clergy  has  relatively  declined  in  the  prog- 
ress and  wider  ranges  of  our  age.  The  press  and  other 
great  influences  have  put  the  clergy  in  the  shadow.  However 
that  may  be — and,  doubtless,  there  is  piausibilit)-  in  the  sup- 
position— the  fact  to  which  I  have  just  alluded,  remains;  and 
it  is  a  great  fact. 

"The  reason  why  the  clergy  take  so  much  interest  in  the 
College,  lies  not  merely  in  the  fact  that  they  desire  that  theirs 
should  be  an  educated  profession.  That  is  a  strong  desire 
indeed.  But  the  American  college  has  been,  in  a  marked 
manner,  a  place  of  great  moral  and  spiritual  changes.  Dur- 
ing their  stay  within  college  walls,  hundreds  ha\'e  passed 
through  that  change  of  character  which  is  deemed  the  essen- 
tial preparation  for  entrance  into  the  ministerial  calling. 
Much  as  I  owe  to  my  Alma  Mater,  in  supplying  the  means 
and  incentives  of  literary  discipline,  I  owe  more  to  the 
fact  that  while  there  I  came  to  take  new  views  of  the  great 
purposes  of  human  life.  Because  the  American  college  has 
been  so  often  hallowed  by  these  great  changes  of  character, 
it  holds  the  affection  of  the  ministers  of  Christ. 

"  Let  me  advert  also  to  one  more  thought  in  the  same  gen- 
eral line.  On  such  occasions  as  these  we  are  reminded  fre- 
quently of  the  great  material  and  intellectual  progress  of  our 
times,  and  here,  especially,  of  the  important  relation  which 
California,  from  its  position,  must  hokl  to  that  progress  in  the 
future.  It  is  a  natural  strain  of  remark.  I  confess  to  my 
full  share  in  the  enjoyment  which  comes  from  it.  But  it  has 
sometimes  seemed  to  me  that,  in  stating  the  vast  ends  of 
commerce  antl  science,  there  was  a  sort  of  allusion  to  the  old 
religious  ends  which  our  fathers  scnight  to  gain  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  colleges,  an  allusion  which  wore  the  appearance 
of  being  almost  contemptuous.  It  is  said  that  they  planted 
the  college  '  for  the  conversion  of  the  heathen,'  as  if  that  were 
some  narrow,  outgrown  notion.  It  does  not  so  seem  to  us. 
When  we  think  of  the  position  of  California  with  respect  to 
the  three  or  four  hundred  millions  of  Asia  that  lie  across  the 


ij 


CRA  D  UA  TION  OF  T/fE  FO  UR  Til  CLASS.  1  Sn 

sea,  we  do  not  wonder  that  the  possible  commercial,  indus- 
trial, social,  and  political  results  should  have  absorbing  inter- 
est. But  the  ministry  have  an  interest  in  these  possibilities 
as  well.  They  look  upon  these  millions  of  Asia  as  so  many 
immortal  souls,  capable  of  being  rescued  from  idolatry  and 
superstition  and  sin.  They  see  a  momentous  work  to  be 
done,  in  redeeming  them  to  holiness  and  purity.  If  our 
fathers  planted  the  college  to  convert  the  heathen,  that  was 
no  narrow,  no  unworthy  aim.  Neither  has  the  progress  of 
the  age  since  then  diminished  either  the  nobleness  or  the 
necessity  of  such  an  aim.  Rather,  standing  where  wc  of 
California  do,  and  looking  at  the  great  possibilities  in  connec- 
tion with  the  Asiatic  populations,  we  would,  like  the  Fathers, 
dedicate  the  College,  '  Christo  et cciiesiai\  and  take  a  lively  and 
warm  interest  in  it,  because  it  may  have  so  important  an  in- 
fluence upon  the  conversion  of  the  heathen  world." 

The  President. — "  It  is  a  conceded  and  a  most  gratifying 
fact  that  the  regular  army  of  the  United  States  contains  men 
who,  for  culture  and  acquirements,  are  not  surpas.sed  in  the 
whole  world  ;  and  we  need  not  go  beyond  the  limits  of  Cali- 
fornia to  convince  ourselves  of  this  truth.  But,  as  we  owe 
ever}'thing  to  our  army,  so  it  owes  everything  to  the  training 
and  culture  of  the  military  academy.  I  give,  Our  Army; 
the  nation's  iron  hand,  noiv  wearing  the  velvet  glove.  Will 
Major-General  McDowell,  Alumnus  of  West  Point,  class  of 
1838,  favor  us  in  reply?  " 

General  McDowell. — "  I  have  always  heard  that  stand- 
ing armies  were  scourges,  and  that  Oliver  Cromwell,  Napoleon 
Bonaparte,  and  Julius  Caesar  were  tyrants.  But  these  men 
were  not  causes,  but  effects.  Cromwell  did  not  commit  the 
crimes  of  the  Stuarts,  nor  Napoleon  cause  the  revolution  of 
the  eighteenth  century;  nor  was  it  the  generals  of  the  United 
States  Army  who  caused  the  war  to  break  out,  but  rather  the 
politicians.  There  have  been  two  instances  of  late  years — 
Napoleon  and  Washington — of  great  men  choosing  arms  as 
a  profession;  but,  as  a  rule,  it  is  a  bad  thing  for  a  nation  when 
one  man   becomes  necessary  to  its  existence.     If  generals  of 


184  msTORV  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALLEORXL'X. 

the  present  day  have  not  the  ability  of  Cromwell  and  Napo- 
leon, neither  have  they  their  ambition.  That  great  army  of 
nearly  a  million  men  has  drawn  the  velvet  glove  over  its  iron 
hand.  Tho  country  has  been  diseased  and  required  the 
scalpel,  but  its  recovery  has  beeti  so  rapiil  thai  the  services  of 
the  surgeon  are  no  longer  in  recjuest." 

The  President. — "  It  almost  always  happens  that  we 
have  among  our  guests  distinguished  brethren  who  have 
within  the  year  come  to  cast  their  lot  with  us.  They  bring 
with  them  distinct  recollections  of  the  Eastern  slope  of  the 
continent,  and  their  impressions  of  the  Pacific  Coast  are  still 
fresh  and  sharp.  We  always  listen  to  them  with  interest  and 
instruction.  The  Rev.  Dr.  James  Eells,  Alumnus  of  Hamil- 
ton, is  such  a  guest  this  evening,  and  I  ask  him  to  favor  us 
with  a  reply  to  the  following:  The  Republic  of  Letters;  a 
true,  world-wide  union,  from  which  California  must  never  be 
allowed  to  secede." 

Rev.  Dr.  Eells. — "Mr.  President  and  Gentlemen: 
A  year  or  two  since,  in  company  with  several  literar}'  men,  it 
was  remarked  that  the  College  of  California  had  just  cele- 
brated its  Commencement,  and  a  large  number  of  Alumni 
had  been  present  at  a  meeting  in  connection  with  the  exer- 
cises. 

"  Some  one  asked  how  that  was  possible,  since  the  College 
was  still  in  its  infancy  ?  And  an  explanation  was  given,  of 
which  I  could  not  realize  the  propriety  until  I  came  to  this 
coast  and  myself  witnessed  the  facts  everywhere  apparent. 

"California  has  never  had  any  infancy.  It  has  not  known 
growth  in  the  sense  in  which  other  States  have  gnvvn,  but 
has  .seemed  to  spring  in  full  stature  into  the  sisterhood  of  the 
Union.  It  was  fit,  therefore,  that  its  College  should  not  wait 
for  graduates  after  the  ordinary  manner,  but  should  adopt 
those  furnished  from  abroati,  and  lay  upon  them,  as  her  own 
children,  the  responsibility  of  caring  for  her  great  and  press- 
ing interests.  And  while  I  have  been  here  to-night,  forecast- 
ing the  future  somewhat,  while  enjojing  the  present,  a  story 
has  occurreil  to  mc  which  I  will   give  )'ou.     A  man  was  mak- 


GRADUATTON  OF  THE  FOURTH  CLASS.  185 

ing  the  tour  of  Europe,  and  visited  a  convent  in  which  were 
many  celebrated  relics.  In  one  room  he  saw  a  small  skull, 
and  asked  the  guide  whose  it  was.  Answering  by  rote,  the 
guide  replied,  'That  is  the  skull  of  St.  Patrick!'  The  trav- 
eler thought  it  rather  small  for  so  distinguished  a  saint,  but 
said  nothing,  and  passed  on.  Soon,  in  another  room,  he  saw 
another  skull,  evidently  that  of  a  man,  and  he  asked  again 
to  whom  it  had  belonged,  and  was  answered,  in  the  same 
careless  manner,  '  That  is  the  skull  of  St.  Patrick  !  '  '  What ! ' 
said  the  tourist,  'did  not  you  tell  me  that  the  little  one  I 
saw  first  was  the  skull  of  St.  Patrick  ? '  '  Oh,  yes  !  but  that 
was  his  skull  when  he  was  a  baby  ! '  If  what  we  see  to-night 
is  California  College  when  a  baby,  what  may  we  expect  to  see 
when  it  shall  become  an  adult ! 

"On  my  first  appearance  among  you  as  educated  men,  rep- 
resenting in  this  new  land  so  large  a  number  of  States  and 
nations,  in  which  letters  have  long  been  fostered  and  highly 
esteemed,  I  could  hardly  have  desired  a  sentiment  upon  which 
to  make  a  few  remarks,  more  appropriate  than  that  which 
}-ou  have  assigned  to  me.  The  presence  here  of  this  large 
association — the  interest  taken  in  this  institution — the  very 
existence  of  this  institution,  with  others  like  it,  in  the  pur- 
pose to  give  a  liberal  culture  to  the  youth  of  California — all 
furnish  proof  that  this  State  is  not  willing  to  be  without  its 
place  in  the  world-wide  Republic  of  Letters.  And  were  the 
question  asked  any  one  of  us,  '  Shall  California  ever  secede 
from  it  ? '  the  answer  would  be  as  emphatic  as  that  which 
rolled  across  the  continent,  when  some  expressed  the  fear,  and 
some  the  hope,  that  she  would  secede  from  the  Union  of 
States.  It  will  not  be  by  direct  designed  withdrawal,  if  the 
evil  shall  ever  come.  The  danger,  if  danger  there  be,  does 
not  lie  in  tiiat  direction.  We  shall  never  positively  secede 
from  the  Republic  of  Letters,  but  a  result  equally  disastrous 
may  come  through  mere  neglect.  A  constellation  in  the 
galaxy  need  not  conspire  against  the  brilliant  sisterhood  in 
which  it  has  a  place,  and  force  itself  out  from  that  glorious 
belt  of  light  across  the  heavens.      Let  but  the  means  by  which 


186  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLECT.   OF  CAL/F0RXL4. 

it  i.s  retained  there  no  longer  act — let  but  the  forces  bearing 
up  each  star  be  paralyzed — and  it  will  drop  from  its  station 
and  expire  in  night.  A  mighty  gravitation,  that  bears  on 
every  constituent  of  this  beautiful  belt  of  letters,  must  be 
counteracted,  and  forces  in  perpetual  and  vigorous  exercise 
must  hold  each  in  its  place  while  it  shines,  or  it  will  fall  and 
vanish.  I  imagine  here  is  the  possibility  of  peril  to  Califor- 
nia. 

"  There  may  not  be  attention  enough  given  by  a  people 
devoted  to  the  work  and  enterprise  of  life,  to  the  thorough 
establishment  of  those  means  by  which  a  worthy  place  among 
the  countries  that  foster  an  advanced  system  of  learning  may 
be  gained  and  retained.  There  is  danger  that,  while  all  would 
be  glad  to  see  such  institutions  as  are  necessary  to  this  end, 
each  one  may  expect  some  others  to  have  them  in  charge, 
and  contribute  chiefly  to  their  endowment  and  support,  and 
the  result  will  be  that  we  shall  not  have  these  bulwarks 
among  us  of  that  republic  which  we  honor.  A  dominie  was 
once  so  much  beloved  by  his  people  that  they  resolved  to 
present  him  with  a  cask  of  wine,  each  one  furnishing  a  bottle, 
which  he  should  pour  into  the  cask.  Thus  the  amount  was 
collected,  and  the  present  dispatched  to  the  parsonage,  and 
immediately  opened,  when  it  was  found  to  contain  nothing 
but  water!  Each  parishioner  had  thought  that  in  such  a 
quantity  of  wine,  his  single  bottle  of  water  would  not  be  no- 
ticed, and  the  poor  parson  was  thus  minus  the  whole  that  they 
all  would  have  been  rejoiced  to  see  him  possess.  Is  there  no 
possibility  that  California  maj'  fail  of  a  worthy  university, 
through  like  readiness  on  the  part  of  her  men  of  wealth  that 
some  others  may  pay  what  will  be  of  cost,  and  they  may 
escape  with  a  trifle?  Is  there  no  possibility  that  the  very 
business,  enthusiasm,  and  zeal  of  the  people  will  eat  up  the 
conviction  felt  here  of  the  necessity  for  these  broadly  based 
institutions,  so  that  the)'  will  be  neglected  till  we  suffer  and 
are  brought  into  disgrace?  There  is  no  lack  of  interest  re- 
specting anything  that  bears  directly  on  success  in  business 
and  practical  life.      Hut  the  mistake  will  be  vital,  if  onl\- these 


GRADUATION  OF  THE  FOURTH  CLASS.  187 

elements  of  future  prosperity  and  j^rowth  are  regarded  essen- 
tial; and  should  higher  education  be  prevented  or  discouraged 
here,  no  man  can  estimate  the  loss. 

"  I  admire  the  devotion  to  business  which  has  made  this 
State  the  wonder  of  the  world,  but  it  may  become  destructive 
of  what  it  should  especially  conserve.  Our  business  men 
furnish  our  life-blood,  but  they  must  not  forbid  it  to  flow  into 
every  part  of  the  body,  and  cause  all  to  be  healthy  and  well 
developed.  There  are  other  interests  than  those  of  trade  and 
commerce  and  money-getting,  and  it  is  a  fearful  calamity 
when  rich  men  place  on  their  purses  and  on  their  hearts  those 
words  so  often  seen  on  the  doors  of  their  manufactories,  and 
offices,  and  mills,  '  No  admittance,  except  on  business.' 

"  We  must  have  admittance,  and  they  must  bid  us  w  elcome, 
when  we  come  to  plead  for  those  grand  and  majestic  interests 
which  lie  at  the  foundation  of  whatever  we  shall  view  hereaf- 
ter with  satisfaction  and  pride.  They  must  not  suffer  this 
State  to  be  magnificent  in  everything  but  the  ripe  education 
of  her  sons,  and  her  proper  position  in  the  sublime  Republic 
of  Letters.  This  University  must  be  nobly  and  speedily  en- 
dowed, to  do  its  mighty  work  in  the  future  that  is  at  our  very 
doors.  Broad  views  of  what  we  are  here  to  be  and  do,  must 
be  the  stimulus  to  our  care  of  such  agencies  in  the  process  of 
development,  and  all  must  be  thankful  for  the  privilege  of 
building  at  the  base  of  what  I  believe  is  here  to  be  reared,  as 
the  most  splendid  superstructure  that  has  ever  stood  in  honor 
of  Christian  civilization.  Then  no  cloud  will  pass  over  the 
glory  that  attracted  to  us  the  attention  of  the  world,  and  there 
will  be  no  occasion  for  a  fear  that  we  may  not  prove  equal  to 
the  opportunity  God  has  thrust  upon  us.  For  we  should  ever 
recognize  our  obligation  to  God,  and  always  remember  that 
he  will  hold  us  to  account,  and  in  that  account  will  be  found 
items  respecting  what  we  might  have  done,  as  well  as  those 
which  record  what  we  have  really  accomplished." 

The  Prksiuent. — "  This  is  what  our  newly  arrived  guests 
all  tell  us:  that  we  have  energy  of  character,  are  prompt  in 
decision,  and  rapid  in  execution,  but  are  not  preparing  proper 


188  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGJ:  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

culture  for  the  future  generations  of  California.  Let  us  take 
the  lesson  to  heart.  I  next  propose,  Rulers;  the  true  repre- 
sentatives of  nation.s.  We  shall  be  glad  to  hear  from  the 
Rev.  Dr.  Briggs." 

Rev.  Dr.  Briggs. — "Mr.  President:  You  have  surprised 
me,  not  by  the  matter,  but  by  the  moment  of  your  call.  I 
brought  neither  the  full-clothed  speech  nor  the  skeleton;  but, 
bringing  the  speaker  (all  there  is  of  him),  1  hoped  that  the 
inspiration  of  the  festival  would  serve  my  occasion.  And, 
indeed,  it  was  serving  me  well.  There  was  every  prospect 
that  in  the  course  of  fifteen  minutes,  more  or  less,  I  should 
be  full  and  ready  to  overflow.  You  have  taken  me  at  half- 
tide;  which  makes  it  the  more  fortunate  that,  of  your  clem- 
ency, you  gave  me  a  shorter  text  than  was  assigned  to 
Professor  Silliman. 

"  To  go  straight  to  the  main  purpose:  I  wed  my  faith  to 
the  sentiment  which  you  have  read,  paradox  and  all.  Albeit 
there  lingers  upon  my  mind  .something  like  a  scruple  of  con- 
science about  the  propriety  of  supporting  it  with  argument, 
chiefly  because  it  leads  into  the  domain  of  politics.  If  1 
must  touch  these  explosive  and  forbidden  topics,  it  is  fortu- 
nate that  my  maiden  effort  is  to  be  made  in  such  a  presence. 

" '  Like  people,  like  priest,'  is  an  ancient  maxim  of  experi- 
ence. I^Vom  the  necessary  relations  of  men,  rulers  are  no 
more  than  indices  of  great  aggregates  of  thought  and  senti- 
ment, conviction  and  purpose.  The  average  intelligence  and 
uprightness  of  a  nation,  as  a  rule,  determine  the  character  ami 
official  conduct  of  both  elected  and  hereditary  rulers,  but 
more  obviously  the  former.  Power  springs  not  from  abstract 
law,  but  fiuin  the  convictions  of  loyal  supporting  masses, 
i  Icnce,  improve  the  general  mind  and  conscience,  and  you 
necessarily  improve,  in  a  corresponding  degree,  the  entire  civil 
administration.  Elevate  the  great  body  of  the  people,  and 
the  Government  will  rise  by  sequence.  To  raise  nations  and 
their  institutions,  we  have  but  to  lift  up  the  substratum — the 
lowest  ranks  of  the  people.  Gradations  of  intelligence  and 
worth  will   preserve  themselves  through  all   possible  stages  of 


CRAPUAJ  /0.\    OF  THE  FOURTH  CLASS.  IS'.l 

progress.  Nothing  is  gained  by  changing  the  machinery  of 
government,  while  the  character  of  the  governed  remains  un- 
changed. It  is  therefore  easy  to  perceive  that  tJie  work  of  the 
patriotic  and  Christian  scholar  is  to  instruct  and  ennoble  the 
lowly,  toiling  ranks  of  society;  to  go  down  where  Jesus  and 
Paul,  Calvin  and  John  Knox  and  Wesley  went,  to  the  neg- 
lected and  poor,  and  feed  them  with  wisdom  and  understand- 
ing. Sanctified  knowledge  is  the  bread  of  life.  If  our 
colleges  fail  to  promote  this  reformatory  work,  they  need 
themselves  to  be  reformed.  His  Excellency  spoke  a  great 
truth  when  he  said  that  the  nation  was  incalculably  indebted 
for  the  resolute  loyalty  of  this  State  during  the  recent  strug- 
gle, to  the  love  which  we  still  cherish  for  the  homes  of  our 
childhood.  But  henceforth  patriotism  and  every  virtue  are  to 
be  cultivated  as  a  growth  of  our  own  clime.  Free  institutions 
arc  to  find  an  adequate  support  in  the  knowledge  and  virtue 
of  the  generations  reared  upon  the  soil.  And  next  to  the 
Christian  pulpit  with  its  free  Bible  in  the  vernacular,  institu- 
tions of  learning  are  to  hold  the  highest  place  among  the 
agencies  through  which  our  hopes  are  to  be  realized.  Disci- 
plined and  richly  furnished  minds  are  to  come  forth  from  the 
halls  of  classic  learning,  to  organize  and  lead  the  working 
forces  by  which  our  manifest  destiny  is  to  be  achieved.  Al- 
ready society  has  derived  incalculable  benefits  from  institutions 
of  a  high  grade  supported  by  private  and  denominational 
liberality.  They  meet  a  demand  for  which  the  State  as  yet 
has  been  unable  to  furnish  a  supply.  But  for  these,  popular 
intelligence  had  never  risen  to  its  present  level.  But  for  them, 
the  admirable  common-school  .system,  so  justly  compli- 
mented here  in  the  person  of  the  Superintendent  of  Public 
Instruction,  would  have  lacked  the  nourishment  requisite  to 
its  growth,  and  the  skill  necessary  for  its  organization  and 
constant  improvement.  So  much  is  due,  and  more,  to  the 
Christian  zeal  which  has  outrun  the  State  in  the  work  of  edu- 
cation, paying  its  full  share  for  the  support  of  common 
schools,  and  at  the  same  time,  with  a  foresight  and  munifi- 
cence worthy  of  all   praise,  rearing  its  seminaries  and  univer- 


191)  IIIS'I  ORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNLI. 

sities  on  every  hand.  They  have  done,  and  are  doing,  a  work 
which  ought  to  make  their  founders  immortal.  Yet  it  is  a 
favorite  theory  and  a  cherished  hope  with  mc,  that  the  time 
will  come  when  they  will  no  longer  maintain  isolated  positions 
illustrative  of  class  and  denominational  liberality,  but  will  sink 
into  the  one  great  national  system  of  free  education.  Not- 
withstanding the  alarming  discovery  of  'the  first  gray  hair,' 
I,  sir,  hope  to  see  the  good  day  when  the  college  and  the 
district  school-house  will  be  parts  of  the  same  beneficent 
whole — the  one  as  free  as  the  other.  We  are  rich,  and  can 
afford  it.  VVe  are  self-t^overning,  and  cannot  afford  to  incur 
the  risks  of  an  opposite  policy.  Free  immigration,  free  bal- 
lots, and  free  schools,  must  be  inseparably  conjoined. 

"  Let  us  be  thankful  that,  on  these  rare  occasions,  lamplight 
answers  as  well  as  sunlight,  and  it  is  never  late.  I  have  tried 
to  touch  the  kernel  of  my  theme.  '  Enlargements '  must  be 
left  to  the  calmer  thinking  of  a  less  hurried  hour.  The  theme 
and  the  occasion  are  great,  our  work  greater,  and  our  country 
greatest.  Apropos  \.o  '  Our  Country  :'  Bethink  you  that  you 
are  helping  to  provide  aliment  for  the  hungry  minds  of  a 
continent !  This  fair  land  we  call  our  own  is  bounded  on  the 
south  by  an  ever-receding  line,  kissed  by  three  oceans,  and 
glorified  with  the  North  I'ole  for  a  corner-stake.  The  extent 
of  its  final  area,  and  the  number  of  its  teeming  millions,  who 
can  foretell  ?  Throughout  this  vast  domain,  and  for  all  the.se 
millions,  a  work  of  conservation  and  education  is  to  be  done; 
done  in  part  by  every  honest  worker,  but  with  greater  emi- 
nence and  responsibility  by  an  ever  recruiting  army  of  ripe 
scholars,  and  by  ministers  who,  eschewing  partisan  politics, 
will  nevertheless  hold  aloft  true  standards,  and  stretch  the  in- 
flexible rules  of  rectitude  across  every  field  of  human  action, 
without  favor,  fear,  or  com[)roinise." 

TllK  President. — "We  must  not  forget  the  beautiful  city 
amidst  whose  academic  groves  we  are  gathered.  I  propose, 
Oakland  ;  let  the  rural  city  be  proud  to-day  of  her  feast  and 
of  her  guests." 

Hon.  W.  VV.  Crane,  Jr.,  Mayor  of  Oakland,  and  an  bono- 


CK.AnU.mcKV  OF  THE  FOURTH  CLASS.  lUl 

rary  member  of  the  association,  rose  in   reply,  and   spoke  as 
follows: — 

"  Mr.  President:  Possibly  the  sentiment  which  you  have 
just  announcecl  may,  for  the  first  time,  inform  many  of  those 
present  to-day  that  we  have  a  full-fledged  city  here  among 
the  oaks;  and  no  doubt  you  pronounce  it  a  city  of  magnifi- 
cent distances,  while  those  of  us  who  are  its  citizens  consider 
it  one  of  magnificent  prospects.  The  occasion  justifies  me 
with  your  permission,  in  indulging  in  a  little  civic  egotism, 
and  telling  of  the  things  which  we  have,  and  those  which  we 
have  not.  Of  those  things  of  which  we  are  proud,  besides 
those  named  in  the  sentiment,  we  are  proud  of  having  a 
municipality  nearly  as  venerable  as  that  of  our  domineering 
neighbor  over  the  bay;  and  we  are  thankful  that  it  escaped 
strangulation  in  its  infancy,  though  I  must  confess  that  its 
good  fortune  in  this  particular  was  not  owing  to  any  lack  of 
killing  kindness  on  the  part  of  those  who  nurtured  the  bant- 
ling. We  also  have  a  water  front- — at  least  we  think  we  have, 
though  this  is  still  an  open  question.  We  have  gas  works 
and  gas  lamps,  as  you  will  perceive  if  you  are  careful  not  to 
stray  away  from  Broadway.  We  have  a  police  department, 
consisting  of  three  police  commissioners  and  one  policeman. 
We  have  a  city  debt,  though  I  am  ashamed  to  say  that  it  is 
yet  small;  but  we  hope,  by  diligent  effort,  to  have  it  keep 
pace  with  our  growth.  I  could  continue  the  enumeration  of 
our  many  blessings,  but  will  not  weary  you,  merely  mention- 
ing a  few  things  we  do  not  have.  P^or  instance,  we  have  no 
outside  lands,  no  pueblo,  no  custom  house,  and  no  poor- 
house;  and  no  need  for  any  of  them.  Many  in  the  midst  of 
us,  of  sanguine  dispositions  and  ardent  imaginations,  picture 
to  themselves  a  grand  future  for  our  youthful  city;  a  dense 
population,  rows  of  warehouses,  shipping  and  busy  commerce; 
but  I,  for  one,  am  content  that  she  should  always  remain,  as 
the  .sentiment  happily  expresses  it — 'the  rural  city;'  a  quiet 
eddy  beside  the  noisy  rapids  of  the  metropolis  of  the  Pacific. 

"  As  has  been  frequently  stated  to-day,  what  we  need  in 
California  is  beauty,  cultu'C,  repose.     No  stimulus  is  neces- 


192  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CAL/F0RNL4. 

sary  to  urge  men  along  the  highways  of  material  prosperity. 
On  the  contrary,  our  special  need  is  rather  to  furnish  incen- 
tives for  turning  aside  and  cultivating  the  homely  virtues. 

"  In  this  view,  we  are  proud  of  the  small  band  of  noble 
and  disinterested  men  among  us,  who  have  voluntarily  fore- 
gone the  many  inducements  to  a  life  of  personal  aggrandize- 
ment, so  freely  presenting  themselves  in  a  young  community, 
and  have  zealously  devoted  themselves  to  fostering  an  insti- 
tution devoted  to  the  higher  culture  of  our  youth.  The  Col- 
lege of  California  is  now,  and  will  be,  a  monument  of  their 
devotion.  Througli  it  and  them  we  confidently  anticipate  the 
day  when  Oakland  will  be  the  Cambridge  of  the  Pacific  slope. 
In  conclusion,  sir,  I  can,  with  all  sincerity,  say,  on  seeing  so 
many  of  the  men  of  intellect  and  culture  upon  this  coast  col- 
lected here,  that  Oakland  is  proud  of  her  feast  and  of  her 
guests  to-day." 

Here  the  Latin  ode,  "  Gaiideanius"  was  sung  by  all  the  as- 
sembly with  great  spirit. 

The  President  then  gave.  The  Law;  the  battle-ground 
of  noble  champions  of  right,  and  of  the  meanest  cunning  of 
bad  men;  and  called  upon  Judge  Hrockway,  of  the  Eleventh 
Judicial  District. 

Judge  Bnjckway  said  all  were  not  aware  of  the  fact  how 
much  they  were  indebted  to  the  law,  but  all  were  aware  how 
much  the  law  had  made  them  indebted.  He  said  the  law  was 
not  only  the  battle-ground,  but  the  battle  itself  In  nine 
cases  out  of  ten,  deceit,  injustice,  and  crime  went  down  before 
it,  and  innocence  and  justice  triumphed.  He  gave  some  illus- 
trations of  what  the  law  had  been  in  this.  Speaking  of  the 
Supreme  Court,  he  said  law  was  not  only  the  battle-ground, 
but  the  protection  of  the  weak  and  innocent.  All  would  ac- 
knowledge that  law  is  the  refuge  of  hope  and  home  where 
the  weary  can  find  rest  if  they  can  pay  their  lawyer's  fees. 
We  regret  that  we  have  no  fuller  report  of  this,  one  of  the 
most  successful  speeches  of  the  evening. 

The  President.—"  I  will  ask  the  Rev.  H.  A.  Sawtelle, 
Alumnus  of  Colby  University,  class  of  1854,  to  respond  to, 
The  College;  its  great  class  beyond  the  class-room." 


i 


GRADUATION  OF  THE  FOURTH  CLASS.  l'J3 

Rev.  Mr.  Sawtelle. — "  I  am  naturally  gratified  that  my 
own  congregation  is  represented  among  the  under-graduates 
of  this  College.  But  we  need  no  merely  personal  attachments 
to  keep  alive  our  interest  in  the  higher  institutions  of  learning. 
All  of  the  great  company  that  surround  this  board  to-day, 
have  a  particular  interest  in  the  College.  We  are  all  its 
debtors  for  no  small  measure  of  intellectual  quickening  and 
discipline. 

"  Overlooking  the  old  division  of  Freshmen,  Sophomores, 
etc.,  we  shall  find  that  the  College  has  three  principal  classes 
intimately  related  to  it.  There  is  its  immediate  circle  of 
under-graduates  subject  to  the  recitation-room  drill.  There  is 
its  growing  list  of  graduates  who  affectionately  count  it  their 
Alma  Mater.  And  there  is,  in  the  third  place,  the  whole  fra- 
ternity of  literary  men  in  the  State  who,  more  or  less,  revolve 
about  it,  and  consciously  or  unconsciously,  are  really  its  pupils- 
These  are  life-long  students.  They  never  graduate.  Finis 
coronat  opus. 

"  What  is  the  College  doing  for  this  latter  class  ?  It  is 
exerting  upon  us  a  silent  elevating  influence  by  the  simple 
fact  of  its  existence.  We  say  that  a  Christian  temple  cannot 
be  erected  in  a  community  without  diffusing  a  wholesome  in- 
fluence by  its  very  existence.  It  points  heavenward.  It 
speaks  of  a  religious  want  in  man.  It  is  an  institution.  It  is 
not  otherwise  with  the  College,  when  fairly  established  and 
developed  as  an  institution.  It  becomes  the  highest  embodi- 
ment of  the  idea  of  mental  culture.  It  points  to  high  possi- 
bilities in  the  intellectual  world.  It  silently,  potently,  draws 
our  minds  upward.  Who  can  but  glance  at  it  without  feeling 
stimulated  to  higher  aims,  and  exhilarated  with  the  literary 
spirit  ? 

"  Furthermore,  the  College  is  reaching  out  beyond  itself, 
and  calling  the  literary  public  up  higher  through  the  yearly 
recruit  of  graduates  it  is  sending  into  the  community.  These 
do  their  part  in  various  ways  in  raising  the  public  standard  of 
education.  And  as  through  them  the  people  are  elevated  in 
their  intellectual  tastes,  literary  and  professional  men  feel  a 
13 


194  HISTORY  OF  HIE  COLLEGE  OF  CALLFOL<NIA. 

necessity  laid  upon  them  to  keep  up  with  the  times.  They 
are  borne  upward  by  the  popular  demand. 

"  There  is  a  third  grand  influence  the  College  is  having 
upon  us.  I  refer  to  the  stimulating  and  educating  influence 
of  its  periodical  literary  gatherings,  like  those  in  which  we 
delight  this  day  to  mingle.  What  one  of  us  is  there  who  will 
not  go  away  from  this  choice  season  with  a  higher  resolve  for 
study,  a  nobler  ambition,  a  revived  literary  spirit?  The 
educative  power  of  these  social  literary  festivities  is  scarcely 
appreciated  as  it  should  be.  For  the  interests  of  higher  learn- 
ing in  the  State,  the  College  does  as  much  ihrough  one  such 
gathering  as  the  present,  as  it  would  by  sending  forth  a  half- 
dozen  disciplined  graduates.  We  see  each  other,  preserve 
our  literary  associations,  recall  the  noble  strifes  of  our  young 
college  days,  revive  the  old  student  fire,  and  go  home  to  take 
down,  perhaps,  the  dusty  Latin  text-book,  and  outline  fresh 
projects  of  study.     We  all  need  such  stimulus. 

"  Let  us,  then,  classmates  in  the  great  school  at  large,  let 
us  keep  a  warm  place  for  the  College  in  our  affections.  The 
more  v\  e  keep  ourselves  in  sympathy  with  it,  the  more  familiar 
it  is  to  us,  the  more  we  gather  ourselves  unto  it  at  times  like 
these,  the  more  of  necessity  arc  we  stimulated  to  such  a  cult- 
ure as  alone  is  worthy  of  us.  Let  the  College,  too,  in  view 
of  its  possible  influence  over  its  great  class  beyond  the  recita- 
tion-room, do  its  best  to  preserve  a  high  standard  of  scholar- 
ship, and  make  its  literary  spirit  intense.  Let  it  show  the 
very  highest  discipline.  Let  it  stand  like  a  pillar  against 
popular  tendencies  to  dilute  the  course  of  stutly,  never  sacri- 
ficing abstract  discipline  for  mere  practicalness.  In  the 
method  and  severity  of  its  culture,  let  it  keep  above  all  other 
schools,  above  all  tiie  people,  and  be  a  leader,  and  not  a  fol- 
lower of  the  spirit  of  the  times.  Go  on,  College  of  Califor- 
nia, in   the  work  )ou   have  begun,  and  keep  high  your  mark." 

TlIK  Prksiuent. — "I  propose.  The  College  Spirit;  a 
liamlmaid  of  the  spirit  of  the  age  ;  and  call  upon  Prof 
Martin  Kellogg,  Alumnus  of  Yale,  of  the  class  of  1850." 

rKOJ'EssoR   Kellogc;. — "Mr.   President:   One  of  the 


GRADUATION  OF  THE  FOURTH  CLASS.  r.t5 

young  men  who  spoke  to  us  to-day  [at  the  Commencement 
exercises],  spoke  of  human  progress.  It  is  a  favorite  theme 
with  young  men,  and  with  older  men  also.  Few  are  willing 
to  forego  the  good  cheer  of  faith  in  the  future  of  our  race. 
This  element  of  progress  is  the  chief  constituent  in  what  is 
called  the  spirit  of  the  age. 

"  It  has  been  said  that  this  spirit  finds  a  foe  in  colleges; 
that  they  are  not  in  sympathy  with  the  fresh,  living  present; 
that  their  instructors  are  mere  book-vvorms,  looking  always  to 
the  past,  and  never  toward  the  future.  Mr.  President,  I  claim, 
on  the  contrary,  that  colleges  are  in  truest  sympathy  with  the 
spirit  of  the  age.  There  are  no  better  friends  of  human  ad- 
vancement than  those  who  have  been  nurtured  in  our  Ameri- 
can colleges. 

"  I  speak  of  those  who  have  the  true  college  spirit.  I  do 
not  claim  this  spirit  for  any  one  college,  or  for  those  only  who 
are  technically  Alumni.  The  constitution  of  your  associa- 
tion, gentlemen,  illustrates  this  point.  You  have  graduates, 
not  of  colleges  alone,  but  of  professional  and  scientific  schools; 
you  welcome  to  your  ranks  all  who  are  of  like  spirit  with 
yourselves. 

"  There  is  a  reason,  Mr.  President,  for  the  sympathy  of  such 
men  with  the  spirit  of  the  age.  Right  progress  must  have 
truth  for  its  basis;  and  I  may  claim  that  college  men  are  pre- 
eminently seekers  for  truth.  They  do  not  isolate  a  pet  frag- 
ment of  truth ;  they  try  to  adjust  it  in  its  right  place,  that  so 
the  building  may  be  fitly  framed  together,  and  the  whole 
superstructure  rise  in  symmetry  and  grandeur.  They  do  not 
content  themselves  with  one  star,  however  bright,  that  is  but 
a  planet  [wanderer]  ;  they  search  for  the  whole  balanced  and 
harmonious  system  of  worlds.  They  are  lovers  of  truth  in 
equipoise,  and  so  they  are  at  once  most  truly  conservative  and 
most  truly  progressive — the  best  advisers  and  guides  to  the 
struggling,  advancing  human  race.  The  men  of  our  colleges 
are  not  wedded  to  the  past.  They  revere  it,  and  try  to  catch 
its  noble  inspirations,  but  they  believe  in  a  better  future,  to 
which  they  devote  their  life  and  toil. 


196  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

"The  sentiment  uses  the  word  'handmaid.'  It  is  the  right 
word.  The  college  spirit  does  not  claim  to  be  an  equal  asso- 
ciate, or  partner,  with  the  spirit  of  the  age.  It  is  content  to 
serve.  There  is  a  lesson  of  self-sacrifice,  of  devotion,  which 
the  world  has  needed ;  a  lesson  once  perfectly,  once  divinely 
taught,  on  the  dusky  banks  of  the  Jordan  and  by  the  blue 
waters  of  Galilee.  The  spirit  of  devotion,  of  self-sacrifice,  of 
willingness  to  serve,  has  ever  since  been  winning  its  way. 
Often  obscured,  it  has  become  more  and  more  luminous,  es- 
pecially in  these  later  ages,  and  is  now  a  recognized  power  in 
the  world. 

"  This  spirit,  I  venture  to  assert,  is  fostered  in  our  colleges. 
It  takes  the  place  of  a  true  pedagogue  {paidagogos),  not 
ruling  as  a  tyrant  over  its  pupil  and  ward,  but  leading  it  to 
the  place  where  the  fountains  of  knowledge  are  opened;  will- 
ing to  hold  the  satchel,  or  to  perform  any  menial  office,  for 
the  good  of  its  young  but  illustrious  charge.  The  college 
spirit  is  willing  and  eager  to  serve;  it  burns  to  lay  its  best  de- 
votion at  the  feet  of  the  young  genius  of  the  present,  in  whose 
hands  are  the  hopes  of  the  future. 

"  Do  we  need  proofs?  Look  at  those  who  have  gone  forth 
from  our  colleges  to  bless  the  world, — inventors,  like  Morse, 
who  have  rejoiced  to  promote  human  welfare;  men  of  earnest 
voices,  some  of  eloquent  tongues,  who  have  enforced  right 
princi[)les  in  the  pulpit,  at  the  bar,  on  the  bench,  in  delibera- 
tive and  legislative  asscinblies,  in  the  varied  walks  of  public 
life.  Many  of  these  men  have  shown  the  moral  power  of 
goodness — a  power  greater  far  than  that  of  eloquence  or 
genius.  Such  were  those  college  presidents  whose  eulogies 
we  heard  at  our  last  meeting,  Nott  and  Wayland ;  such  has 
been  another,  whose  nam  •,  alas  !  I  fear  we  must  soon  place 
amongst  the  starred ;  the  venerable  man  who  for  many  years 
presided  with  .so  much  wisdom  in  the  halls  of  my  own  Alma 
Mater.  Such  men  have  shown  the  nobleness  of  devotion  to 
a  high  cause.  Their  spirit  has  been  reproduced  and  perpetu- 
ated in  the  lives  of  hundreds  of  their  pupils. 

"  Do  we   need    another  proof?     Look   at   the  young   men 


GRA  D  UA  TION  OF  THE  FO  UR  TH  CLA  SS.  1 97 

whose  record  was  so  eloquently  spoken  of  to-day  [by  Rev. 
Dr.  Stone],  who  went  fresh  from  their  college  studies  to  the 
field  of  battle;  who  offered  their  services  and  their  lives  on 
the  altar  of  their  country. 

"  It  is  the  glory  of  the  college  spirit  that  it  rejoices  to  serve, 
that  it  is  proud  to  be  a  handmaid  of  the  spirit  of  the  age." 


CHAPTER  XVI. 

THE  COLLEGE  WATER-WORKS. 

During  the  following  week,  the  closing  examinations  and 
exhibition  of  the  College  School  took  place.  These  exercises 
were  thronged  by  audiences  even  more  crowded  than  those  of 
Commencement  and  Alumni  meetings.  The  school  was  so 
large,  and  the  exercises  so  varied,  and  so  many  friends  of  the 
pupils  not  only  in  Oakland,  but  froin  San  Francisco,  and  else- 
where, were  in  attendance,  that  the  occasion  was  one  of  great 
spirit  and  enthusiasm.  The  very  air  seemed  to  be  electric. 
The  following  remarks  were  made  concerning  the  school  and 
the  exersices  in  the  Pacific  of  June  20,  1867: — 

"  This  institution  enjoys  what  all  first-class  institutions  sooner  or 
later  attain,  a  high  degree  of  popularity  and  substantial  success.  A 
generous  provision  for  a  great  public  want  has  met  with  a  fit  response 
from  those  who  prize  the  benefits  of  a  sound  school  education.  The 
examinations  of  last  week,  as  we  are  informed,  and  the  exhibitions 
whicli  wc  liad  the  pleasure  of  witnessing,  gave  proof  of  the  variety 
and  thoroughness  of  the  course  of  instruction  in  this  institution. 
We  know  of  no  similar  school  on  the  Pacific,  which  in  its  liberal  ap- 
pointments, its  thorough  discipline,  and  in  the  rare  competence  of 
its  Board  of  Instructors,  equals  this.  The  seal  of  public  approval  is 
seen  in  the  number  of  its  scholars,  and  in  the  gratified  concourse  of 
its  friends,  who,  on  two  successive  evenings,  filled  its  spacious  Ex- 
hibition Hall  to  overflowing,  speaking  more  forcibly  in  its  behalf  than 
any  words  of  ours.  The  remarks  of  the  Principal,  Rev.  Mr.  Bray- 
ton,  on  the  last  evening,  that  he  felt  that  the  school  was  only  in  its 
inf;incy,  gave  token  of  the  true  educational  spirit — ever  and  infinitely 
l)rogressive.  Wc  offer  one  suggestion:  that  as  the  school  has  already 
attained  so  high  a  rank,  the  parts  of  its  graduates  should  be  more 
distinctly   marked   at    its   annual   exhibition.      We   were   pleased    to 


THE  COLLEGE   IP  ATE  R- II  ON  KS.  i'.V.) 

learn  that  five  young  gentlemen  leave  the  College  School  for  the 
College  of  California.  It  seems  very  desirable  that  a  much  larger 
accession  to  the  latter  should  come  year  by  year  from  Mr.  Brayton's 
school,  and  such  doubtless  will  soon  be  the  case.  The  attendance  of 
pupils  during  the  past  session  has  been  one  hundred  and  seventy." 

But  the  Principal,  Professor  Brayton,  looked  worn  and 
weary.  He  was  a  man  of  delicate  health,  at  the  best.  And 
the  care  of  so  large  an  institution,  both  executive  and  pecun- 
iary, was  too  much  for  him.  He  never  could  have  carried  so 
great  a  burden  for  a  single  year,  had  it  not  been  for  the  assist- 
ance of  his  wife,  who  was  a  woman  of  rare  executive  ability- 
In  the  large  boarding-house,  she  was  the  ruling  spirit,  and  she 
controlled  without  seeming  to  do  so.  Neither  she  nor  her  hus- 
band was  strong;  but  by  excellent  judginent  and  mutual 
helpfulness,  they  managed  to  carry  on  for  years  a  great  insti- 
tution. But  the  work  was  beginning  to  tell  heavily  on  both 
of  them  at  this  time.  They,  however,  would  not  admit  it, 
even  to  themselves,  but  planned  their  vacation  full  of  work 
for  putting  everything  in  readiness  for  the  next  term. 

In  the  College  it  became  necessary  to  obtain  an  instructor 
in  the  Department  of  Natural  Science.  Through  correspond- 
ence, Willard  B.  Rising,  of  Michigan  University,  was  recom- 
mended, and  he  was  sent  for,  and  agreed  to  come. 

Early  in  the  month  of  August,  the  water-works  were  so 
far  completed  that  they  were  ready  for  use.  But  few  resi- 
dences besides  my  own  had  at  that  time  been  built  in  all  that 
region,  though  several  were  commenced,  and  the  owners  of 
many  lots  proposed  to  improve  them  by  the  use  of  water,  and 
have  them  in  readiness  for  future  building.  But  when  the 
water  was  first  turned  from  the  reservoir  into  the  pipes,  and 
went  up  in  spray  under  a  hundred  and  fifty  feet  pressure,  at 
various  points  on  the  homestead  tract  and  College  site,  pla)- 
ing  jets  fifty  or  seventy-five  feet  in  the  air,  it  was  a  sight  novel 
and  animating  enough.  It  was  a  demonstration  that  water- 
works thus  begun  could  be  carried  to  any  desired  extent. 
The  water  could  be  conducted  down  wherever  it  was  wanted, 
all  over  the  plain,  and   to  Oakland  itself  if  it  should  appear 


200  IlISTOR  Y  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALLFORNIA. 

that  it  could  be  done  to  advantage.  It  would  first  be  for  the 
use  of  the  College,  on  its  own  grounds,  not  only  for  domestic 
purposes,  but  for  irrigation,  for  security  against  fire,  for  fount- 
ains, and  ornamentation  <Tenerally,  and  then  for  the  supply  of 
the  public  at  a  fair  rate.  At  the  suggestion  of  the  members 
of  the  College  Water  Company  and  Trustees,  a  kind  of  bas- 
ket picnic  was  planned  on  the  College  grounds  for  a  pleasure 
day,  and  an  exhibition  of  this  commencement  of  the  carrying 
out  of  the  water  plans.  The  following  notp  of  invitation  was 
printed  and  circulated  among  the  friends  of  the  College,  in 
Oakland  and  San  Francisco: — 

A  day's  recreation  in  the  country. 
"A  rural  picnic  is  proposed  at  the  grounds  of  the  College  of  Cal- 
ifornia, on  Saturday,  August  24,  1867.  On  that  day,  at  2  o'clock 
p.  .M.,  the  water-works  of  the  College  Water  Company  will  be  in- 
augurated. The  friends  of  the  College  and  their  families  are  cor- 
dially invited.  Bring  a  basket  of  lunch,  and  let  the  children  have  a 
whole  day's  enjoyment.  Boats  leave  San  Francisco  at  9  and  11:15 
A.  M.,  and  returning,  leave  Oakland  at  5:15  and  6:30  \\  m.  Convey- 
ances will  he  provided,  at  moderate  charge,  from  the  railroad  station 
in  Oakland  to  the  grounds  and  back. 

"In  behalf  of  the  College  Trustees,  S.  H.  Willey." 

In  response  to  this  invitation  a  goodly  number  of  people 
assembled  beneath  the  trees  on  the  College  grounds  on  the 
day  proposed.  It  was  a  windy,  blustering  day  in  San  Fran- 
cisco, and  on  the  bay,  but  all  remarked  how  still  it  was,  and 
how  sunny  and  genial  on  the  College  grounds  and  in  the 
neighborhood  around.  The  water  was  turned  on,  and  the 
jets  and  fountains  were  playing  to  the  utmost  satisfaction  of 
all  who  came  to  see  them.  It  was  acknowledgetl  by  everyone, 
that  if  plenty  of  water  could  be  supplied  for  use  in  this  way, 
the  only  possible  objection  to  this  as  the  location  of  a  College 
and  College  town  was  manifestly  removed.  The  Pacific,  of 
August  29,  made  the  following  note  of  this  occasion  : — 

WArKR-WOkK     Kl"  TE    Al     HERKELEY. 

"  A  goodly  number  of  the  friends  of  the  College  of  California 
were  gathered  in  a  rural  picnic  at  the  charming  locality  which  is  to  be 


THE  COLLEGE   WATER-WORKS.  201 

the  future  site  of  the  College,  on  Saturday  last.  The  special  occa- 
sion was  to  celebrate  the  completion  of  the  aqueduct,  which  leads 
down  from  the  beautiful  valley  included  in  the  grounds  of  the  insti- 
tution, the  clear,  sweet  waters  that  issue  from  several  living  and  copi- 
ous springs. 

"A  reservoir,  holding  thirty  thousand  gallons,  has  been  constructed 
at  an  elevated  point,  and  from  there  the  water  is  conveyed  in  iron 
pipes  for  the  present  and  prospective  use  of  the  neighborhood.  The 
supply  is  ample,  and  can  readily  be  almost  indefinitely  increased  by 
the  construction  of  a  dam  in  the  valley  above.  When  the  water  was 
let  on,  a  jet  of  sparkling  water  rose  nearly  seventy-fire  feet  above  the 
fountain  at  the  lower  end  of  the  pipe. 

"  The  occasion,  under  the  auspices  of  Rev.  S.  H.  Willey,  Vice- 
President  of  the  College,  was  one  of  much  interest  and  pleasure. 
The  fine  groves,  the  abundance  of  refreshments,  and  eloquent 
speeches,  furnished  more  than  ordinary  picnic  attractions;  while  the 
broad,  varied,  and  unrivaled  prospect  spread  out  before  the  eyes  of 
the  guests,  inspired  an  elevated  and  glowing  admiration. 

"  We  trust  this  pleasant  fete  may  call  to  the  remembrance  of  the 
friends  of  education,  the  wants  of  the  College  of  California,  and, 
may  it  not  be  said,  its  claims  upon  their  liberality  and  that  of  the 
State.  Shame  to  us,  if,  while  providing  so  generously  for  many  other 
worthy  objects,  we  neglect  to  lay  broad  the  foundations  of  our  high- 
est form  of  education.  Our  common  schools  and  our  high  schools 
need  the  influence  of  the  College,  our  liberal  professions  need  it,  our 
better  social  life  needs  it — the  great  and  growing  interests  of  the 
State  require  it. 

"  And  now  that  a  good  beginning  has  been  made,  and  this  College 
stands  forth  as  a  fit  recipient  of  public  support,  when  a  locality  has 
been  secured  equal  to  all  our  hopes  and  wants  for  the  future,  let  not 
the  institution  languish  like  the  parched  field  in  time  of  drought, 
but  flourish  in  generous  rivalry  with  the  elder  colleges  at  the  East." 

And  the  reporter  for  the  Alta  California  wrote  in  that  pa- 
per as  follows: — 

A    DAY    AT   THE   COLLEGE    GROUNDS — COMPLETION    OF    THE 
WATER -WORKS. 

"About  one  hundred  persons  of  the  number  of  invited  guests, 
found  time  on  Saturday  to  visit  the  grounds  of  the  College  of  Cali- 
fornia   and    the  adjoining    College    Homestead  Association.      The 


202  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLliCE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

special  interest  of  the  occasion  was  the  completion  of  the  water- 
works designed  to  supply  the  future  College  buildings  and  the  sub- 
urban town  which  is  destined  to  spring  up  in  the  vicinity.  The 
location  is  about  five  miles  north  of  Oakland,  just  where  climate, 
scenery,  and  living  water  have  combined  to  furnish  every  desira- 
ble requisite  for  the  site  of  a  great  university.  The  Deaf  and  Dumb 
Asylum  is  located  a  few  hundred  yards  south,  and  the  farm  recently 
purchased  for  an  agricultural  school,  is  located  a  few  hundred  yards 
northward.  The  grounds  of  the  College  of  Calilornia  and  the 
homestead,  amount  to  about  four  hundred  and  seventy-five  acres, 
the  College  site  having  separately  about  one  hundred  and  thirty 
acres.  In  the  hills,  or  mountains,  which  form  the  background,  are 
numerous  springs  and  rivulets  of  water.  The  largest  of  these  have 
been  taken  up  and  conducted  over  the  grounds  in  a  four-inch  i)ipe  of 
about  three  thousand  feet  in  length.  'I'he  present  capacity  of  the 
works  is  about  three  hundred  thousand  gallons  a  day;  but  by  making 
a  reservoir  in  the  hills,  which  can  be  done  at  any  future  lime  at  small 
cost,  the  sui)ply  can  be  increased  to  any  desirable  extent.  These 
works  have  been  completed  under  the  superintendence  of  Rev.  S. 
H.  Willey,  Vice-President  of  the  College.  The  successful  introduc- 
tion of  water  has  so  much  to  do  with  the  comfort,  health,  and 
prosperity  of  the  people,  and  as  the  progress  of  this  enterprise  is  of 
public  importance,  it  was  deemed  worthy  of  a  public  celebration> 
The  fountain  at  the  lower  end  of  the  grounds  attracted  attention 
from  a  great  distance.  The  jet  was  about  seventy-five  feet  high,  and 
the  head  can  at  any  time  be  increased  so  as  to  throw  the  water  over 
the  highest  building  which  will  be  erected  for  public  or  private  use  in 
that  vicinity.  Of  the  ninety-six  lots  laid  out  originally,  none  of 
which  were  less  than  an  acre,  and  some  of  them  containing  five  acres, 
eighty  have  been  taken  by  the  '  solid  men  '  of  San  Francisco  and 
places  about  the  bay.  Another  tract  of  still  greater  elevation  has 
been  subdivided  to  meet  the  wants  of  those  who  will  be  drawn  to 
this  charming  locality. 

"  Of  course,  the  picnic  was  a  mere  incident  of  the  occasion.  It 
is  wonderful  what  stores  these  Californians  can  spread  out  on  such 
occasions.  A  shrewd  commissary  would  have  fed  a  thousand  people 
with  such  resources,  or,  at  least,  charged  for  that  number.  Elderly 
people  tried  to  be  young  and  succeeded  tolerably  well;  but  a  few 
hours  hastily  snatched  from  business  is  not  enough  to  enable  one  to 


THE  COLLEGE  WATER- WORK'S.  203 

do  his  best  in  juvenile  performances.  It  requires  the  first  few  hours 
when  out  of  harness  to  realize  that  play  is  not  hard  work.  Several 
prominent  gentlemen  being  on  the  ground,  made  impromptu  speeches, 
for  which  we  regret  that  we  have  not  room  to-day.  They  all  testified 
to  the  exceeding  beauty  of  the  locality,  and  expressed  the  strongest 
convictions  that  upon  that  spot  would  grow  up  the  great  educational 
establishment  of  California.  When  its  attractions  as  a  place  for 
suburban  residences  arc  fully  known,  people  will  make  their  future 
homes  there,  because  nowhere  within  a  reasonable  distance  of  the 
city,  is  there  another  place  possessing  so  many  desirable  advantages. 
The  city  within  sight,  the  bay  and  Ciolden  Gate  in  front,  and  the 
mountains  for  a  background,  sending  down  living  water,  with  a  fore- 
ground already  the  garden  of  the  State,  a  college  within  speaking 
distance,  and  a  climate  of  surpassing  loveliness  all  the  year  round, — 
these  were  some  of  the  considerations  so  well  attested,  both  by  ob- 
servation and  by  the  remarks  of  the  speakers,  as  not  to  leave  room 
for  a  dissenting  opinion." 


CHAPTER  XVII. 
ORIGIN  OF  THE  UNIVERSITY  IDEA. 

The  fall  term  in  the  College  opened  with  five  Seniors,  four 
Juniors,  three  Sophomores,  and  nine  Freshmen.  Professor 
Rising  had  arrived,  and  was  ready  for  work  in  the  Depart- 
ment of  Natural  Science.  But  that  work  required  tools,  con- 
sisting of  far  more  furniture  and  apparatus  than  we  then  had. 
To  procure  these,  money  was  needed  immediately.  This 
brought  us  face  to  face  again  with  the  question  of  difficulty. 
Provision  was  first  made  for  immediate  wants  in  the  labora- 
tory, and  then  the  matter  of  raising  funds  for  defraying  cur- 
rent expenses  was  taken  up  anew.  The  special  committee 
of  Trustees  heretofore  mentioned  as  appointed  to  assist  in 
this  business,  entered  upon  their  work  resolutely.  Their  ef- 
forts were  seconded  by  other  friends  of  the  College.  But 
they  met  with  only  limited  success.  Meeting  after  meeting 
of  the  Board  was  held,  to  hear  their  reports  and  compare 
views  as  to  what  it  was  best  to  do.  While  courage  and  reso- 
lution were  not  one  jot  abated,  the  stern  fact  could  not  be 
hidden  from  any  of  us,  that  our  expenses  were  increasing — 
must  increase — and  at  the  same  time  our  income  was  dimin- 
ishing. It  was  plain  that  we  could  not  carry  on  the  College 
in  a  genuine  way  without  an  assured  income  of  at  least  twenty 
thousand  dollars  a  year.  Hitherto  the  work  had  been  done 
at  an  expense  of  from  twelve  to  fifteen  thousand  dollars  a 
year. 

While  we  were  all  busy  at  this  hard  financial  problem,  the 
Commissioners  appointed  by  the  State  to  locate  the  Agricul- 
tural, Mining,  and  Mechanical  Arts  College,  consisting  of 
Gov    1^'.    F.    Low,    and  others,   made    choice    of   the    Burns' 


ORIGLV  OF  THE  UNIVERSITY  IDEA.  205 

Ranch,  situated  a  mile  or  two  north  of  our  College  site,  for 
that  purpose.  The  movement  of  the  State  to  establish  such 
a  college  was  much  talked  of  by  us  all.  The  State  had 
made  many  attempts  at  founding  some  kind  of  an  institution 
that  should  entitle  it  to  its  share  of  the  United  States'  Agri- 
cultural Land  Grant.  At  the  same  time  the  State  itself  had  a 
small  Seminary  Fund,  which  had  never  been  used,  but  which 
had  been  accumulating  in  the  State  Treasury.  But  these  at- 
tempts had  failed  hitherto,  for  lack  of  unanimity  in  the  suc- 
cessive Legislatures.  Still  the  subject  was  not  dropped,  but 
was  referred  from  time  to  time  to  committees  and  commissions. 
In  the  year  1863  it  was  given  into  the  hands  of  a  commission, 
of  which  Prof.  J.  D.  Whitney  was  chairman.  The  work  of 
that  committee  was  done  in  a  thorough  and  elaborate  way, 
and  seems  to  have  resulted  in  the  law  to  establish  the  Agri- 
cultural, Mining,  and  Mechanical  Arts  College,  which  was 
approved  March  31,  1866.  This  law  constituted  a  Board  of 
Directors,  at  the  head  of  which  was  the  Governor  of  the 
State.  It  gave  the  Directors  power  to  locate  the  institution, 
and  to  organize  it.  Only  it  was  provided  that  "it  should  not 
be  connected  with  any  other  institution  of  learning,  nor  be  in 
any  manner  connected  with,  or  controlled  by,  any  sectarian 
denominations."  Acting  under  this  law.  Governor  Low,  with 
the  other  Directors,  selected  the  Burns'  Ranch,  as  before  stated, 
as  the  site  and  farm  of  the  proposed  institution. 

Of  course  the  nature  and  scope  of  this  new  institution  were 
much  inquired  into  and  discussed.  It  was  clear,  however, 
from  the  terms  of  the  law,  that  it  proposed  to  be  only  a 
scientific  and  industrial  institution  and  not  literary,  and  there- 
fore would  not  occupy;  in  an)-  full  measure,  the  ground  of  our 
College.  And  yet  in  the  whole  field  of  natural  science,  the 
work  of  the  two  institutions  would  be  in  common.  And  the 
State,  with  its  unlimited  resources,  would  occupy  it  with  over- 
shadowing advantages.  All  this  brought  up  the  general 
question  of  State  colleges  or  universities.  It  was  discussed  a 
great  deal.  It  was  a  subject  written  about  very  frequently  in 
the  public  journrds  throughout  the   ountr}'  about  that  time. 


206  niSTOKY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

The  Rev.  Dr.  John  Todd,  of  Massachusetts,  having  spent  some 
time  at  Ann  Arbor,  Michigan,  wrote  a  series  of  letters  giving 
in  detail  the  results  of  his  observations  in  the  University  of 
Michigan.  These  letters  were  in  the  highest  degree  com- 
plimentary of  the  working  of  that  institution.  Other  State 
universities  were  talked  of  also,  but  most  of  them  seemed  to 
be  conspicuous  for  their  failure  rather  than  their  success. 
Still  it  was  urged  by  not  a  few  that,  with  their  ample  means, 
the  best  of  them,  at  least,  would  supersede  in  new  States  the 
necessity  of  colleges  endowed  by  private  means.  Professor 
Whitney  said  in  his  report  to  the  Legislature,  before  alluded 
to,  that  "the  State  University  of  Michigan  is  far  in  advance 
of  any  other  Western  institution  of  learning,  brought  to  its 
condition  by  the  zeal  and  admirable  ability  of  the  Rev.  Dr. 
H.  P.  Tappan,  the  chancellor."  And  Professor  Silliman,  in 
his  Commencement  address  before  the  College  of  California 
oijly  a  few  weeks  before  this,  in  speaking  of  the  disposition  of 
the  religious  question,  remarked  that  "certain  religious  per- 
suasions named  in  the  Michigan  University  law  hold  sway  in 
rotation,  and  for  a  prescribed  time,"  and  furthermore,  "that 
the  same  was  true  in  the  University  of  Virginia."  This  he 
said  in  defense  to  the  principle  which  he  stated  thus,—"  in 
the  very  constitution  of  human  nature,  some  form  cif  religious 
belief  must  prevail."  And  he  gave  these  instances  to  show 
that  it  could  be  provided  for,  even  in  State  universities. 

Out  of  all  these  things  sprang  the  question  whether  the  in- 
stitution proposed  by  the  State  of  California,  and  our  College 
of  California,  could  not  be  joined  in  one,  and  become  a  uni- 
versity. It  was  a  question  that  struck  .some  of  us  with  con- 
sternation and  alarm.  We  knew  too  well  what  was  involved 
in  the  proposition.  The  work  of  years  had  not  been  laid  out 
with  any  such  end  in  view.  The  very  highest  and  most  im- 
portant objects  which  induced  its  founders  to  begin  the  Col- 
lege could  never  be  secured  in  a  State  university.  That  some 
of  us,  at  least,  well  knew.  But  the  College  of  California  hav- 
ing offered  itself  in  all  sincerity  to  the  Christian  community 
c)l  the  State,  accortiing  to   its  well-known  basis,  the  sincerity 


ORiarM  OF  THE  UNIVERSITY  IDEA.  207 

and  force  of  which  had  been  witnessed  by  many  years  of  ex- 
perience, and  now  failing  to  receive  adequate  support  from  that 
Christian  community  in  developing  its  work,  what  could  it 
i\y)  ?  Besides,  if  the  State  was  coming  with  its  unlimited 
means,  to  build  a  college  of  science  alongside  of  us,  how  in 
that  case  could  we  expect  that  private  citizens  would  con- 
tinue to  subscribe  to  the  temporary  support  of  the  College  of 
California? 

These  stubborn  facts  compelled  us,  even  those  of  us  most 
unwilling,  to  study  this  subject  in  the  search  for  the  best 
course  to  pursue.  It  was  thought  by  many,  that  if  the  State 
would  aban<lon  its  plan  of  an  exclusively  scientific  and  in- 
dustrial institution,  and  organize,  instead,  a  university,  after 
the  pattern,  for  example,  of  the  University  of  Michigan,  and 
make  the  College  of  California  the  center  of  it,  building  the 
various  departments  of  science  and  the  professions  around  it> 
that  most  of  the  work  of  the  College  might  thus  be  done,  and 
its  ends  be  measurably  answered.  Whether  the  State  would 
do  this,  however,  no  one  could  tell. 

Among  the  confidential  conversations  on  these  important 
matters,  I  remember  one  with  Governor  Low.  The  Governor 
had  been  a  friend  to  the  College  of  California  from  the  be- 
ginning. He  had  all  along  been  one  of  the  most  liberal  con- 
tributors to  its  support.  He  knew  its  character,  the  magni- 
tude of  its  work,  and  appreciated  its  success.  He  had  at- 
tended our  last  Commencement,  and  addressed  the  Alumni 
at  their  meeting  in  the  evening.  The  substance  of  what  he 
said  was  this  :  "  You  have  here  in  your  College,  scholarship, 
organization,  enthusiasm,  and  reputation,  but  not  money;  we, 
in  undertaking  the  State  institution,  have  none  ofthe.se  things, 
but  we  have  money.  What  a  pity  they  could  not  be  joined 
together!"  Yes,  what  a  pity  surely,  if  only  the  motives  and 
objects  that  had  brought  the  College  on  through  so  many 
years  could  continue  in  the  ascendant.  But  how  could  there 
be  any  assurance  of  this?  Of  course  we  could  not  make 
terms  with  the  State,  or  expect  the  State  to  make  terms  with 
us.     And  who  would  administer  the  affairs  of  State  in  the  or- 


20b  niSTOKY  OF  'I  HE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

ganization  of  a  university,  if,  at  our  suggestion,  the  State 
should  establish  it,  n  j  one  could  tell.  At  that  very  time 
Governor  Low  was  about  to  go  out  of  office,  and  the  election 
only  could  determine  who  would  be  his  successor.  Indeed, 
on  account  of  division  in  the  then  dominant  political  party — 
the  Republican — there  was  more  uncertainty  than  usual.  At 
the  same  time  it  was  thought  to  be  probable  by  the  few  in 
positions  of  influence  who  would  be  likely  to  know  best,  and 
who  were  consulted,  that  the  State  would  change  its  plans,  if 
asked,  and  instead  of  organizing  a  school  of  science  only, 
would  establish  a  university.  But  if  so,  what  would  be  its 
complexion  and  spirit,  who  could  tell  ?  We  knew  what  un- 
certain powers  State  administrations  and  Legislatures  in 
California  were.  And  with  some  of  us,  at  least,  it  was  hard 
beyond  expression  to  think  of  intrusting  the  disposal  of  the 
College  of  California  to  such  hands.  And  yet,  "the  univer- 
sity" was  the  popular  idea  for  the  higher  education  at  that 
time.  And  there  were  a  few  shining  examples  of  success. 
This  could  not  be  denied.  Why  could  there  not  be  another 
example  of  success  in  this  State  .'*  It  was  plainly  possible. 
And  then,  if  the  College  of  California  should  propose  it,  and 
offer  itself  \.o  become  its  beginning,  would  it  not  be  conceded 
as  her  right  and  privilege,  as  a  matter  of  course,  to  have  her 
due  share  in  forecasting  the  character  of  the  proposed  uni- 
versity? Some  thought  that  her  position  of  influence  would, 
in  such  a  case,  be,  naturally,  very  great. 

Though  not  rich  in  funds,  the  College  of  California  had  a 
great  deal  to  give,  liesides  the  things  embraced  in  the  re- 
marks before  quoted,  of  Governor  Low,  she  had  a  great  deal  to 
give.  Ilcr  ample  and  carefully  chosen  site  vvas  in  itself  a  great 
deal.  Of  course  it  was  far  preferable  in  many  respects  to  the 
one  fixed  upon  for  their  institution  by  the  Directors  of  the 
Agricultural,  Mining,  and  Mechanical  Arts  College.  It  was 
more  accessible,  more  suitable  for  building  sites,  having  a  fine 
grove  of  noble  trees,  and  now  possessed  of  water  rights  secur- 
ing an  ample  supply  of  pure  running  water  the  year  round, 
and  a  complete  owm  rship  and  control  of  the  water-shed  of 


OR/GfN  OF  THE  UNIVERSITY  IDEA.  209 

Strawberry  Creek,  affording  facilities  for  any  works,  reser- 
voirs, or  other  improvements  that  might  be  needed.  For  the 
improvement  of  this  property  the  Trustees  had  procured,  at 
large  expense,  the  elaborate  plan,  heretofore  given,  from 
Fred  Law  Olmsted,  of  Olmsted,  Vaux  &  Co.,  landscape 
architects,  New  York.  This  was  the  firm  that  designed 
Central  Park,  New  York,  and  were  regarded  as  authorities  in 
their  business.  The  plan  presented  contemplated  no  imme- 
diate expensive  work,  but  showed  how  improvement  could  be 
commenced,  and  carried  on  in  a  comprehensive  and  symmet- 
rical way,  as  the  means  and  wants  of  the  institution  might  re- 
quire. The  entire  ground-plan  was  shown  in  detail  on  a  very 
large  map  some  nine  feet  by  five,  also  engineer's  plans  for 
road-ways,  avenues,  stairs,  drains,  etc.,  etc.,  also  the  location 
and  most  effective  grouping  of  the  buildings  that  would  be 
likely  in  time  to  be  needed.  Besides  what  might  be  called 
its  "good-will,"  consisting  in  its  influence,  and  its  patronage, 
and  the  confidence  reposed  in  it  by  the  public,  together  with 
its  four  well-trained  classes,  it  had  this  choice  property  founda- 
tion for  future  use  to  give.  And  we  did  not  esteem  it  as  but 
a  little.  Nor  will  the  scholars  and  lovers  of  learning  in  the 
State  in  coming  time  esteem  it  to  have  been  but  a  little  !  It 
seemed  almost  like  taking  life,  to  think  of  parting  with  the 
control  of  an  educational  institution  so  well  grown,  and  pos- 
sessed of  such  opportunities.  But  without  money  in  increas- 
ing amounts,  it  could  not  be  held,  f  And  the  amount  available, 
instead  of  increasing,  was,  as  has  been  said  before,  diminish- 
ing !  Besides,  if  anything  was  ever  to  be  done  with  the  State, 
it  must  be  done  immediately.  The  Legislature  was  to  meet 
in  the  fall,  and  the  agricultural  college  Directors  would  have 
to  make  their  report.  If  they  should  report  favorably  to 
proceeding  on  the  Burns'  Ranch,  the  Legislature,  if  they 
could  agree  upon  anything,  would  undoubtedly  adopt  that 
report,  and  the  only  opportunity  to  join  with  the  State  in  the 
organization  of  a  State  university  would  pass. 

At  this  time   it   was   ascertained    that  the  Directors  of  the 
proposed  agricultural  college  would   be   glad  to  recommend 
14 


210  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

the  abandonment  of  the  plans  for  the  building  of  a  separate 
scientific  institution,  and  the  organization,  instead,  of  a  State 
university  on  our  site,  if  we  would  yield  our  ground  and  in- 
stitution to  it.  Now,  therefore,  was  our  opportunity  for  doing 
that,  if  wc  thought  best.  And  it  would  be  the  only  one. 
For  this  reason  a  special  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of 
the  College  of  California,  duly  called  and  notified,  was  held 
on  October  8,  1867,  to  determine  the  question  as  to  what 
should  be  done.  Nothing  new  could  be  said,  for  the  whole 
subject  had  been  thoroughly  canvassed  in  private  conversa- 
tion before,  and  the  friends  of  the  College  had  been  generally 
consulted.  But  notwithstanding  the  general  unanimity  in 
favor  of  the  contemplated  transfer,  it  was  the  least  cheerful 
meeting,  certainly,  for  some  of  us,  that  the  Board  ever  held. 
Part  of  the  record  of  that  meeting  runs  thus: — 

"  An  institution  able  to  afford  the  varied  facilities  for  higher 
eiiucation  possessed  by  the  most  enlightened  States  has  been 
the  aim  of  thi.s  Board  from  the  beginning.  To  endow  it  with 
adequate  means,  through  private  munificence,  seems  to  be  im- 
possible at  present,  and  the  prospect  of  doing  so  in  the  future 
is  remote.  The  question  before  us  just  now  is  whether  this 
object,  or  the  main  part  of  it,  may  not  be  secured  in  another 
way,  namely,  by  uniting  with  the  State."  While  ihe  discus- 
sion of  the  subject  was  in  progress,  Governor  Low  and  Mr. 
Reed,  members  of  the  State  Commission  for  organizing  the 
agricultural  college,  who  had  been  previously  invited  to 
meet  with  us,  came  in.  The  views  of  the  Board,  so  far  as 
they  had  been  arrived  rit,  were  stated  to  them,  to  the  effect 
that  the  College  of  California  was  never  more  tenderly  alive 
to  the  importance  of  its  work  than  now;  but  that  it  had  out- 
grown our  means,  so  much  so  that  the  prospect  of  our  being 
able  to  carry  it  on  in  a  genuine  and  progressive  way  was  not 
encouraging.  This  being  so,  wc  were  constrained  to  say  tha' 
if  the  State  would  come  upon  our  ground,  and  with  its  ample 
means  assume  this,  our  work,  and  develop  it  as  the  central 
College  in  a  first-cla.ss  University,  we  wtjuld  give  place  to  it. 
We   would    donate  our   Berkeley  site,  consisting  of  the  re- 


ORIGfN  OF  THR   UNIVERSITY  IDEA.  211 

quired  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres  of  land  for  it,  and  when 
the  University  was  established  thereon,  we  would  donate  to 
it  the  remaining  property  of  the  College. 

Governor  Low  expressed  his  high  appreciation  of  this  offer, 
remarking  that  it  had  been  a  favorite  idea  with  him  to  com- 
bine the  educational  efforts  of  citizens,  and  the  means  at  the 
command  of  the  State,  in  one  enlarged  literary  and  scientific 
institution,  and  he  regarded  this  proposition  as  fully  opening 
the  way  for  so  doing.  He  said  that  he  would  summon  Mr. 
Ryland,  of  San  Jose,  who  was  a  Commissioner  with  himself 
and  Mr.  Reed,  for  locating  the  Agricultural,  Mining,  and 
Mechanical  Arts  College,  and  that  if  the  Board  of  Trustees 
would  adjourn  till  to-morrow,  the  proposition  could  be  further 
considered.  It  was  thereupon  voted  by  the  Board  that 
a  committee  of  three  be  appointed  to  draw  up  a  report 
embodying  the  views  of  the  Board,  to  be  presented  the  next 
day.  The  committee  having  been  appointed,  the  Board 
adjourned. 

At  twelve  o'clock  the  next  day,  October  9,  the  Board  met 
with  the  Commissioners  as  before,  and  Mr.  Ryland  was  pres- 
ent. The  proposition,  as  agreed  upon  the  day  before,  was 
presented  in  form  by  the  coinmittee,  of  which  Mr.  Dwinelle 
was  chairman,  in  the  following  resolutions,  viz  : — 

"  Resolved^  That  the  President  and  Board  of  Trustees  of  the 
College  of  California  hereby  offer  to  donate  and  convey  to  the  State 
Board  of  Directors  of  the  Agricultural,  Mining,  and  Mechanical  Arts 
College,  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres  of  land  in  the  township  of 
Oakland,  Alameda  County,  including  the  lands  between  the  two 
ravines,  commonly  known  as  the  California  College  site,  for  the  site 
and  farm  of  the  said  State  College. 

"  Resolved^  That  in  making  this  donation,  the  College  of  Califor- 
nia is  influenced  by  the  earnest  hope  and  confident  expectation  that 
the  State  of  California  will  forthwith  organize  and  put  into  operation, 
upon  this  site,  a  University  of  California,  which  will  include  a  Col- 
lege of  Mines,  a  College  of  Civil  Engineering,  a  College  of  Mechanics^ 
and  a  College  of  Agriculture,  and  an  Academical  College,  all  of  the 
same  grade,  and  with  courses  of  instruction  equal  to  those  of  Eastern 
colleges. 


^ 


212  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLECT  OF  CALIFORNLA. 

^*  Resolved,  That  the  President  and  Secretary  of  this  Board  be 
authorized  to  enter  into  a  contract  with  the  State  Board  of  Directors 
of  the  Agricultural,  Mining,  and  Mechanical  Arts  College,  to  the 
effect  that  whenever  a  University  of  California  shall  be  established 
as  contemplated  in  the  next  preceding  resolution,  then  the  College 
of  California  will  disincorporate,  and  after  discharging  all  its  debts, 
pay  over  its  net  assets  to  such  University." 

It  was  remarked  that  these  resolutions  were  not  in  exact 
accordance  with  the  pr  vious  understanding,  in  this,  that  they 
seemed  not  to  give  the  College  the  ranking  place  among  the 
departments  of  the  University.  The  agricultural,  mining  and 
engineering  colleges  seemed  to  be  given  the  precedence.  In 
explanation  of  this  it  was  said  by  the  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee, that  the  several  proposed  colleges  were  named  in  this 
order  in  deference  to  the  United  States  land  grant,  and  to 
the  terms  in  which  the  objects  to  which  it  could  be  applied 
1  were  expressed.  And  furthermore,  the  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee thought  that  the  Legislature,  which  would  be  com- 
posed of  practical  men,  would  be  more  likely  to  vote  for  the 
establishment  of  the  University,  if  its  departments  were  pro- 
posed in  this  order;  but  at  the  same  time  that  inasmuch  as  the 
College  was  already  organized  with  all  its  four  successive 
College  classes,  and  would  therefore  lead  all  the  other  depart- 
ments, it  would  necessarily  take  and  hold  the  first  rank  in  the 
University.  This  was  not  wholly  satisfactory  to  all,  because 
it  did  not  guard  sufficiently  the  perpetuation  of  the  specific 
work  of  the  College  as  the  leading  thing  in  the  University. 
The  Trustees  and  friends  of  the  College  of  California  had  no 
idea  of  surrendering  the  College  for  the  sake  of  getting  a 
university  without  a  college,  or  with  one  esteemed  only 
secondary  and  "  optional,"  and  inferior  in  value  to  the  best 
New  England  colleges.  The  distinctive  and  uniform  four 
years'  training  of  young  men  in  the  earlier  part  of  their 
student  life,  as  it  has  been  maintained  for  so  many  genera- 
tions in  those  colleges,  we  enthusiastically  believed  in,  and 
meant  to  secure. 

But  then  there  was  no  time  now  for  debate.     The  State 


OR f GIN  OF  THE  UNIVERSITY  IDEA.  213 

Commissioners  were  present.  They  were  obliged  to  decide 
at  once  what  their  report  should  be  with  respect  to  the  State 
institution,  for  the  time  of  the  meeting  of  the  Legislature 
was  near.  On  the  whole,  therefore,  it  seemed  best  to  wave 
objections  as  to  the  form  of  the  report  and  not  to  delay  action 
by  proposing  any  change  in  the  resolutions,  but  rather  to 
trust  the  working  outof  the  true  and  well-known  understanding 
in  the  matter  to  the  State  and  to  the  officers  it  should  appoint 
to  organize  and  conduct  the  proposed  University. 

Therefore,  on  motion,  these  resolutions  were  adopted,  and 
the  work  was  done. 


CHAPTER   XVIII. 

THE  UNIVERSITY  ORGANIZED. 

And  n(nv  it  became  the  duty  of  all  to  do  their  best  to 
make  the  University  a  success,  if  the  State  should  respond 
to  our  proposition  and  establish  it.  It  was  the  expressed  be- 
lief of  the  gentlemen  Commissioners  that  the  State  would  do 
so,  and  that  the  motives  and  the  action  ot  the  College  of 
California  in  the  premises  would  be  very  highly  appreci- 
ated. Of  course  no  terms  could  be  made  with  the  State,  as 
before  remarked,  or  conditions  laid  down;  but  the  Governor 
and  the  Commissioners  seemed  fully  to  coincide  with  our 
Board  in  the  idea  that  a  college  in  the  main,  like  the  College 
of  California,  or  like  the  best  Eastern  colleges,  should  be  the 
leading  and  central  College  in  the  University,  and  that  all  other 
required  departments  for  instruction  in  the  sciences,  arts, 
and  professions  should  be  grouped  around  it.  That  tiiis 
would  be  in  accordance  with  the  best  models  of  university 
organization,  and  in  justice  due  to  the  College  of  California,  in 
view  of  the  action  she  had  taken.  After  the  Commissioners 
had  retired,  the  Board  appointed  committees  necessary  to  the 
carrying  out  of  the  transfer.  One  of  these  was  a  committee 
to  draw  up  the  outline  of  a  university  law  to  be  submitted  as 
expressing  the  views  of  the  Board,  if  thought  best,  at  the 
proper  time.  The  Rev.  Dr.  James  Eells  was  made  chairman 
of  this  committee. 

From  this  point,  a  new  work,  that  of  the  transfer  itself,  had 
to  be  done,  and  if  any  should  suppose  it  to  have  been  an  eas)' 
one,  they  would  be  very  much  mistaken.  In  the  first  place, 
the  State  election,  which  soon  came  on,  unexpectedly  left  the 
Republicans  out,  ami   ])ul  a    Democratic   administration   into 


_...  _     .    11. 


THE  UNIVERSITY  ORGANIZED.  215 

office,  with  Henry  H.  Haight  as  Governor.  This  brought 
men  into  office  of  whom  we  knew  httle,  and  who  knew  very 
Httle  indeed  of  the  College  of  California.  Governor  Haight 
knew  most,  but  even  he  had  never  been  a  contributor  to  our 
funds,  or  visited  our  institution,  not  even  to  attend  the  meet- 
ings of  the  Associated  Alumni,  though  he  himself  was  a  grad- 
uate of  Yale  College.  Nevertheless  when  the  leading  newly 
elected  gentlemen  were  consulted  and  were  made  acquainted 
with  the  university  proposition  that  was  to  come  before  them, 
they  at  once  approved  of  it,  and  promised  freely  their  influ- 
ence in  carrying  it  out.  The  Pacific,  of  about  this  date,  closed 
an  article  highly  appreciative  of  the  action  of  the  College  in 
making  this  transfer  to  the  State  under  the  circumstances,  for 
the  sake  of  creating  a  university,  in  these  words  : — 

"  There  are  some  instances  of  eminent  success  in  institu- 
tions of  this  kind,  built  by  the  State.  The  most  notable  one 
of  modern  times  is  that  of  Michigan.  It  is  but  little  more 
than  a  dozen  years  old,  and  yet  it  is  thronged  by  hundreds  of 
students,  anxious  to  share  the  rare  advantages  of  its  well  pro- 
vided departments.  California  is  able  to  do  as  well.  The 
way  is  open.  The  time  is  propitious.  The  enterprise  awaits 
the  response  of  an  intelligent  people  and  the  action  of  our 
Legislature."  But  this  sentiment  concerning  the  transfer  was 
not  .shared  by  all  the  friends  and  patrons  of  the  College. 
Some  of  those  who  were  ab.sent  from  the  State  at  the  time, 
as  soon  as  they  heard  of  it,  expressed  their  regret  in  emphatic 
terms.  Among  these  were  Frederick  Billings  and  Rev.  E.  S. 
Lacy.  Later  on,  when  they  learned  all  the  circumstances, 
they  saw  that  the  thing  was  inevitable^ 

The  first  thing  to  be  done  preparatory  to  making  the  dona- 
tion of  the  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres  of  land  proposed,  was 
to  obtain  a  survey  of  the  particular  tract  and  make  a  map  of 
it.  It  was  to  consist  of  the  land  between  the  two  ravines, 
including  both  banks  of  the  streams,  with  the  groves  of 
trees  and  shrubbery,  and  extend  eastward  toward  the  hills 
far  enough  to  amount  to  the  proposed  number  of  acres.  A 
surve)'or  was  at  once    employed    to  do  this  work.     At    the 


216  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

same  time,  the  titles  must  be  re-searched  and  an  abstract 
made.  To  make  this  search  and  abstract,  the  law  firm  of 
Crane  &  Boyd,  in  San  Francisco,  was  employed.  The  pro- 
posed tract  consisted  of  portions  of  purchases  from  several 
original  owners.  Consequently  the  search  necessitated  the 
tracing  back  of  several  lines  of  derivation,  and  the  discovery 
of  all  defects  and  errors,  that  they  might  be  corrected,  and  a 
perfect  title  be  made  ready  for  presentation.  The  law  firm 
mentionetl  was  urged  to  make  the  search  immediately,  in 
order  to  give  time  to  make  corrections  and  have  everything 
in  readiness  for  the  meeting  of  the  Legislature,  which  was  to 
take  place  in  December.  But  for  one  reason  or  another,  their 
work  was  delayed.  Everything  possible  was  done  by  us  to 
hasten  it,  but  weeks  went  by  before  we  could  get  even  the 
beginning  of  the  searchers'  report.  Meanwhile  the  survey 
was  completed,  and  the  map  of  the  property  made,  according 
to  which  the  deed  of  conveyance  could  be  drawn.  But  the 
work  of  the  searchers  was  painfully  prolonged.  It  had  not 
been  given  to  us  completed  up  to  the  time  of  the  meeting  of 
the  Legislature.  And  when  at  last  it  came,  it  contained  a 
list  of  sixteen  points  of  defect  to  be  remedied.  These  were 
mainly  formal,  but  their  correction  required  a  great  deal  of 
travel  to  get  signatures  of  previous  owners,  or  corrected  con- 
veyances, etc.,  and  visiting  San  Lcandro,  which  was  then  the 
county  seat  of  Alameda  County,  twelve  miles  away. 

Before  all  the.se  matters  could  be  satisfactorily  settled,  and 
papers  and  titles  and  maps  set  right,  the  whole  month  of  Jan- 
uary, 1868,  was  gone,  and  more  than  a  month  of  the  session  of 
the  Legislature  had  passed.  The  rain  was  falling  in  torrents 
about  this  time,  and  traveling  was  both  laborious  and  expos- 
ing, but  1  pushed  matters  night  and  day,  till  I  got  the  com- 
pleted deed  of  the  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres  duly  signed 
and  executed,  conveying  to  the  "  Directors  of  the  Agricult- 
ural, Mining,  and  Mechanical  y\rts  College,"  the  site  for  the 
proposed  university.  On  P'ebruar\-  20,  I  went  to  Sacramento 
with  the  deed,  maps,  etc.,  and  delivered  them  to  the  above- 
named  directors.      But  even  then  it  was  found   that  Crane  & 


THE  UNU'ERSirV  ORGANIZED.  217 

Boyd's  transcripl  of  the  search  of  title  had  not  been  received, 
according  to  expectation. 

While  awaiting  its  arrival,  it  was  discovered  that  the 
"  Directors  of  the  Agricultural,  Mining,  and  Mechanical  Arts 
College  "  did  not  constitute  a  body  corporate,  to  which  the 
deed  of  the  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres  could  properly  be 
made.  In  view  of  this,  it  wastlien  agreed  that  another  meet- 
ing should  be  held  in  San  Francisco  on  February  24.  I 
immediately  returned  to  San  Francisco  and  set  agoing  the 
work  of  engrossing  a  new  deed  on  parchment,  conveying  the 
ground  in  question  as  a  vmiversity  site,  directly  to  the  State 
of  California.  The  motive  for  making  the  conveyance  was 
declared,  in  the  deed,  as  follows: — 

"In  making  this  offer  of  donation  the  President  and  Board  of 
Trustees  of  the  College  of  California  are  influenced  by  an  earnest 
hope  and  confident  expectation  that  the  State  of  California  will 
forthwith  organize  and  put  into  operation  upon  the  aforesaid  site  and 
grounds,  a  University  of  California,  which  shall  include  a  College  of 
Mines,  a  College  of  Civil  Engineering,  a  College  of  Mechanics,  a  Col- 
lege of  Agriculture,  and  an  Academical  College,  all  of  the  same 
grade,  and  with  courses  of  instruction  at  least  equal  to  those  of 
Eastern  colleges  and  universities." 

This  deed,  after  careful  examination,  was  signed  and  exe- 
cuted, and  made  ready  to  be  delivered.  During  this  time  the 
Legislature  accepted  an  invitation  of  the  citizens  of  Oakland 
to  visit  the  site  proposed  to  be  given  for  a  university.  This 
they  did  on  the  twenty-second  of  February,  and  on  their 
return  from  Berkeley  to  Oakland,  they  sat  down  together  to 
a  dinner,  which  had  been  provided  for  them  by  the  people  of 
Oakland,  in  Brayton  Hall.  On  February  24,  the  Governor 
and  the  Directors  met  in  San  Francisco  according  to  adjourn- 
ment. The  new  deed  was  examined,  approved,  and  then 
delivered. 

Now  came  up  the  matter  of  legislation.  It  must  be 
accomplished  quickly,  if  at  all,  for  it  was  doubtful  how  long 
into  March  the  Legislature  would  continue  in  session.  I  went 
immediately  to  Sacramento  to  do  anything  I  could  to  for- 


218  ///STORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CAL/FORN/A. 

ward  it.  The  shape  and  the  provisions  of  the  proposed  law 
for  organizing  the  University  were  now  to  be  determined. 
The  drawing  up  of  the  bill  was  in  the  hands  of  John  W. 
Dwinelle,  Esq.,  member  of  the  Assembly  from  Alameda 
County.  I  found  that  Mr.  Dwindle  had  already  outlined  the 
frame-work  of  a  bill  manuscript.  How  much  work  the  com- 
mittee that  was  appointed  by  the  Trustees  of  the  College  of 
California  to  assist  in  framing  a  University  Bill  had  done,  I 
do  not  know.  I  find,  however,  a  rough  draught  or  outline  of 
such  a  bill  in  the  handwriting  of  Rev.  Dr.  Eells,  who  was 
chairman  of  that  committee.  It  is  now  among  the  papers  of 
the   University  library.     The  substance  of  it  is  as  follows: — 

Article  I.     Establishing  the  University. 

Article  II.  Defining  its  courses  of  instruction.  First,  collegiate 
or  classical  education.  Next,  scientific  and  industrial,  and  then  pro- 
fessional.    Each  course  to  terminate  with  the  appropriate  degree. 

Article  III.  The  government  of  the  University  to  be  vested  in 
a  Board  of  sixteen  Regents,  classified  as  to  their  terms  of  office,  of 
which  Board  the  President  of  the  University  should  be  one,  but 
without  a  vote.  The  powers  of  the  Board  should  be  to  appoint  and 
remove  the  President,  professors,  teachers,  officers,  agents,  etc.  To 
determine  the  courses  of  study,  define  the  professorships,  fix  the 
conditions  of  admission,  confer  degrees,  manage  funds,  fulfill  the 
conditions  of  endowments,  erect  and  care  for  buildings,  improve 
grounds,  purchase  library  and  apparatus,  fix  and  pay  salaries,  make 
by-laws,  and  report   to  the  Governor  of  the  State  once  in  two  years. 

Article  IV.  The  internal  government  of  the  University  to  be 
in  the  hands  of  the  Faculty,  consisting  of  the  President  and  pro- 
fessors, they  to  report  at  specified  times  to  the  Regents. 

Article  V.  The  conditions  of  graduation  specified,  together 
with  the  tests  of  examination. 

Article  VI.  Provides  for  scholarships,  established  either  by  the 
State,  or  by  individuals,  or  by  associations,  affording  free  tuition. 
The  advantage  of  at  least  a  part  of  these  to  accrue  to  such  scholars  of 
the  public  schools  as  distinguish  themselves  in  study  and  by  good 
conduct. 

Article  VII.  Specifies  sources  of  endowment,  including  dona, 
lions  to  found  professorships,  whether  given  by  individuals  or  associa- 
tions. 


THE  UNIVERSITY  ORGANIZED.  219 

Mr.  Dwinelle's  first  "  project  "  for  a  bill  made  the  University 
to  consist  of  a  College  of  Arts,  a  College  of  Letters,  and  the 
Professional  Colleges.  The  College  of  Agriculture  was  given 
the  first  place,  in  deference  to  the  United  States  land  grant. 
The  Colleges  of  Mechanics  and  Mines  came  next,  for  the 
same  reason.  And  then,  with  regard  to  the  Academical 
College,  this  language  was  used  :  "  The  Board  of  Regents, 
having  in  regard  the  donation  of  one  hundred  and  sixty 
acres  for  the  University  site  by  the  College  of  California,  and 
the  proposition  of  that  institution  to  surrender  its  property  to 
the  State  University,  shall  establish  the  College  of  Letters, 
to  be  co-existent  with  the  Colleges  of  Arts,  and  it  shall  em- 
brace a  liberal  course  of  instruction  in  language,  literature, 
and  philosophy,  leading  at  the  end  of  the  usual  four  years' 
course  of  study,  to  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts."  In  this. 
"  project,"  also,  provision  was  made  for  the  founding  by  the 
State,  by  associations,  or  by  individuals,  of  professorships 
and  of  scholarships. 

Out  of  these  preliminary  studies  grew  the  University  Bill. 
I  reached  Sacramento  again  on  February  27.  Mr.  Dwinelle 
had  the  completed  bill  in  manuscript.  Very  soon  it  came  from 
the  hands  of  the  printer  in  "  proof."  Then  it  was  studied, 
and  marked  with  changes  and  emendations,  as  the  papers  in 
the  University  Library  now  show  ;  after  which  it  came  from 
the  printing  office  complete. 

Mr.  Dwinelle  introduced  the  bill  in  the  Assembly  on 
March  5,  1868.  It  was  read  a  first  and  a  second  time 
and  was  referred  to  the  joint  committee  of  both  Houses 
on  the  University.  This  committee  took  it  up  at  its  meet- 
ing on  Saturday  evening,  March  7.  It  was  considered  as 
generally  satisfactory.  A  few  changes  were  made.  But 
a  further  consideration  was  postponed  to  March  12.  This 
seemed  likely  to  endanger  the  passage  of  the  bill  very  much, 
on  account  of  the  shortness  of  the  time  of  the  session  remain- 
ing. But  there  was  no  help  for  it.  On  the  evening  of  the 
twelfth  the  committee  met,  according  to  adjournment,  and 
gave  the  whole  evening  to  the   bill.      I  was   present  at  this 


220  HISTOR'^    OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNLi. 

meeting,  and  gave  the  reasons  for  haste  in  respect  to  the 
matter.  I  stated  to  the  committee  the  circumstances  under 
which  the  College  of  California  had  given  a  large  portion  of 
its  property  to  the  State,  and  for  what  purpose.  But  that,  at 
the  same  time,  the  College  had  a  family  of  thirty  .students 
on  hand  whose  instruction  it  was  pledged  to  carry  on,  conse- 
quently it  was  of  the  utmost  importance  that  the  University 
should  be  now  organized  to  take  this  work  off  our  hands. 
The  committee  expressed  a  readiness  to  press  the  matter 
with  all  possible  haste,  and  voted  to  report  the  bill  as 
amended.  On  March  i6  the  bill  was  reported  to  the  Assem- 
bly, and  the  rules  were  suspended,  and  the  bill  was  read  a 
third  time  and  passed  without  opposition. 

It  came  up  in  due  course  in  the  Senate  on  the  twentieth, 
and  was  read  a  third  time  and  referred  to  the  University 
Committee  of  the  Senate.  From  this  committee  the  bill 
was  reported  back  to  the  Senate  on  the  twenty-first  with  the 
recommendation  that  the  rules  be  suspended  and  the  bill 
considered.  Mr.  Maclay,  of  Santa  Clara,  objected.  He 
wanted  more  time.  He  himself  had  introduced  a^University 
Bill  in  the  Senate  on  March  i8,  and  he  wished  to  have  that 
considered.  The  main  features  of  his  bill  were  the  establish- 
ment of  a  central  school  of  science,  to  be  maintained  by  one- 
half  of  the  State  University  funds,  the  other  half  to  be 
divided  among  the  chartered  colleges  of  the  State,  and  all 
such  colleges  to  report  to  the  Regents  of  the  University,  and 
be,  in  certain  respects,  under  their  supervision.  But  Mr.  Ma- 
clay's  objection  to  taking  up  the  report  of  the  committee  at 
that  time  was  not  sustained,  and  the  motion  to  consider  it 
prevailed.  Mr.  Maclay  called  for  the  reading  of  the  bill,  say- 
ing that  he  wished  to  propose  amendments.  The  reading 
thereupon  began.  But  as  it  proceeded  Mr.  Maclay  was  con- 
sulted privately  as  to  his  real  points  of  objection.  It  was 
ascertained  that  they  had  been  already  removed,  whereupon 
he  withdrew  his  call  for  the  reading,  and  the  bill  was  taken 
up  and  passed.  In  the  afternoon  of  the  same  day,  March  21, 
the  bill  came  up  in  the  Assembly,  as  it  had  been  amended 


THE  UA'/l'EFSJTV  ORGANIZEP. 


221 


and  passed  by  the  Senate.  Mr.  Dvvinelle  asked  for  unan- 
imous consent  to  take  up  the  bill  and  place  it  on  its  final 
passage.  This  was  agreed  to.  The  amendments  were  then 
read,  and  the  bill  was  passed  and  went  to  the  Governor.  In 
due  time  Governor  Haight  signed  the  bill  and  it  became  a 
law.  On  March  27  a  bill  was  passed  making  an  appropri- 
ation for  the  support  of  the  University. 

This  also  became  a  law,  and  the  institution  was  thus  fairly 
launched. 


■^  or  Tt.f         'r 

NIVEBSITY 


CHAPTER   XIX. 

GRADUATION  OF  THE  FIFTH  CLASS. 

While  all  these  outside  changes  were  going  on,  great  as 
they  were,  the  inside  college  work  proceeded  undisturbed. 
And  almost  before  we  knew  it,  another  Commencement-time 
was  at  hand. 

After  the  year's  final  examinations,  the  day  came.  It  was 
June  3,  1868.  The  hall  was  filled,  and  the  exercises  were  as 
usual.  The  members  of  the  Senior  class,  five  in  number, 
gave  their  addresses,  and  received  their  degrees.  Their 
names  were:  John  L.  Beard,  Clinton  Day,  Charles  A.  Dud- 
ley, Richard  E.  Poston,  and  Charles  A.  Wetmorc.  The 
annual  address  before  the  College  was  given  by  Rev.  J.  A. 
Benton,  D.  D.  He  took  for  his  subject,  "  Some  of  the 
Problems  of  Empire."  His  address  is  contained  in  the  sixth 
number  of  the  Appendix  to  this  History. 

In  the  afternoon  the  Associated  Alumni  assembled  in  the 
hall,  which  was  filled  by  an  appreciative  audience,  assembled 
to  listen  to  the  annual  oration.  It  was  delivered  by  Rev.  I. 
E.  Dwincll.  D.  D.  His  theme  was,  "The  Relation  of  the 
Acceptance  of  Supernatural  Ideas  to  Institutions  of  Learn- 
ing." The  oration  is  given  in  the  seventh  number  of  the  Ap- 
pendix. 

At  the  close  of  the  exercises  in  the  hall,  the  audience 
dispersed,  and  the  members  of  the  Alumni  Association 
proceeded  to  the  College  chapel  to  participate  in  the  festival. 

Five  long  tables  were  spread  with  taste  and  ornamented 
with  flowers.  One  hundred  and  fort)'-onc  persons  joined  in 
the  feast,  which  was  watched  with  interest  by  many  ladies, 
who  had  accompanied  them.     Rev.  A.  L.  Stone,  D.  D.,  Presi- 


GRADUATION  OF  THE  FIFTH  CLASS.  223 

dent  of  the  association  for  1867-68,  an  Alumnus  of  Yale, 
class  of  1837,  presided  at  the  table.  After  all  had  liberally 
partaken  of  the  repast,  the  President  arose  and  spoke  as 
follows  : — 

"  Gentlemen  and  Friends:  It  is  the  first  duty  and  highest  privi- 
lege of  the  President  of  the  Associated  Alumni  of  the  Pacific  Coast 
to  extend  the  hand  of  greeting,  and  to  give  the  salutation  of  this  hall, 
this  scene,  and  this  fellowship  to  all  who  come  hither  this  day,  drawn 
by  the  love  of  letters  and  the  bond  of  this  fraternity.  Accept  an 
earnest  and  cordial  welcome.  It  is  good  to  look  again  upon  your 
faces,  to  hear  again  your  voices,  and  to  feel  as  we  sit  side  by  side 
in  these  festivities,  that  we  are  brothers  in  the  community  of  a 
hearty  devotion  to  the  cause  of  liberal  learning  and  in  all  the  tender 
reminiscences  of  youthful  student  life.  If  some  of  the  places  in  our 
ranks  are  vacant  to-day,  because  of  temporary  absence  of  those  ac- 
customed to  gather  with  us  here,  or  of  that  unreturning  absence  that 
shall  give  us  back  their  faces  and  forms  at  this  high  festival  never 
more,  still  we  may  congratulate  ourselves  that  our  numbers  seem  to 
have  suffered  no  diminution. 

"  Some  of  you  have  heard  a  little  army  song,  whose  burden  is, 
'Touch  elbows,  comrades  ! '  and  know  well  its  occasion  and  signifi- 
cance. That  little  refrain  is  the  word  of  command  to  soldiers  in 
action,  when  one  and  another  falls  slain,  leaving  the  line  of  battle 
thinned,  gaping,  and  waning.  Close  up,  then,  boys  I  Touch 
elbows,  comrades  !  Keep  the  battle  line  full  and  firm.  We  can 
touch  elbows  still.  Nay,  though  we  sit  closer,  we  have  I  believe  no 
room  to  spare.  And  we  hasten  to  make  our  greeting  so  large  and 
catholic  that  it  shall  give  to  every  laborer  in  the  fields  of  literature 
and  science,  who  has  sought  our  circle  to-night,  whether  in  the 
learned  professions  or  the  walks  of  practical  industry,  or  any  whose 
relations  to  the  institutions  of  learning  are  those  of  patrons  or 
guardians,  the  name  of  comrade  and  brother. 

'  "We  shall  need,  gentlemen,  to  have  large  hearts  and  large  hospital- 
ities on  these  shores  for  months  to  come.  The  old  '  California 
fever,'  and  yet  not  the  old,  for  it  has  a  higher  and  more  permanent 
inspiration,  is  kindling  in  the  veins  of  multitudes  in  the  East  and  on 
foreign  shores.  Germany  is  looking  hither  and  asking  room  for  her 
thrifty  sons.  From  the  British  Isles  the  cry  is  still,  '  Give  us  room  ! ' 
The  tillers  of  New  England's  rocky  hills,  and   her  many-fingered 


224  H/STOfy'V  OF  THE  COIJ.EGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

cunning  artificers,  lift  up  their  voice,  '  Roonri  for  us  ! '  They  crowd 
the  wharves  of  the  steam-ships  at  the  other  end  of  the  Pacific  line, 
struggling  with  one  another  to  see  who  shall  be  first  for  the  new 
promised  land,  and  shouting  to  the  Titan  boats  that  they  are  yet  all 
too  small,  '  Room !  Room  !  '  And  is  it  the  echo  that  comes  back 
from  the  Occident  ?  No.  Old  gray-haired  China  stirs  from  her 
dull  sleep  of  ages,  and  her  crowded  people  in  a  chorus  that  strength- 
ens day  by  day,  send  over  the  meeting  and  mingling  sound,  '  Room, 
give  us  room!'  And  our  hills  welcoming  the  hand  of  the  husband 
man  to  their  very  coasts,  answer,  '  Room  enough  ; '  and  our  broad 
valleys  with  their  black  fertility  of  generous  earth,  answer,  '  Room 
enough;'  and  our  illimitable  grain-fields — emerald  and  tawny 
oceans — shout  with  all  their  waves,  '  Room  enough;'  and  our  glit- 
tering ravines,  with  every  stroke  of  the  miner,  pulse  out  the  deep, 
muffled  sound,  '  Room  !  room  !  room  ! '  Why,  these  responses  are 
like  that  which  that  old  patriarch  of  the  ministry,  Dr.  Lyman 
Beecher,  in  one  of  his  visits  from  Ohio  to  the  East,  gave  to  a  young 
minister  who  asked  him  confidentially  if  there  was  any  place  for  him 
out  there.     '  Place,  sir  !  why,  it  is  all  place  at  the  West  I' 

"And  what  the  hills  say,  and  the  valleys  and  all  workshops  of  art, 
we,  the  brotherhood  of  letters,  must  take  up  and  repeat,  'Room 
enough  for  young  men  and  maidens  in  the  halls  of  study  ;  room 
enough  for  preachers,  and  teachers,  and  healers,  and  law  makers, 
and  law  expounders;  room  enough  for  explorers  in  every  field  of 
thought  and  miners  in  every  vein  of  science.'  We  want  to  send 
over  the  mountains  and  across  the  breadth  of  the  continent,  a  wel- 
come to  every  intellectual  aspirant  to  enter  with  us  here  upon  the 
work  of  building  the  fair  symmetry  of  a  Christian  State  :  a  work 
than  which  there  is  for  the  patient  scholar  none  more  inspiring  and 
none  more  rewarding  beneath  the  cope  of  heaven. 

"  But  I  trespass  both  upon  your  patience  and  the  limits  of  the  oc- 
casion. Indeed,  I  do  not  see  but  that  we  must  take  the  whole  of 
the  British  people  in,  for  our  orator  of  to-day  (Commencement 
orator,  Rev.  J.  A.  Benton)  in  arranging  his  new  system  of  world 
empires,  has  left  out  the  distinctive  English  sovereignty  altogether ! 
This  is  a  more  effectual  way,  perhaps,  of  dis])osing  of  England  than 
one  insisted  upon  by  a  western  orator,  when  English  provocations 
stirred  the  American  bile  so  deeply. 

"'When  I  look  upon  our  ger-reat  and  gel-lorious  Kedntry,'  said 


GRADUATION  OF  THE  FIFTH  CLASS.  2-2.". 

the  orator,  '  whar's  Europe  ?  Europe's  no-whar  !  Whar's  England  ? 
England's  no-whar !  She  calls  herself  the  mistress  of  the  seas ! 
What's  the  seas?  Don't  everybody  know  it  is  nothing  but  the 
emptyin's  of  the  Massasappy  River  !  All  you've  got  to  do,  is  to  turn 
the  Massasappy  River  into  the  Mammoth  Cave — and  then,  whar's 
England  ?  A-floundering  about  with  her  ships  in  the  mud  as  she 
ought  to  be ! ' 

"  But  if  the  whole  British  Empire  is  to  be  blotted  out,  that  will  do 
as  well ;  only  we  shall  have  to  take  them  in." 

The  Chairman  proposed  :  The  University  of  California; 
the  first  opened  fountain,  from  which  streams  of  intelligent 
life  will  flow  forth,  to  gladden  and  refresh  all  the  western 
slope  of  the  continent.  Edward  Tompkins,  Esq.,  was  called 
upon  to  respond.  The  subject,  he  said,  was  too  vast  for 
discussion  in  one  evening.  The  Chairman  had  said  that 
from  all  quarters  the  cry  for  "room"  was  coming,  and  most 
truly  had  he  given  the  answer  of  California.  If,  however, 
such  an  exodus  was  coming,  what  so  important  as  that  they 
should  be  met  at  the  Golden  Gate  by  the  domes  and  pin- 
nacles of  the  noble  building  that  in  a  few  \'ears  would  grace 
the  slope  above  them.  A  broad  university  education  should 
be  there  ready  for  them  when  they  came;  and  such  an  ed- 
ucation should  be  given  to  every  son  and  daughter  of  Cali- 
fornia. The  time  had  gone  by  when  the  American  people 
could  truly  be  said  to  be  nothing  more  than  hunters  after 
dollars,  and  their  children,  "little  hunters  after  dollars." 
Now,  they  required  dollars  to  build  universities.  They 
required  universities  to  lead  them  above  and  beyond  the  care 
and  anxiety  for  mere  dollars.  California  ought  to  have  the 
highest  reputation  for  learning,  the  best  teaching,  the  highest 
cultivation,  of  any  country  in  the  world,  within  the  next  forty 
years. 

The  Chairman  now  called  upon  Prof.  E.  Knowlton  to  lead 
the  assembly  in  singing  the  old  and  well-known  College 
song,  Gaudeamus  igiUir.  All  arose  and  the  hall  resounded 
with  sounds  which  are  heard  only  at  these  annual  gatherings. 
At  the  conclusion  of  this  song,  the  following  toast  was  pro- 
15 


226  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

posed  :  The  Eastern  Colleges  ;  our  far-off  nurseries  of  edu- 
cated mind  ;  we  have  their  best  fruits,  their  living  sons. 

Rev.  James  Eells,  D.  D.,  who  was  called  upon,  said  that 
he  responded  to  a  toast  which  he  had  not  seen  before  and 
therefore  without  any  preparation.  He  said  he  always 
managed  to  get  into  such  scrapes,  but  unlike  his  namesake 
of  the  lower  kingdom  of  vertebrates,  he  could  not  get  out  of 
them.  There  could  be  no  monument  in  praise  of  Eastern 
colleges  greater  than  that  before  him,  the  Associated  Alumni 
of  the  Pacific  Coast.  Nor  was  there  anything  of  brighter 
promise  for  the  future.  Talent  and  energy  w^ere  displayed 
by  their  educated  minds,  and  one  of  their  greatest  triumphs 
should  be  the  foundation  of  the  State  University. 

The  Chairman  then  arose  and  spoke  to  the  memory  of  one 
whom  many  present  had  known,  Jeremiah  Day,  late  Presi- 
dent of  Yale  College.  His  address  was  in  the  following 
appropriate  language: — 

"  There  are  some  of  us  who  remember  him  in  his  full  and  vigorous 
prime,  while  his  eye  was  yet  undimmed  and  his  natural  force  un- 
abated. There  are  more  of  us  who  recall  him  in  the  mellowness 
and  richness  of  his  autumn,  and  the  serene  beauty  of  his  age. 

"  Somehow,  President  Day  never  seemed,  I  believe,  even  to  the 
young,  to  be  an  old  man.  One  reason  may  have  been  that  he  did 
not  wear  the  white  witness  of  age  on  his  head.  A  better  reason  is, 
that  though  his  natural  force  did  become  abated,  his  eye  never  did 
become  dimmed.  Perhaps  also  his  association  with  the  successive 
generations  of  young  men  helped  to  keep  his  heart  and  sympathies 
young.  And  then  it  would  have  been  hard  to  associate  decline  and 
decay  with  such  a  mind ;  always  there  seemed  to  be  upon  it  the 
freshness  of  its  own  immortality. 

"  How  wise  he  was  in  the  government  of  the  college.  I  have  heard 
it  said,  by  one  who  was  of  the  Faculty,  that  in  cases  difficult  to  deal 
with,  when  each  officer  of  the  college  had  given  his  opinion,  the 
view  of  the  President,  given  last,  whether  confirming  the  major 
view,  or  suggesting  some  other  conclusion,  seldom  failed  to  carry 
the  conviction  and  assent  of  all. 

•'  How  fatherly  also  in  that  government,  uniting  paternal  fidelity 
and  paternal  toii(Urni>s  !     There  were  no  harsh   words  even  to  the 


GRADUATION  OF  THE  FIFTH  CLASS.  227 

erring,  but  a  gentleness  of  consideration  and  treatment  that  left 
them  always  filled  with  love  and  veneration  toward  him. 

"  There  was  no  weakness  in  his  gentleness.  When  he  had  occasion 
to  assert  authority,  the  assertion  could  not  be  questioned.  There 
was  a  not  in  the  college  chapel  between  the  Freshmen  and  Senior 
classes,  and  the  collision  was  sharp  and  furious.  The  President 
pushed  his  frail  form  among  the  contending  athletes,  and  his  voice 
rang  like  a  trumpet  above  the  tumult,  and  the  wildest  rioter  cowered 
before  his  look  and  tone. 

"  He  had  great  simplicity  of  character  ;  but,  as  1  have  heard  it 
said  of  a  member  of  the  Boston  bar  in  whom  that  quality  was  also 
eminent,  'It  was  a  simplicity  that  a  great  many  cunning  men 
could  not  trip  up.' 

"  Perhaps  the  rarest  thing  about  him  was  the  symmetry  of  his 
nature.  Often  men  have  been  more  eminent  for  single  gifts,  more 
remarkable  for  some  one  faculty,  but  itw  have  possessed  minds  so 
complete  and  so  well  balanced  in  the  sum  total  of  intellectual 
endowments. 

"  I  feel  how  utterly  impotent  are  the  few  words  which  can  be 
spoken  here,  to  give  any  just  portraiture  of  one  whom  all  revered 
and  loved.  Any  such  attempt  must  be  a  failure  and  injustice.  I 
shrank  from,  it  when  I  began.  I  feel  more  deeply  convicted  now 
that  I  pause.  Let  me  give  you  his  name  :  The  late  President, 
Jeremiah  Day,  of  Yale  College.  Claruni  et  vetierabile  nomen.  The 
man  whose  life  has  written  on  the  hearts  of  many  a  new  and  brighter 
De  Seneciule." 

Hon.  Sherman  Day,  the  son  of  the  deceased,  was  called 
to  respond,  which  he  did  in  the  followincr  words  :  — 

"  Mr.  Chairman:  If  there  be  any  time  in  a  man's  life  when  he 
feels  disposed  to  weep  and  to  rejoice,  to  bow  his  head  in  humility, 
and  raise  himself  in  pride  and  joy,  that  moment  is  present  to  me 
now.  I  weep  that  the  venerable  father  is  gone,  and  rejoice  that 
he  has  kept  the  faith  and  finished  his  course  so  triumphantly;  I 
feel  deeply  humble  to  think  that  I  have  followed  his  precious  e.xam- 
ple  with  such  unequal  steps  ;  and  yet  my  bosom  swells  with  pride 
and  joy  to  hear  his  name  thus  honored  on  these  distant  shores  by 
this  association.  I  feel  deeply  grateful,  sir,  for  the  honor  thus 
conferred    upon  his  memory.     And  yet  I  feel,  sir,  that   in  all  that 


228  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNLA. 

you  have  said,  and  in  all  that  has  been  more  elaborately  set  forth  in 
the  funeral  discourse  of  President  Woolsey,  there  is  not  the  slightest 
exaggeration. 

"  I  suppose  for  what  I  have  to  say,  I  may  find  a  justification  in  one 
of  the  ten  commandments,  more  especially  as  obedience  to  that 
command  is  coupled  with  a  promise  of  long  life  to  him  who  has 
emigrated  to  a  new  home  in  this  far-off  land.  You  have  sketched 
the  public  career  of  my  father ;  indulge  me  in  a  few  words  con- 
cerning his  private  life.  An  old  proverb  says  that  '  no  man  is  a 
hero  to  his  valet  de  chatnbre.'  The  glitter  of  public  greatness 
sometimes  fades  amid  the  intimacies  of  private  life.  It  was  not  so 
in  his  case.  There  were  neither  private  vices  nor  private  weak- 
nesses to  be  concealed  by  his  family,  and  glossed  over  by  his  biog- 
rapher. There  were  no  sharp  bargains  with  neighbors,  to  be 
extenuated  by  the  subtleties  of  the  law ;  there  was  no  miserly  hoard- 
ing of  the  gains  of  literary  toil  ;  no  skulking  from  public  service  and 
public  charity  when  it  was  needed.  The  dignity  of  official  station 
was  in  a  measure  laid  aside,  and  in  its  place  there  was  a  loving 
kindness,  intensely  affectionate,  towards  his  family,  and  a  gentle 
Christian  simplicity  of  manner,  without  a  particle  of  noise,  or 
bustle,  or  hasty  temper,  or  indecorous  levity,  which  won  the  love 
and  esteem  of  his  family  ;  and  as  years  rolled  on,  this  esteem 
ripened  into  reverence. 

"  Reticent,  as  wise  men  often  are,  his  children  did  not  often  obtrude 
upon  his  privacy;  but  when  he  was  approached,  and  the  crust  of 
silence  broken,  the  genial  smile  that  broke  forth,  and  the  pleasant 
flow  of  conversation,  showed  that  he  was  not  naturally  haughty,  nor 
artificially  repulsive,  but  that  his  silence  was  the  result  of  pensive- 
ness.  In  a  letter  at  an  early  day,  to  Professor  Silliman,  he  describes 
himself  as  '  the  same  steady,  silent,  slow-moulded  jogger  '  that  he 
had  always  been,  and  '  as  affectionately  yours  as  ever.'  The  silence 
had  not  smothered  the  affections.  His  charities  were  both  liberal 
and  voluntary,  and  the  child,  or  relative,  or  friend  in  need  found  in 
him  a  friend  in  deed,  who  did  not  wait  for  assistance  to  be  solicited, 
but  anticijjated  the  solicitation  by  supplying  the  want  in  advance. 

"He  held  decided  political  opinions,  with  sound  reasons  behind 
them.  Although  never  disposed  to  obtrude  his  political  opinions 
upon  others,  he  was  not,  on  the  other  hand,  one  of  those  political 
nonentities  who  sometimes  boast    that    they    have  not  been  to  the 


GRADUATION  OF  THE  FIFTH  CLASS.  229 

polls  for  the  last  ten  years.  He  never  believed  in  that  pernicious 
policy  that  clergymen  should  have  nothing  to  do  with  politics — 
using  the  word  politics  in  its  proper  and  not  in  its  bad  sense — and 
that  it  is  unseemly  for  them  to  mingle  with  their  fellow-citizens  at 
the  polls.  That  doctrine  was  not  taught  in  the  school  of  Doctor 
Dwight,  who  had  been  a  chaplain  in  the  Army  of  the  Revolution. 
My  father  was  in  the  habit,  yearly,  of  casting  his  vote  at  the  polls, 
resolved  that  the  wrong  side  should  not  triumph  for  want  of  his  one 
vote.  And  even  in  his  later  years,  more  especially  during  the  Re- 
bellion, he  needed  no  solicitation  to  draw  him  out  to  the  polls;  he 
scorned  the  aid  of  a  carriage,  or  even  of  a  friendly  arm  to  lean  upon, 
but  marched  alone  to  the  polls,  with  a  proud  consciousness  of  his 
right.  Who  doubts  that  his  vote  was  on  the  side  of  '  Liberty  and 
Union — one  and  inseparable,  now  and  forever'  ? 

"  When  his  country  called  for  something  more  than  voting  he  did 
not  excuse  himself  from  duty  by  the  prerogatives  of  the  scholar  or 
the  clergyman,  but  on  a  sudden  alarm,  during  the  war  of  1812,  he 
marched  out,  with  his  colleagues  of  the  Faculty,  armed  and  equipped, 
and  toiled  in  constructing  ramparts  on  the  heights  commanding  New 
Haven  Harbor.  During  the  War  of  the  Rebellion  his  letters  to  me 
showed  the  deep  interest  he  took  in  the  contest,  and  how  thoroughly 
he  kept  himself  posted  in  its  details. 

"  How  a  man  originally  with  feeble  lungs  and  a  delicate  constitu- 
tion managed  to  extend  his  life  so  long,  and  keep  his  intellect  so  clear 
to  the  last,  is  well  explained  by  President  Woolsey,  and  may,  perhaps, 
be  worth  knowing  to  other  scholars. 

"  President  Woolsey  says  his  early  ill  health  '  rendered  great  pru- 
dence necessary,  and  that  prudence  became  a  watchful  sentinel  over 
his  whole  life.  It  required  him  to  find  out  what  he  could  and  what 
he  could  not  bear  in  the  way  of  intellectual  and  physical  labor,  to 
understand  himself,  to  have  fixed  habits  of  life,  to  adopt  great  sim- 
plicity in  his  habits,  to  control  himself  with  a  firm  hand;  all  which 
redounded  to  the  benefit  of  his  inner  man,  and  from  being  a  trial 
grew  into  a  blessing.  It  seems  strange  that  a  man  of  feeble  lungs, 
given  over  to  death  by  his  friends  and  himself,  always  unable  to 
bear  the  night  air,  should  have  lived  beyond  the  age  of  ninety,  and 
should  be  at  his  death  the  oldest  man  in  New  Haven.  Yet,  under 
God,  this  was  mind  concjuering  matter,  soundness  of  judgment  coun- 
teracting debility  of  constitution;  and  in   the  quiet  effort,  not  only 


230  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

did  the  body  become  invested  with  longer  life,  but  the  mind  also, 
and  character,  received  back  the  power  themselves,  for  their  own 
benefit,  which  they  had  put  forth  to  maintain  the  mortal  part  in  its 
vigor.'  '  He  had  the  gratification  of  assembling  at  his  study,  from 
week  to  week,  a  company  of  elderly  gentlemen  (known  as  "  the  Ex 
Officio  Club  ")  who  had  retired  from  the  active  duties  of  life,  and  of 
spending  the  forenoon  in  debating  some  question  in  theology,  mor- 
als, or  politics.  Here,  too,  he  was  as  fresh,  it  is  believed,  and  as 
ready,  even  in  the  closing  years  of  his  life,  as  he  had  ever  been,  and 
the  difference  between  his  age  and  that  of  the  youngest  of  the  club 
seemed  hardly  perceptible.' 

"  His  character  seemed  to  have  been  moulded  and  built  up  in  strict 
conformity  with  that  precept  of  the  apostle:  '  Giving  all  diligence,  add 
to  your  faith,  virtue;  and  to  virtue,  knowledge;  and  to  knowledge, 
temperance;  and  to  temperance,  patience;  and  to  patience,  godliness; 
and  to  godliness,  brotherly  kindness;  and  to  brotherly  kindness,  char- 
ity.' All  these  things  were  in  him,  and  abounded  to  the  completion 
of  a  perfectly  symmetrical  character. 

"  In  consequence  of  my  own  residence  in  this  State,  he  ever  took  a 
deep  interest  in  our  political  and  educational  advancement,  especially 
in  our  earlier  struggles  against  the  introduction  of  slavery,  and  in 
later  years  in  the  i)rogress  of  this  college. 

"  He  began  his  official  connection  with  Yale  College  in  1798,  and 
was  tutor  for  three  years,  professor  for  fourteen  years,  and  President 
twenty-nine  years.  At  the  age  of  seventy-three  he  resigned  the 
Presidency,  still  retaining  a  membership  in  the  Board  of  Trustees. 
He  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life  to  the  age  of  ninety-three,  in  re- 
vising his  mathematical  and  metaphysical  works,  and  enjoying  the 
society  of  his  family  and  friends.  Last  year,  warned  by  increasing 
infirmity  that  his  end  was  near,  he  resigned  his  connection  with  the 
Board  of  Trustees,  whereupon  the  Board  passed  the  following  reso- 
lution:— 

"  '  Rcsohcd,  That  we  recognize  the  goodness  of  God  in  giving  to  this  College, 
for  the  space  of  seventy  years,  first  as  tutor  and  professor,  then  as  President,  and 
for  just  half  a  century  as  a  member  of  this  corporation,  the  services  and  counsels 
of  a  man  such  as  President  Day,  so  pure,  so  calm,  so  wise,  so  universally  belovetl 
and  honored.'  " 

The    Chairman    then    proposed  :   The  Judiciary;  its    fear 
lessness  and  purity  are  the  safeguard  ami  hope  of  American 
libertv. 


GRADUATION  OF  THE  FIFTH  CLASS.  231 

A  response  was  made  by  Hon.  Lorenzo  Sawyer,  Judge  of 
the  Supreme  Court  of  California,  in  the  following  words: — 

''  Mr.  President,  and  Gentlemen  of  the  Associated  Alumni: 
The  sentiment  just  read  meets  my  hearty  concurrence,  and  will,  I 
doubt  not,  find  a  ready  response  in  every  mind  that  duly  appreciates 
the  relation  of  the  judiciary  to  the  freedom  of  man. 

"  In  my  judgment,  Mr.  President,  it  is  impossible  for  an  enlight- 
ened people  to  prize  too  highly  a  thoroughly  capable,  watchful,  hon- 
est, independent,  and  fearless  judiciary.  Such  a  judiciary  is  not  only 
'  the  safeguard  and  the  hope  of  American  liberty,'  but  is  the  principal 
stay  and  support  of  freedom,  and  of  the  social  fabric,  ei'try^chere. 
The  administration  of  justice,  and  its  handmaid,  religion,  although, 
perhaps,  in  a  form  in  some  degree  rudimental,  march  hand  in  hand 
in  the  van  of  civilization.  They  also,  in  their  more  perfect  develop- 
ment, constitute  the  crowning  glory  in  the  meridian  splendor  of  every 
enlightened  age.  As  these  elements  in  the  social  economy  become 
corrupt,  gradually  decline  and  disappear,  the  twilight  of  a  waning 
civilization  again  shades  away  into  the  night  of  barbarism.  There 
can  be  no  assured  enjoyment  of  civil  liberty,  no  social  security,  no 
permanently  advanced  stage  in  the  development  of  our  race,  no 
stability  in  the  institutions  of  civilization,  where  there  is  no  honest, 
effective,  and  fearless  administration  of  the  law;  where  the  fountain 
of  justice  is  not  pure,  and  where  its  stream  is  not  allowed  to  flow 
freely,  without  obstruction,  and  unaffected  by  disturbing  influences. 
On  the  other  hand,  sir,  wherever  the  laws  are  faithluUy  administered 
by  a  capable,  independent,  and  fearless  judiciary;  wherever  strict 
justice  is  meted  out  to  every  individual,  whether  rich  or  poor,  high 
or  low;  wherever  'the  thatched  cottage  of  the  lowest  born  is  the 
castle  of  the  proprietor,  which,  while  the  winds  and  the  rain  may 
enter,  the  king  may  not;'  wherever  the  judiciary  is  no  respecter  of 
persons,  always  holding  the  scales  of  justice  even,  with  an  eye  single 
to  the  '  trepidations  of  the  balance' — there^  no  remnant  of  barbarism 
will  be  found.  In  the  words  of  one  who  clothed  his  great  thoughts 
in  language  second  only,  in  terseness  and  felicity  of  expression,  to 
that  of  Him  who  spake  as  never  man  spake:  'Justice  is  the  great 
interest  of  man  on  earth.  It  is  the  ligament  which  holds  civilized 
beings  and  civilized  nations  together,  ^\"herever  her  temple  stands, 
and  so  long  as  it  is  daily  honored,  there  is  a  foundation  for  social 
security,  general  happiness,  and  the  improvement  and  progress  of 


2?,2  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

our  race.  And  whoever  labors  on  this  edifice  with  usefulness  and 
distinction — whoever  clears  its  foundations,  strengthens  its  pillars, 
adorns  its  entablatures,  or  contributes  to  raise  its  august  dome  still 
higher  in  the  skies — connects  himself  in  name,  and  fame,  and  char- 
acter, with  that  which  is,  and  tnust  i>e,  as  durable  as  the  frame  of 
human  society.' 

"  This  language,  Mr.  President,  is  not  too  strong.  The  adminis- 
tration of  justice  is  a  leading  attribute  of  Deity  himself,  and  we  are 
informed  by  the  inspired  word  that  the  last  act  in  the  terrestrial 
drama  will  be  the  awarding  of  judgment  for  the  deeds  done  in  the 
flesh.  He  who,  in  the  administration  of  justice,  most  nearly  approx- 
imates this  divine  attribute,  does  most  toward  perpetuating  the  bless- 
ing of  good  government  among  men. 

"  Mr.  President,  since  'justice  is  the  great  interest  of  man  on  earth,' 
it  is  gratifying  to  know  that  wherever  and  whenever  the  judiciary  has 
been  independent  and  untrammeled,  except  so  far  as  it  is  bound  by 
the  just  principles  of  the  law  itself,  there  have  been  found  men  fully 
equal  to  the  task  of  its  intelligent  and  pure  administration.  Such 
were  Hale,  and  Hardwick,  and  Mansfield,  and  Stowell,  and  a  host  of 
others  in  England;  and  Parsons,  and  Marshall,  and  Kent,  and  Story, 
with  others  too  numerous  to  mention,  in  our  own  country.  No  page 
in  the  history  of  man  is  more  heavily  freighted  with  the  lessons  of 
wisdom,  and  an  elevated  morality,  than  that  inscribed  by  the  hand  of 
such  men,  whereon  is  expounded  and  illustrated  the  ethics  of  the  law 
— none  more  glorious  than  that  which  borrows  its  luster  from  the 
great  lights  of  the  judiciary.  True,  sir,  it  falls  to  the  lot  of  but  few, 
in  any  one  generation,  to  officiate  in  the  higher  sanctuaries  of  justice, 
and  to  fewer  still  to  rival  those  judicial  Titans, 

"  'The  law's  whole  thunder  born  to  wield.' 

"  It  is  too  much,  sir,  to  expect  of  human  nature,  that  all  who  at- 
tain judicial  position  should  be  Mansfields  and  Marshalls,  Stowells 
and  Storys.  The  great  majority  of  us  must  be  content  to  follow  such 
luminaries  at  a  distance,  and  with  unequal  steps — non  passibus  crguis 
— approaching  as  near  our  great  exemplars  as  our  limited  abilities 
and  training  will  admit.  But,  sir,  I  cannot  believe  it  possible  that 
one  endowed  with  fair  natural  abilities,  a  sound  and  unbiased  judg- 
ment, who  has  cultivated  his  talents  with  diligence  and  care,  and 
become  well  grounded  in  the  ethics  of  the  law — who  has  risen  to  a 
true  conception  of  the  magnitude,  and  become  thoroughly  penetrated 


GRADUATION  Of   TUF.   FIFTH  CLASS.  233 

with  the  vast  importance,  of  the  mission  of  the  judiciary  in  its  rela- 
tion to  the  well-being  of  man,  and  the  stability  and  durability  of  all 
good  government,  can  make  a  bad  Judge.  Such  a  man  may  not  at- 
tain the  summit  of  judicial  greatness;  he  may  not  be  a  brilliant 
luminary,  shedding  his  light  afar,  and  imparting  aliment  and  genial 
warmth  which  shall  nourish  and  promote  the  administration  of  justice 
in  distant  lands;  but  he  cannot  fail  to  be  a  worthy  Judge,  and  useful 
in  the  immediate  sphere  of  his  influence;  he  cannot  fail  to  contribute, 
in  some  degree,  to  the  perpetuity  of  free  institutions. 

"  Mr.  President,  1  am  sensible  that  the  great  importance  in  the 
economy  of  organized  civilization  which  I  have  attributed  to  an  able, 
pure,  and  independent  judiciary,  may  seem  extravagant  to  some,  but 
I  am  persuaded  that  such  have  not  duly  pondered  the  nature  of  man, 
or  the  lessons  of  the  past.  But  however  this  may  be,  it  cannot  be 
denied  that  the  judiciary  is  an  important  element  in  the  framework 
of  human  society.  This  fact,  however,  is  not  pressed  upon  your  at- 
tention, to-night,  from  any  desire  to  deal  in  panegyric  towards  that 
department  of  the  Government  with  which  I  happen  to  be,  for  a  brief 
period,  connected.  If  one  can  know  himself,  and  the  remark  may 
be  pardoned,  my  course  on  this  occasion  is  inspired  by  other,  and,.! 
trust,  worthier  motives;  I  desire  to  make  a  practical,  and  if  it  may  be 
so  ordered,  a  useful  application. 

''  This  association  is  an  aggregation  for  the  purposes  of  mutual  con- 
sultation and  improvement,  with  a  view  to  promoting  the  future  well- 
being  of  its  members,  and  through  them,  of  the  State,  of  the  grad- 
uates residmg  on  this  coast,  of  all  the  higher  institutions  of  learning  in 
our  country.  And  this  occasion  celebrates  the  development  of  the 
first  College  of  California  from  the  chrysalis  state  into  the  more 
perfect  University,  wherein  the  future  youth  of  our  great  State  are  to 
be  educated  and  trained  for  the  responsible  duties  of  life.  This  audi- 
ence, and  those  who  may  hereafter  supply,  in  this  association,  the 
places  sooner  or  later  to  become  vacant,  whether  children  of  the 
institution  now  about  to  be  launched  upon  its  great  mission  of  edu- 
cation, or  of  her  elder  and  more  renowned  sisters  in  the  East,  may 
be  taken  as  a  fair  average  of  the  liberally  educated  intellect  of  our 
country.  It  is  fitting,  therefore,  in  view  of  these  facts,  that  you, 
gentlemen  of  all  others,  should  earnestly  consider  all  means  requisite 
to  lay  the  foundations  of  social  order  and  security  in  this  new  State 
broad  and  deep;  that  you  should  take  measures  adequate  to  secure  the 


234  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

perpetuity  of  the  social  edifice  now  being  erected;  that  you  should 
not  be  mere  passive  observers  but  active  co-laborers  in  the  great  work. 
If  I  am  right  in  my  views  as  to  the  importance  of  the  judiciary  as 
an  element  of  strength  and  durability  in  this  vast  edifice,  then  you, 
gentlemen,  and  those  who  come  after  you,  and  read  in  your  records 
the  minutes  of  this  day's  proceedings,  must  take  care  that  none  but 
the  pure,  the  learned,  those  who  are  thoroughly  imbued  with  just 
principles,  shall  ever  find  a  seat  in  your  sanctuaries  of  justice.  Your 
judiciary  will  henceforth  be,  whatever  yoit  may  choose  to  make  it. 
From  your  ranks,  and  yours  alone — the  Alumni  of  our  institutions  of 
learning — with  rare  exceptions,  must  come  the  future  judiciary  of 
our  State.  In  your  ranks  the  bar,  the  worthy  and  conservative  hand- 
maid of  the  courts,  is  now,  and  ever  must  be,  mostly  found.  This 
is  the  fountain  from  which  the  judiciary  is  to  be  continually  replen- 
ished, and  as  it  is  a  well-established  principle  in  natural  philosophy, 
that  the  stream  can  never  rise  higher  than  the  fountain  which  supplies 
it,  so  the  bench  can  never  rise  far  above  the  level  of  the  bar. 

''  Again,  the  educated  intellect  of  the  country  must,  of  necessity, 
if  true  to  its  mission,  exercise  a  controlling  influence  over  those 
of  inferior  development  and  culture,  in  all  the  social  relations.  It  is 
your  vocation,  therefore,  whether  you  fulfill  it  or  not,  to  mould  public 
sentiment;  to  inculcate  and  disseminate  the  principles  of  public  and 
private  virtue;  to  instill  into  the  minds  of  the  people  a  comprehen- 
sive and  just  appreciation  of  the  advantages  of  a  free  and  pure  gov- 
ernment; and  above  all,  thoroughly  to  inoculate  the  public  mind 
with  a  reverential  respect  for  the  majesty  of  the  law ;  and  as  an 
essential  condition  ol  such  respect,  imbue  it  with  a  profound  rever- 
ence for  its  ministers.  And  in  order  that  the  Unv  may  be  respected^ 
and  its  ministers  venerated,  you  must  see  to  it,  that  the  former  are 
just,  and  that  none  may  attain  a  seat  among  the  latter  who  are  not 
calculated  to  insi)ire  confidence — who  are  not  in  every  way  worthy 
the  high  calling.  As  you  value  the  future  of  your  country,  then, 
shrink  not  from  your  noble  mission,  but  do  all  this,  I  beseech  you, 
brethren;  for  be  assured,  of  such  material  is  the  'immortality  of 
nations  '  fabricated. 

"  Your  associatic^n  either  does,  or  should,  embrace  within  its  fold 
the  great  mass  of  cultivated  mind  that  has  found  a  lodgment  on  this 
coast.  By  means  of  your  organization,  your  influence  should  pene- 
trate the  most  secluded  recesses  of  the  land,  and  permeate  all  the 


GRADUATION  OF  THE  FIFTH  CLASS.  235 

arteries  of  social  life.  With  so  much  n^ental  culture  at  their  coni- 
niand — so  much  intelligence  thoroughly  organized  and  widely 
disseminated  among  the  people — if  the  Associated  Alumni  of  the 
Pacific  Coast  cannot  control  for  good  the  elements  now  crystallizing 
into  more  perfect  and  permanent  social  forms,  they  are  unworthy  the 
care  heretofore  bestowed  upon  them  by  their  fostering  mothers,  and 
richly  deserve  to  be  disowned  and  spurned  from  the  portals  of  our 
colleges  and  universities  as  no  progeny  of  theirs.  But,  Mr.  Presi- 
dent, and  gentlemen,  I  do  not  believe  you  will  prove  recreant  to  the 
great  trust  reposed  in  you — that  you  will  desert  the  noble  cause  for 
which  you  were  educated.  I  cannot  think  that  any  Alumnus  of  this 
association  will  consent  to  bring  everlasting  disgrace  upon  his  beloved 
Alma  Mater  by  failing  to  perform  well  the  part  assigned  him  in  our 
nascent  social  polity. 

"  Mr.  President,  you  have  toasted  the  judiciary,  and  you,  gentle- 
men of  the  Associated  Alumni,  applauded  the  sentiment.  The 
theme,  in  its  ultimate  relation  to  the  general  good,  is  too  vast  to  be 
compassed  in  an  after-dinner  speech ;  but  I  have  endeavored  in  my 
feeble  way,  and  as  well  as  I  might  in  the  brief  time  allotted,  to  make 
you  deeply  sensible,  if  you  are  not  already  so,  of  the  profound  signif- 
icance of  the  sentiment  with  which  you  were  pleased  to  honor  the 
judiciary.  If  I  have  measurably  succeeded,  my  object  is  accom- 
plished. A  word  more  as  to  your  own  relation  to  the  subject  matter 
of  the  sentiment,  and  I  have  done. 

"  Upon  you,  gentlemen  of  the  Associated  Alumni,  and  upon  those 
who  succeed  to  your  places  in  this  society,  rests  the  grave,  I  might 
well  say  the  awful,  responsibility  of  henceforth  making  the  judiciary 
of  the  State  all  you  desire — all  that  the  great  interests  of  the  human 
family  demand.  Upon  you  rest  the  duty  and  the  obligation  to  make 
it  both  respectable  and  respected — worthy  of  profound  veneration, 
and  duly  venerated.  Upon  you  devolves  the  momentous  duty  of 
securing  the  sanctuaries  of  the  temple  of  justice  from  profanation — 
of  vigilantly  guarding  its  portals  and  sacred  approaches  from  the 
intrusions  of  the  unworthy,  and  of  proclaiming  to  the  unsanctified, 
Frocul,  O  procid  este,  profani!  So  long  as  you,  and  those  who  come 
after  you,  effectually  do  all  this,  so  long  will  there  be  a  substantial 
and  reliable  guarantee  for  the  continuance  of  civil  and  political 
liberty,  '  social  security  and  general  happiness,'  and  for  the  still 
further  '  improvement  and  progress  of  our  race.'  " 


236  HISTORY  OF  THE  COIJ.RGK  OF  CALIFOR.V/A. 

Thus  closed  the  fifth  and  the  last  of  the  meetings  of  the 
"  Associated  Alumni  of  the  Pacific  Coast,"  held  under  the 
auspices  of  the  College  of  California.  The  list  of  Alumni 
resident  on  the  Pacific  Coast  so  far  as  could  be  ascertained 
was  reported  at  this  meeting.  The  list  is  given  in  the  eighth 
number  of  the  Appendix. 


CHAPTER  XX. 

SUMMARY  OF  THE  WORK  OF  THE  COLLEGE. 

After  Commencement  came  the  annual  meeting  of  the 
Board  of  Trustees  of  the  College.  At  that  meeting  I  made 
my  last  annual  report  to  that  body.  In  it  I  went  more  into 
detail  than  ever  before,  having  made  a  careful  study  of  the 
history  of  the  College  and  its  financial  progress.  Commenc- 
ing with  the  College  School,  or  Preparatory  Department,  the 
report  went  on  to  say:  "It  began  in  1853.  It  was  slowly 
built  up  to  a  self-sustainin;.;  point.  Besides  instructing  many 
hundreds  of  young  men  in  the  ordinary  branches  of  useful 
knowledge,  it  brought  forward  students  ready  to  enter  upon 
college  standing  in  the  year  i860.  Since  that  date,  although 
this  Board  thought  best  to  part  with  the  ownership  of  the 
College  School,  it  has  always  been  recognized  by  its  proprie- 
tor. Professor  Brayton,  and  by  the  public,  as  still  the  Prepara- 
tory Department  of  the  College.  In  fact,  it  has  been,  itself, 
as  truly  a  college  all  this  time  as  the  other  institutions  in 
this  State  known  as  "colleges"  have  been,  with  only  this 
difference,  that  in  individual  cases  some  of  them  have  ad- 
vanced some  students  through  the  usual  college  course  to 
graduation.  The  College  of  California  alone  has  gone 
beyond  this,  and  maintained  the  regular  college  organization 
of  the  four  annual  classes,  taught  separately  by  a  Faculty  ex- 
clusively employed  in  their  instruction.  This  organization 
was  established  by  this  Board,  in  the  year  i860,  and  has 
been  maintained  to  this  time  (1868-69).  The  Faculty  con- 
sists of  its  executive  officer,  the  Vice-President,  three  professors, 
two  of  whom  have  been  employed  in  the  College  exclusively, 
and  three  instructors,  one  of  whom  has  been  wholly  employed 


288  IIISTOR  V  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIE-OKNIA. 

in  the  College,  and  the  other  two  a  portion  of  the  time.  Six 
classes  have  completed  their  course  of  education  in  the 
College,  and  have  been  graduated,  receiving  the  appropriate 
degree.  Three  of  the  young  men  have  already  entered  the 
ministry  of  the  gospel,  seven  have  commenced  the  practice 
of  law,  and  one  has  become  a  physician,  and  one  a  mining 
engineer.  Others  more  recently  graduated  are  prosecuting 
their  professional  studies.  A  bold  stand  has  been  made,  thus 
early  in  the  history  of  the  State,  in  favor  of  liberal  education. 
In  our  historic  system  of  education  in  America  the  college 
has  its  well-defined  place.  It  does  not  propose  to  fit  young 
men  directly  for  specific  business  or  professional  life.  This 
is  the  work  of  high  schools,  seminaries,  scientific  and  profes- 
sional schools.  But  the  college  undertakes  to  train  men  as 
men.  It  undertakes  to  do  for  the  mind  what  the  gymnasium 
does  for  the  body.  It  seeks  to  develop  and  strengthen  the 
mental  faculties  by  exercise,  by  systematic  and  prolonged 
training.  There  are  those  among  our  youth  who  seek  such  a 
culture.  They  take  delight  in  this  inspiring  mental  exercise. 
And  they  grow  by  means  of  it  into  a  s)-mmetrical  and  well- 
rounded  manhood.  To  be  sure,  the  number  of  such  is  small 
as  yet.  The  whole  spirit  of  society  is  for  the  practical,  the 
material,  for  enterprise,  money-making,  and  using  money. 
But  those  who  do  seek  this  liberal  education  among  us, 
ought  not  to  seek  it  in  vain.  Young  men  of  capacity  ought 
to  be  encouraged  to  undertake  it.  They  should  be  persuaded 
to  take  time  for  it,  while  they  are  young,  and  before  they 
come  to  the  age  when  business  requirements  forbid  this  use 
of  time.  If  they  follow  this  course  in  their  earlier  years, 
then,  when  they  come  to  their  professions,  or  have  to  assume 
the  responsibilities  of  business  life,  it  is  with  an  ample  and  a 
generous  preparation.  They  come  to  their  life-work  trained 
to  perceive,  to  reason,  to  discriminate,  to  judge,  and  to  ex- 
press themselves  in  writing  and  in  speech.  With  this 
preparation  they  are  expected  to  excel,  and,  as  a  rule,  they 
do  excel.  The  College  of  California  has  declared  for  this 
education,  strictly  so  called.     This  has  been  its  standard.     It 


SUMMARY  OF  THE  WORK  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  239 

may  have  been  set  up  too  early.  The  expensi\e  work  may 
have  been  assumed  some  years  too  soon,  but  we  did  not 
think  so.  When  there  were  young  men  wanting  a  college 
education,  we  believed  that  citizens  would  see  that  there 
should  be  a  college  made  ready  for  them.  We  believed  that 
the  generous  East,  endowing  their  own  colleges  with  millions, 
and  sending  hundreds  of  thousands  of  dollars  to  help  the 
young  colleges  in  the  interior,  would  stand  by  us,  too,  in  the 
beginning  of  our  work  on  this  remotest  ocean  shore.  And  so 
this  college  standard  of  liberal  education  was  here  set  up, 
and  has  been  here  maintained  firmly  for  these  nine  years. 
And  now,  for  reasons  which  we  have  canvassed  well,  it  is 
thought  best  to  hand  the  work  over  to  the  State. 

"  We  have  in  view  a  university.  There  may  need  to  be  a 
Department  of  Agriculture,  and  of  Mining,  and  of  Engineer- 
ing, and  of  Mechanics,  etc.,  but  there  must  be  an  Academical 
College,  with  its  standard  of  scholarship  and  moral  training 
high,  or  it  will  not  meet  the  expectations  of  the  State.  And 
more  especially,  it  will  not  satisfy  the  friends  of  this  College 
who  have  ventured  to  invest  so  much  in  it. 

"  In  its  nine  years'  work,  the  College  of  California  has 
rallied  many  supporters  around  it.  In  this  it  has  done  a 
great  deal  more  than  any  other  institution  on  this  coast. 
And  when  we  compare  it  with  the  beginnings  of  colleges  in 
other  new  States,  I  cannot  find  the  statistics  of  one  that  has 
grown  faster,  or  that  has  acquired  more  property  on  its  own 
ground  in  its  first  ten  years.  At  the  same  time  the  College 
has  become  known,  and  honorably  known,  among  the  young 
institutions  of  the  country.  The  Alumni  meetings  tl  at  have 
been  invited  and  held  with  us,  have  had  a  very  great  influence 
in  combining  the  influence  of  educated  men  in  the  interest  of 
higher  learning  in  this  State.  Large  numbers  of  the  Alumni 
of  American  and  European  colleges  and  universities  resident 
here  have  assembled  at  our  Commencements,  and  in  many 
ways  have  manifested  sympathy  with  the  College.  This 
working  together  of  the.se  men  with  us,  was  eloquently 
alluded  to  by  President  Hopkins  in  a  recent  sermon  before 


240  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

the  Western  College  Society,  as  illustrating  the  '  sympathy 
of  educated  men  with  each  other,  and  their  readiness  to  work 
together  in  everything  that  will  enlighten  and  elevate  the 
community.'  In  fact  the  published  addresses  and  proceed- 
ings of  these  literary  festivals  of  ours  have  awakened  a  lively 
interest  abroad;  and  they  constitute  no  unimportant  part  of 
the  best  home  literature  of  the  State.  As  to  its  funds,  the 
College  has  derived  them,  in  the  first  place,  from  direct  con- 
tributions. These  have  been  solicited,  from  time  to  time,  ever 
since  the  commencement  of  the  Preparatory  Department  six- 
teen years  ago.  In  all  the  earlier  years  this  soliciting  was 
done  voluntarily  by  members  of  this  Board.  The  funds  have 
been  obtained  in  small  sums.  From  the  b<joks  it  appears 
that  the  whole  number  of  subscriptions  collected  is  four  hun- 
dred and  thirty-one;  and  their  total  amount  is  $58,825.77. 
The  largest  of  these  donations,  and  the  only  one  above 
$1,000,  was  that  of  the  Pacific  Mail  Steamship  Company, 
which  was  $5,000.  Of  donations  varying  from  $500  to  $1,000 
there  were  eight;  between  $100  and  $500,  there  were  fifty- 
three  ;  in  just  $100,  two  hundred  and  thirty-one  ;  in  sums 
less  than  $100,  one  hundred  and  thirty-eight.  This  analysis 
points  to  th  •  amount  of  work  it  has  cost  to  obtain  so  many 
subscriptions  and  collect  so  many  small  sums.  Not  more 
than  one  person  in  four  applied  to  subscribed,  and  therefore 
to  obtain  a  favorable  answer  from  as  many  as  four  hundred 
and  thirty-one,  took  a  great  deal  of  time.  In  many  cases  it 
took  several  conversations  to  bring  the  desired  answer,  and 
very  often  all  the  conversations  went  for  nothing.  No,  not 
quite  for  nothing,  for  they  contributed  to  make  the  College 
known,  and  awaken  a  feeling  of  responsibility  to  sustain  it. 

"  A  further  analysis  of  these  contributions  shows  whence 
they  came.  Oakland,  where  the  College  is  situated,  has  given 
$1,208;  San  Francisco,  $47, 147 ;  Sacramento,  $4,450;  Marys- 
ville,  $1,443;  Stockton,  $400;  from  miscellaneous  sources, 
$2,177.77.  To  this  add  $7,000,  received  at  various  times 
from  the  Western  College  Society  at  the  Fast,  and  with  the 
exception    of  a    limited  sum    which    I    cannot  exactly  give, 


SUMMARY  OF  THE  WORK  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  241 

received  for  tuition,  it  makes  the  total  amount  of  cash  con- 
tributions to  the  College  in  sixteen  years  since  the  commence- 
ment of  the  Preparatory  Department,  $63,825.77.  Within 
the  nine  years  since  the  organization  of  the  College,  there  has 
been  paid  out  for  salaries  of  professors,  instructors,  furniture, 
apparatus,  buildings,  books,  printing,  repairs,  and  insurance, 
$93.0777^.  which  sum  is  more,  by  $29,522.49,  than  the  entire 
amount  of  cash  contributions  to  the  College.  This  latter 
sum  is  a  part  of  the  income  derived  from  the  sale  of  portions 
of  land  owned  by  the  College.  The  College  has  donated  the 
Berkeley  site,  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres  of  choice  land,  for 
the  location  of  the  State  University,  and  has  remaining 
property  in  value,  above  its  liabilities,  estimated  at  $50,000- 
It  thus  appears  that  after  paying  all  the  expenses  of  the 
College  for  nine  years,  and  donating  the  above-named  site 
for  the  University,  the  College  has  left  property  very  nearly 
equal  in  value  to  all  the  cash  contributions  ever  made  to  it. 

The  property  allifded  to  in  this  last  paragraph  consisted  of 
the  tvyo  College  blocks,  with  the  College  buildings,  etc.,  in 
Oakland,  and  in  unsold  building  lots  at  Berkeley,  together 
with  the  hill  land  jeast  of  the  College  site,  and  the  water 
works  already  in  operation,  and  water  rights,  some  of  which 
were  perfected  and  others  still  under  negotiation.  I  have  no 
copy  of  the  schedule  of  this  property  which  was  presented  to 
the  Trustees  with  the  foregoing  report,  but  the  estimated 
value  was  as  above  stated — a  value  probably  not  to  have 
been  realized  under  a  forced  sale,  but  by  being  disposed  of  as 
private  property  would  naturally  be  to  the  best  advantage. 
Of  the  hill  land,  the  portion  lying  farthest  east — a  tract  con- 
sisting of  something  over  one  hundred  acres — was  owned  in 
common  with  several  others,  being  a  part  of  a  large  tract 
of  undivided  mountain  land. 

This  hundred-acre  tract,  however,  was  fenced  and  in  our 
possession,  and  had  been  in  the  possession  of  the  owner 
before  us,  being  used  as  pasture.  Many  efforts  were  made  to 
get  a  division  of  this  entire  tract  between  the  owners,  but  up 
to  that  time  it  had  not  been  accomplished.  I  consulted  all 
16 


242  fllSTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALLFORNLA. 

the  owners,  and  they  agreed  that  when  the  division  should 
take  place,  they  would  concede  to  the  College  the  inclosed 
tract  in  question  as  that  which  should  be  set  off  to  it 
This  was  important  because  one  of  the  best  springs  of  water 
was  on  this  tract.  And  it  needed  only  that  the  College 
should  appear  as  one  of  the  parties,  at  the  time  of  division,  to 
select  this  as  its  portion,  and  perfect  in  the  College  its  sepa- 
rate ownership.  But  at  that  time  no  one  could  tell  when  an 
agreement  would  be  made  by  the  owners  in  common  to 
divide.  It  was  necessary  that  this  matter  should  be  watched, 
and  attended  to  in  time,  and  then  the  ownership  could  be 
made  perfect.  It  was  intended  also  to  bring  Strawberry 
Creek  and  the  ravine  under  the  control  of  the  College  Water 
Company,  according  to  the  law  for  supplying  towns  and 
cities  with  water,  and  it  would  have  been  done  if  the  College 
had  gone  on,  but  in  the  crowd  of  things  during  the  last  year, 
it  had  not  then  been  actually  accomplished,  and  the  transfer 
to  the  State  suspended  all  proceedings.  The  Tru.stees  of  the 
College  alwajs  set  a  very  high  value  on  the  hill  land,  and  re- 
garded the  unquestioned  control  of  it  as  necessary  to  the 
proper  development  and  undisturbed  use  of  the  College 
grounds. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  members  of  the  Board  of 
Trustees  of  the  College  of  California,  and  of  the  Faculty  and 
teachers,  and  also  a  list  of  its  graduates,  and  of  those  u[)on 
whom  the  College  conferred  honorary  degrees. 

ROLL   OF    TRUSTEES. 

Heg.in.     Ktidc'I. 

Hon.  Frederick  Billings 1855  1870 

Hon.  Sherman  Day 1855  1870 

Rev.  Samuel  H.  Willey,  I).  I) 1S55  1870 

Rev.  T.  Dwight  Hunt   1855  1856 

Mark  Hrummagim,  Escj 1855  1864 

Rev.  E.  H.  Walsworth,  0.  i) 1855  1870 

Rev.  Joseph  A.  Benton,  J).  1) 1855  1870 

Edward  McLean,  Esq 1855  1870 

Kcv.  Henry  Duranl,   LL.l).... ,..1855  1870 


SUMAfARY  OF  THE   IfOKA'  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  24S 

Francis  W.  Page,  psq 1855  1862 

Robert  Simson,  Esq 1855  1870 

A.  H.  Wilder,  M.  D 1855  1856 

Rev.  Samuel  B   Bell,  D.  D ., 1855  1864 

Hon.  R.  H;  Waller .-1856  18C5 

Hon.  J.  B.  Crockett 1856  1858 

Ira  r.  Rankin,  Esq 1856  1870 

E.  B.  Goddard,  Esq 1856  1864 

Rev.  W.  C.Anderson,  D.  D 1858  1864 

F.  W.  Macoodray,  Esq 1856  1 860 

Rt.  Rev.  W.  Ingraham  Kip,  D.  D 1856  1859 

Rev.  Benjamin  Bfierly - 1859  1859 

A.  B.  Forbes,  Esq .-. 1859  1864 

Rev.  E.  S.  Lacy ._ ....-1859  1864 

Peder  Sather,  Esq _. i860  1863 

Rev.  D.  B.  Cheney,  D.  D... i860  1864 

Hon.  Edward  Stanley -. 1 860  1 864 

Hon.  John  C.  Fremont i860  1862 

J.  B.  Thomas,  Esg i860  1864 

Rev.  T.  Starr  King^. 1862  1864 

Rev.  C.  R.  Hendrickson - .1862  1864 

Rev.  Laurentine  Hanjilton - -1864  1870 

Rev.  L   C.  Bayles ..1864  1864 

Thomas  Hardy,  E^ij 1864  1870 

N'^'illiam  Norris,  Esci - .-- 1864  1870 

Robt.  B.  Swain,  Es.q -  - 1864  1S70 

R.  B.  ^Voodward,  Esq 1864  1870 

^\■illianl  Sherman,  Estj - .  1864  1870 

Anson  G.  Stiles,  Esq 1864  1870 

Jacob  Underbill,  Esq  .  -  . . 1 864  1870 

Hon.  William  Alvord - 1 864  1870 

Gerritt  W.  Bell,  Es^ . . . . .  .  _ 1864  1866 

W.  C.  Ralston,  Esq 1865  1870 

Rev.  Horatio  Stebi^ins,  D.  D 1865  1870 

J.  W.  Stowe,  Esq --1865  1870 

Hon.  J.  W.  Dwindle,  LL.D 1866  1870 

Rev.  A.  L.Stone,  D.D-.-,   - 1867  1870 

Rev.  H.  M.  Scudder,  D.  D 1867  1870 

Rev.  James  Eells,  D.  D ! 1867  1870 


244  r/ISTOKV  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

SECRETARY    OF   THE    BOARD    OF   TRUSTEES. 

Rev.  S.  H.  Willey 1855     1869 

TREASURERS. 

Edward  McLean .- 1855     1859 

Mark  Brummagim 1859     1865 

W.  C.  Ralston 1865     1870 

FACULIY    AND    TEACHERS. 

Vice-President. 

Rev.  Samuel  H.  Willey,  M.  A ^- 1862     1869 

Professor  of  I  he  Greek  Language  and  Literature. 

Rev.  Henry   Durant,  LL.D 1859     1S70 

Professor  of  the  Latin  Language  and  Litiraturt. 

Rev.  Mariin  Kellogg,  M.  A - 1859     1870 

Professor  of  Rhetoric  and  English  Language. 

Rev.  Isaac  H.  Bray  ton,  M.  A i860    1869 

Professors   of  Natural   Science. 

William  H.  Brewer,  M.  A - -1863     1864 

WillardB.  Rising,  Ph.  D 1867     1868 

Instructor  in   Mathematics  and  Natural  Philosophy. 

Rev.  Francis  I).  Hodgson,  M.  A- -    i86i     1865 

Teacher  in  French. 

C.  L.  Des  Rochers i860     1870 

Teachers  in   German. 

Thomas  C  Barker . .  - 1863     1.S64 

S.  S.  Sanborn,  M.  A -1865     1866 

Henry  Hillchrand,  M.  .'V .1866     1868 

Teacher  in  Mathematics. 

\V.  K.  Rf)woll.  M.   A i860     1862 

Teacher  in  Spanish. 
Jose  Manuel  Y'banez .i860    1863 


SUMMARY  OF  THE  WORK  OF  THE  COLLEGE.  '245 

ALUMNI. 

1864 — James  Alexander  Daly,  David  _  Leeman  Emerson,  Albert 
Franklin  Lyle,  Charles  Turner  Tracy. 

1865 — John  Raglan  Glascock,  Elijah  Janes,  deorge, Edwin  Sher- 
man, Gardner  Fred  Williams. 

1866 — Charles  Ashley  Garter,  Lowell  James  Hardy,  William 
Douglas  Harwood,  Clarence  Fonteneau  Townsend. 

1867 — William  Gibbons,  Marcus  Phillips  Wiggin. 

1868 — John  L.  Beard,  Clinton  Day,  Charles  A.  Dudley,  Richard 
E.  Poston,  Charles  A.  Wetmore. 

1869 — Nathaniel  D.  Arnot,  Jr.,  Douglass  T>  Fowler,  John  Burke 
Reddick,  Samuel  M.  Redington. 

HONORARY    DEGREES. 
/ 

1865 — M.  A. — Hon.  John  Bidwell,  Hon.  Aaron  A.  Sargent,  Hon. 
Delos  Lake,  Hon.  John  Swett,  Samuel  L  C.  Swezey,  Esq.,  Wm.  H. 
L.  Barnes,  Esq.,  Samuel  Hale  Parker,  Esq. 

1865— D.  D.— Rev.  Martin  C  Briggs. 

1865— LL.D.— Hon.  Oscar  L.  Shafter. 

1866— M.  A.— George  W.  Bunnell,  Esq.,  Hon.  E.  D.  Sawyer,  H. 
P.  Carlton,  Esq.,  H.  W.  Cleveland,  Esq.,  Hon.  Charles  A.  Tuttle. 

1867— M.  A. — F.  M.  Campbell,  Esq.,  George  Tait,  Esq.,  Rev. 
James  Wylie,  Freeman  Ciates,  Esq.,  Henry  Hillebrand,  Esq. 

1867 — D.  D. — Rev.  John  Chittenden. 

After  considerable  delay,  the  Board  of  Regents  of  the  Llni- 
versity  of  California  was  organized.  As  soon  as  they  had 
taken  a  careful  survey  of  the  situation,  they  sent  a  communi- 
cation to  the  Trustees  of  the  College  of  California,  stating 
that  the  University  could  not  be  put  in  readiness  to  take  up 
the  work  of  the  College  at  once,  and  asking  that  the  College 
would  continue  on  instructing  the  classes  through  the  college 
year  1868-69.  This  request  the  Trustees  of  the  College  voted 
to  comply  with,  and  so  the  exercises  of  the  College  went  on 
through  that  year,  as  before,  without  interruption.  At  its 
close,  in  June,  1869,  the  sixth  class  was  graduated,  consisting, 
as  above  stated,  of  Nathaniel  D.  Arnot,  Jr.,  Douglass  T. 
Fowler,  John  Burke  Reddick,  and  Samuel  M.  Redington. 

In  the  spring  of  1869  the  Trustees  of  the  College  received 


246  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

from  the  Regents  of  the  University  the  following  communi- 
cation, dated — 

"San  Francisco,  April  6,  1869. 
"  To  the  President  and  Trustees  of  the  College  of  California — 

"  Gentlemen  :  At  a  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Regents  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  California  held  on  this  5th  inst.,  the  following  resolutions 
were  unanimously  adopted : — 

^^  Resolved,  That  the  Board  of  Regents  take  this  occasion  to  repeal  (lie  ex- 
pression of  their  profounil  appreciation  of  the  far-seeing  public  spirit,  devotion  to 
learning  and  to  the  good  of  the  commonwealth  manifested  by  the  Trustees  of  the 
College  of  California  in  tlie  resolutions  passed  by  their  Board,  October  9,  1867, 
to  7vil: 

"  ^Resolved,  That  the  President  and  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  College  of  Cali- 
fornia hereby  offer  to  donate  and  convey  to  the  State  Board  of  Directors  of  the 
Agricultural,  Mining,  and  Mechanical  Arts  College,  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres 
of  land  in  the  township  of  Oakland,  Alameda  County,  including  the  land  between 
the  two  ravines,  commonly  known  as  the  California  College  site,  for  the  site  and 
farm  of  the  said  State  College. 

"  '  Resolved,  That  in  making  this  donation,  the  College  of  California  is  in- 
fluenced by  the  earnest  hope  and  confident  expectation  that  the  State  of  Cali- 
fornia will  forthwith  organize,  and  put  into  operation  upon  the  site,  a  University 
of  California  which  shall  include  a  College  of  Mines,  a  College  of  Civil  Engi- 
neering, a  College  of  Mechanics,  a  College  of  Agriculture,  and  an  Academical 
College,  all  of  the  same  grade,  and  with  courses  of  instruction  equal  to  those  of 
Eastern  colleges. 

"  '  Resolved,  That  the  President  and  Secretary  of  this  Board  be  authorized  to 
enter  into  a  contract  with  the  State  Board  of  Directors  of  the  Agricultural,  Min- 
ing, and  Mechanical  Arts  College  to  the  effect  that  whenever  a  University  of  Cali- 
fornia shall  be  established  as  contemplated  in  the  next  preceding  resolution,  then 
the  College  of  California  will  disincorporate,  and.  after  discharging  atl  its  debts, 
pay  over  its  net  assets  to  such  University.' 

And  that  we  recognize  in  those  resolutions  the  incipient  germ  of  the  .State  Uni- 
versity. 

"  Resolved,  That  in  view  of  these  important  trusts  prospectively  confided  to  us 
by  those  resolutions,  we  do  hereby  signify  to  the  Trustees  of  the  College  of  Cali- 
fornia our  sense  of  responsibility,  and  our  purpose  and  intent  to  preserve,  cherish, 
and  carry  forward  to  jiosterity  those  trusts  in  the  same  enlightened  spirit  in  which 
they  are  confided  to  us. 

"  Resolved,  That  for  the  purpose  of  simplifying  our  relations,  and  for  the 
greater  facility  in  the  management  of  our  affairs,  we  do  hereby  express  to  the 
Trustees  of  the  College  of  California  our  readiness  now  to  conclude  the  transac- 


SUMMARY  OF  THE    WORK  OF  'I HE  COLLEGE.  247 

tions  by  which  their  institution  and  its  eflFects  are  to  be  transferred  to  the  Univer- 
sity. 

^^  Resolved,  That  the  Regents  will,  in  case  of  these  conclusive  acts,  carry  for- 
ward, without  interruption,  as  classes  in  the  University  those  now  in  the  College 
of  California,  and  such  as  may  join  them,  in  the  buildings  of  the  College  of  Cal- 
ifornia, until  this  Board  shall  be  ready  to  receive  those  classes  and  such  students 
in  the  contemplated  University  buildings  at  Berkeley. 

"  Resolved,  That  if  the  Trustees  of  the  College  of  California  are  pleased  to 
accept  this  proposal  and  stipulations  made  in  these  resolutions,  we  do  hereby  re- 
quest them  to  signify  the  same  to  this   Board,    and  to   communicate   their   wishes 
concerning  time,  place,  and  occasion  for  that  important  transaction. 
"  I  am,  gentlemen,  very  truly  yours, 

"Andrew  J.  Mouluer, 
'■'■Setretary  of  Regents,  University  of  California.'''' 

After  a  delay  of  some  months  for  th^  purpose  of  settling 
certain  legal  questions  involved,  the  final  transfer  was  made, 
and  all  the  assets  of Jthe^Xollege  pLCalifornia  were  turned 
over  tojhe  UniversLty  of  California. 


APJfifeipiX. 


ff    ^'  Of    Tui 


XjyiVEESIJ 

I.     ANNIVERSARY  ORATION,    1858.     By   John  B. 

Felton - 251 

II.     ALUMNI  MEETING,  1864 263 

III.  COMMENCEMENT     ORATION— "THE     UNI- 

VERSITY."    By  Henry  Dur.vnt 320 

IV.  THE    PROJECr     FOR    THE     IMPROVEMENT 

OF   THE    COLLEGE    PROPERTY.     By    Fred 
L.wv  Olmsted,  Esq 334 

V.     ADDRESS        BEFORE        THE        ASSOCIATED 

ALUMNI.     By  Rev.   A.  L.   Stone,  D.    D 360 

VI.     POEM.     By    Bret    Harte 375 

VII.     REV.  DR.  BENTON'S  COMMENCEMENT  ORA- 
TION .. . 3S0 

VIII.     ADDRESS  BEFORE    THE   ALUMNI  ASSOCIA- 
TION.    By  Rev.  I.  E.  Dwinell,    D.  D.   397 

IX.     ALUMNI  RESIDENT  ON  THE  PACIFIC  COAST, 

1867-  -- -- - 412 


I.    ANNIVERSARY  ORATION." 


By  John  B.  Felton. 


Mr.  President  and  Trustees:  A  week  ago  I  went  to  visit 
the  spot  which  you  have  selected  as  the  site  of  the  future  University 
of  California.  I  was  accompanied  by  one  of  your  number,  one  of 
the  pioneers  in  the  great  and  sacred  cause  of  education  in  California, 
Early  in  1849,  when  the  thousands  who  flocked  to  these  shores  saw 
in  them  but  a  dreary  place  of  exile,  where  they  were  to  dig  and  to 
delve  wearily  for  a  few  years — when  but  one  picture  filled  the  imagi- 
nation of  the  Californian,  and  that  was  his  return  to  his  home  laden 
with  the  glittering  spoils  of  our  rivers,  our  plains,  and  our  mountains 
— amid  all  the  exciting  turmoil  and  agitation  of  the  California  pioneer 
life,  this  gentleman,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Willey,  with  one  or  two  kindred 
spirits,  conceived  and  matured  the  plan  of  a  great  California  Univer- 
sity. As  we  rode  along,  he  told  me  of  his  alternate  hopes  and  dis- 
couragements, of  the  heroic  men  who  had,  one  by  one,  associated 
themselves  in  the  great  enterprise,  of  the  munificent  donations 
already  made,  and  the  gradually  yet  surely  spreading  enthusiasm  in 
the  cause  of  education.  He  told  me  of  the  modest  and  learned 
preceptor  of  your  preparatory  school — how  quietly  and  noiselessly, 
but  with  how  earnest  and  unflagging  zeal,  he  had  worked  in  his  holy 
mission;  and  in  yon  neat  and  tasteful  building,  its  ample  play-grounds, 
and,  more  than  all,  in  the  intelligent  and  happy  faces  of  the  scholars, 
I  saw  the  success  that  had  already  crowned  his  work. 

We  came  at  length  to  the  spot  which  the  taste  of  one  of  New 
England's  ripest  and  choicest  scholars  has  selected  for  the  future 
home  of  California  science  and  letters.     It  would  be  risking  little  to 

'This  oration  was  delivered  on  Friday,  October  i,  1858,  at  the  fourth  anni- 
versary of  the  College  Sclioi  •!. 


252  JJISTOKY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CA LIFORAUA. 

say  that  nowhere  in  the  world  could  a  place  be  found  more  lovely  or 
more  exquisitely  adapted  to  its  repose.  Sheltered  by  the  mountains 
from  the  winds  of  the  ocean,  the  student  will  drink  in  health  and 
strength  from  a  climate  more  beautiful,  and  an  air  more  pure,  than 
that  which  attracts  to  Italy  the  death-shunning  invalid.  Copious 
streams,  that  shall  hereafter  be  classic,  descend  from  ravines  in  the 
mountains,  and  long  lines  of  majestic  trees  stand  like  sentinels  on 
the  banks.  At  a  short  distance  stretches  the  great  harbor  of  San 
Francisco,  whose  broad  breast  can  bear  the  navies  of  the  world;  and 
on  its  other  side  is  that  restless  and  agitated  city  which,  having  known 
no  infancy,  but  leaping  into  existence,  as  Minerva  sprang  from  the 
brain  of  Jove,  fully  armed  and  matured,  seems  to  crave  the  healthful 
and  calming  influence  of  a  great  university.  In  full  view,  towards 
the  ocean,  beyond  where  the  fort  of  Alcatraz  points  its  threatening 
guns,  the  Golden  Gate  lies  lapped  in  the  glorious  light  that  gave  it 
its  prophetic  name.  And  the  last  glance  of  the  future  student  of 
California  as  he  leaves  his  native  shore — his  first  returning  glance  as 
he  welcomes  home — shall  fall  on  the  spires  of  his  own  Alma  Mater.  1 
There  is  one  striking  feature  in  the  system  of  education  as  you 
have  planned,  which  struck  me  on  my  visit  so  forcibly  that  I  have 
made  it  the  subject  of  my  address  to  you  to-day.  I  mean,  that  part 
of  it  which  unites  the  preparatory  school  for  children  with  what,  in 
common  language,  is  called  the  university.  It  is  a  great  defect  in 
the  systems  of  collegiate  education  in  Eastern  States,  that  they  begin 
only  with  the  youth  as  he  approaches  manhood — that  they  do  not 
embrace  in  their  scope  the  infant  and  growing  boy.  The  student 
commences  what  is  called  his  "education  "  at  the  average  of  sixteen 
years;  and  the  four  years  between  that  and  twenty,  spent  within  the 
walls  of  a  college,  entitle  him  to  claim  the  distinction  of  calling  him- 
self a  "liberally  educated"  man.  But  at  the  age  of  sixteen,  the  stu- 
dent is  rather  a  man  than  a  boy,  so  far  as  regards  the  purpose  of 
education.  He  is  still  in  the  spring  of  life,  if  you  will;  but  it  is  the 
late  spring  as  it  verges  on  summer.  The  time  for  planting  the  seed, 
and  nursing  and  tending  the  young  plant  on  which  the  hope  of  an 
abundant  harvest  depends,  has  long  since  past,  and  past  irrevocably 
and  forever.  For,  as  nature  divides,  by  her  inexorable  laws,  the 
seed-time  from  the  growing-time,  and  the  growing-time  from  the  reap- 
ing, in  the  physical  world,  so,  certainly,  by  laws  equally  immutable, 
has  she  divided,  in  the  mental  world,  tlie  time  for  |)lanting,  for  ma 


APPEND  IX.  253 

luring,  and  the  time  for  harvest.  And  equally  hopeless  would  be  the 
task  to  harvest  in  the  spring,  and  plant  in  the  autumn,  as  to  attempt 
to  imiiart,  for  the  first  time,  to  the  mind  of  tlie  man,  the  knowledge, 
information,  impulses,  and  habits  of  thought  for  the  acquirement  of 
which  nature  created  the  age  of  childhood. 

It  is  a  truth  which  cannot  be  too  strongly  impressed  on  the  mind 
of  the  teacher,  and  of  those  who  are  maturing  a  system  of  education, 
that  vast  and  most  important  branches  of  learning  must  be  learned 
by  the  child  under  fourteen  years  old,  or  they  must  be  abandoned 
forever.  Recollect  that  all  the  facts  of  the  external  world,  all  those 
facts  which,  generalized,  constitute  the  physical  sciences,  arc  acquired 
by  the  mind  through  the  mediums  of  the  physical  organs  of  the 
senses — through  the  mouth,  the  nose,  the  eye,  the  ear,  and  the  hand. 
Recollect,  too,  that  these  same  organs,  plastic  and  easily  moulded  to 
every  shape  and  every  habit  in  the  child,  readily  taught  to  obey  with 
instinctive  quickness  the  least  promptings  of  the  mind,  become  but 
rigid  and  unimpressiblc  pieces  of  flesh  and  bone  in  the  untrained 
man.  The  habits  which  these  organs  acquire  in  childhood,  become 
the  fi.xed,  unchangeable  habits  of  mature  life;  and  unless  the  scientific 
teacher  begins  his  work  early,  and  in  time,  the  eye  will  forever  be  dull, 
the  ear  will  hear  but  a  confused  and  clashing  mass  of  sounds  where 
it  should  revel  in  exquisite  harmony;  the  voice  will  refuse  its  intona- 
tions to  respond  to  the  emotions  of  the  heart,  and  the  whole  body 
will  become  a  reluctant  and  hesitating  servant  of  the  mind  which  it 
enfeebles. 

The  habit  of  scientific  observation — of  discriminating  differences 
in  color,  distance,  size,  shape,  perfume,  sound,  smell,  and  touch — the 
habit  of  dexterously  using  all  the  limbs  and  members  of  the  body, 
without  which  no  one  can  become  a  successful  scientific  operator  or 
manipulator,  are  habits  which  should  be  acquired  in  childhood,  be- 
fore the  senses  are  palsied  by  disuse,  and  while  the  body  is  pliant  and 
ductile.  To  aid  in  forming  these  habits,  you  have  the  eager,  grasp- 
ing, irrepressible,  and  audacious  curiosity  of  the  child — that  desire  to 
see  and  know  everything  in  this  great  museum  into  which  he  has 
been  ushered,  to  trace  all  causes  and  see  all  effects.  It  has  often 
seemed  to  me  that  it  should  be  the  one  great  end  and  aim  of  educa- 
tion to  keep  alive  this  curiosity  as  long  as  possible;  that  the  true 
function  of  the  teacher  is  not  so  much  to  make  the  child  a  man,  as 
it  is  to  keep  the  man  a  child.     For,  while  this  curiosity  is  fully  alive. 


2.)t  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

the  whole  mind  and  the  whole  body  of  the  child  are  stimulated  to 
an  exertion  healthful  and  playful,  of  which  the  matured  man  is  in- 
capable. The  motives  which  stimulate  the  adult  to  exertion,  the 
necessity  for  food  and  shelter,  the  desire  of  riches,  the  love  of  glory, 
or  learning,  and  even  the  still  more  elevated  incentive  of  philanthropy 
are  feeble  in  comparison  with  this  instinctive  grasping  for  knowledge, 
which  nature  has  placed  in  the  mind  of  the  child.  Under  its  influence 
the  quick  memory  of  the  infant,  though  left  to  itself  without  a  teacher, 
grasps  more  facts,  catches  more  sounds,  learns  more  motions  than 
are  acquired  in  the  entire  after  life.  The  grown-up  man  may  spend 
his  night  and  years  in  study,  yet  he  cannot  acquire  a  new  language  so 
perfectly,  he  cannot  incorporate  it  so  completely  into  his  mind,  he  can- 
not so  thoroughly  imbue  himself  with  its  spirit,  as  does  the  child  when 
in  its  moments  of  play,  unconscious  of  work,  it  catches  the  thousands 
of  dissimilar  words,  the  countless  analogies,  the  vast  and  complicated 
relations  of  its  mother  tongue,  and  lays  them  up  in  the  vast  store- 
house of  its  mind,  there  to  remain  forever.  Metaphysicians  tell  us 
that  when  the  faculties  of  the  old  man  are  decayed,  when  memory 
grows  dim  and  reason  falters,  his  mind  loses  the  memory  of  all  that 
he  has  acquired  in  his  riper  years,  and,  leaping  over  the  interval  that 
separates  his  age  from  his  childhood,  returns  to  the  images,  the  facts 
and  impressions  which  in  the  first  dawn  of  life  were  stamped  there. 
So,  as  nature  takes  her  leave  of  the  pilgrim  whom  she  has  conducted 
from  childhood  to  the  tomb,  she  asserts  even  in  her  last  moments 
that  the  first  age  of  man  is  the  age  for  acquiring  knowledge,  that 
what  is  then  learned  is  more  firmly  fastened,  more  indelibly  stamped, 
more  a  part  of  the  man,  than  those  later  acquisitions,  made  with  toil 
and  brain-fatiguing  study,  which  form  the  boast  of  the  man. 

The  age  of  childhood — and. by  the  age  of  childhood  I  mean  to 
include,  at  most,  the  first  ten  or  twelve  years  of  life — is  the  time 
when  the  powers  of  observation  must  be  cultivated;  and  those 
branches  of  knowledge  which  are  acquired  by  observation,  by  imita- 
tion, and  l)y  memory,  must  be  learned.  This  truth  is  a  familiar  one 
to  all  teachers;  yet,  strange  to  say,  it  is  disregarded  in  practice.  It 
is  disregarded,  both  in  the  mode  in  which  the  young  scholar  is  taught 
the  studies  proper  for  his  years,  and  in  the  order  in  which  these  stud- 
ies are  arranged. 

The  jjhysical  sciences,  which  have  grown  up  first  from  the  obser- 
vation of  the  isolated  facts,  and  then  by  the  grouping  together  of 


ArrEA'D/X.  255 

these  facts,  until  a  law  or  general  lact  is  obtained,  why  should  they 
not  be  taught  in  the  order  in  which  man  has  learned  them  ?  If  you 
wish  to  teach  a  child  electricity,  give  him  the  sealing-wax,  the  electrical 
machine,  the  Lcydenjar,  and  the  battery.  Let  him,  through  his  own 
observation,  through  his  own  fingers,  eyes,  mouth,  and  ears,  acquire 
delight,  as  he  will — for  man  has  never  yet  invented  toys  that  catch 
the  fancy  of  the  child  like  these — the  physical  facts  which  form  the 
basis  of  this  branch  of  science.  If  he  be  learning  geology  or  botany, 
carry  him,  with  his  hammer  and  basket  in  his  hand,  on  your  rambles 
in  the  field — see  that  his  pockets  are  stuffed  with  specimens,  and 
that  on  his  return  they  are  scientifically  arranged  on  his  shelves.  In 
geography,  give  him  the  globe.  Point  out  to  him  th'^.c  grand  analo- 
gies in  form  and  grouping  of  rivers  and  niountains,  of  islands,  seas 
oceans,  and  continents,  which,  although  they  required  the  mind  of  a 
r)acon  or  a  Humboldt  to  discover,  once  discovered,  arc  as  interesting 
and  intelligible  to  the  child  as  to  the  grown-up  man.  Then  you  will 
bring  into  play  those  pliant  fingers,  those  restless  eyes,  and  those 
delicately  attuned  ears.  So,  knowledge  will  enter  into  the  mind 
mrough  its  proper  avenues.  So,  the  curiosity  of  the  child  will  be 
kept  stimulated,  active,  and  alive;  and  so,  and  so  only,  will  the  child 
give  unimpaired  to  the  man  the  faculties  which  nature  gave  to  the 
child.  Is  this  the  mode  in  which  the  sciences  are  taught  in  our 
schools  and  colleges  ?  Is  it  not  a  fact  that  the  most  abstruse  books 
of  science  are  put  into  the  hands  of  the  scholar;  and  that,  in  an  in- 
verted order,  both  to  the  nature  of  the  child  and  the  nature  of  the 
science  itself,  the  child  commences  with  the  abstract  theory  ere  a 
single  fact  is  brought  to  his  observation  ?  Is  it  not  true  that  even 
those  facts  which  he  acquires,  he  learns  not  through  the  medium  of 
nature,  but  by  the  painful,  dry,  discouraging  process  of  tracing  them 
through  tediously  lettered  diagrams  and  long  and  barren  descrip- 
tions? 

I  go  back,  as  I  speak,  to  my  own  experience.  I  recall  our  pub- 
lic examinations  where  parents  went  into  ecstacies  at  the  prodigious 
]jrogress  of  their  boys.  I  remember  those  astonishing  feats  of  mem- 
ory, of  which  childhood  alone  is  capable.  How  we  went,  unfalter- 
ingly and  accurately,  through  long  and  bewildering  experiments  in 
chemistry,  ere  we  had  ever  seen  the  vivid  light  or  the  electric  flash, 
or  :  hivered  to  the  shock  of  the  electric  batter)'.  How  learned!}'  and 
glibly  we  talked  of  plants  phanerogamous  and  plants  cryptogamous ; 


256  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORMLA. 

yet  in  the  garden  near,  that  in  summer  filled  the  school-room  with 
its  perfume,  we  could  scarcely  have  told  a  rose  from  a  hollyhock. 

As  I  have  said,  it  is  not  merely  in  the  manner  in  which  the  stud- 
ies are  taught  that  the  nature  of  .the  child  and  the  nature  of  the 
science  are  ignored.  There  are  certain  branches  of  learning,  and 
these  among  the  most  important,  which  are  for  the  first  time  taught 
to  the  grown-u])  boy,  when  they  should  be  the  very  first  imparted  to 
the  child.  Among  others  I  will  instance  the  modern  languages, — the 
I'rcnch,  German,  Spanish,  and  Italian.  The  facilities  for  intercom- 
munication between  all  parts  of  the  world,  the  necessities  of  com- 
merce, the  sympathies  which  are  rapidly  binding  the  great  nations  of 
the  world  into  one  common  family — all  require,  imperatively,  that 
the  educated  man  of  one  nation  should  be  able  to  communicate 
freely  and  easily  with  the  educated  man  of  the  others.  Public  at- 
tention is  greatly  attracted  to  this  requirement  of  education ;  and 
there  is,  I  am  sorry  to  say,  a  growing  disposition  to  sacrifice  the 
cla.ssics  to  modern  languages.  Perhaps  those  who  have  defended 
the  utility  of  the  classics  have,  by  their  erroneous  reasoning,  done 
much  to  weaken  their  cause.  They  have  alleged  as  one  of  the  great 
uses  of  classic  study,  the  facility  which  their  acquisition  gives  to  the 
acquirement  of  the  modern  languages,  because,  as  they  say,  so  ninny 
of  the  words  and  constructions,  and  so  much  of  their  spirit,  are  de- 
rived from  the  Greek  and  Latin.  Yet  everyone  knows  that  in  expe- 
rience, similarity  in  words,  derivations  and  construction  in  two 
languages,  serve  to  bewilder,  perpleX;  and  confuse.  Much  as  I  value 
the  classic  studies,  high  as  I  e.steem  those  master  languages  and  those 
master  works,  which  the  common  consent  of  all  civilized  nations  has 
for  centuries  given  for  food  to  the  growing  and  ingenious  mind  of 
youth,  I  would  not  contend  that  the  Greek  and  Latin  scholar,  how- 
ever deeply  he  may  have  drunk  from  the  j^ure  fountain  of  antitjuityi 
has  the  least  advantage  over  the  educated  man  in  the  acquisition  of 
the  living  languages. 

How  well  I  remember  my  mortification,  when,  fresh  from  my 
college  education,  proud  of  my  little  store  of  Latin  and  Greek,  with 
an  implicit  belief  in  what  my  teachers  had  told  me,  that  in  them  I 
possessed  the  key  of  all  languages,  I  found,  while  traveling  in  France, 
my  most  vigorous  efforts  in  acquiring  the  French,  easily  eclipsed  by 
one  of  my  comrades  who  had  never  been  accustomed  to  study  of 
any  kind.     On  my  return  to  my  native  land,  some  little  children  of 


APPENDIX.  257 

five  or  six  years  old,  who,  when  I  left,  were  ignorant  of  any  language 
but  their  own,  had,  in  the  meantime,  without  book  or  study,  without 
losing  a  moment  from  play,  acquired  in  all  its  purity  and  grace — ac- 
(juired  so  that  it  seemed  not  an  acquisition,  but  their  mother-tongue 
— the  language  which  I  had  almost  uselessly  toiled  to  learn.  Why 
was  it  that  the  grown-up  man,  accustomed  to  labor  and  study,  had 
seen  his  most  strenuous  efforts  so  easily  surpassed  by  the  play  of  the 
child? 

Yet  the  reason  of  this,  when  we  reflect  on  the  nature  and  struct- 
ure of  language,  is  so  evident  that  it  seems  astonishing  that  the 
teacher  has  ever  fallen  into  the  monstrous  error  of  deferring  the  in- 
struction of  French,  German,  and  Spanish,  to  the  late  age  of  sixteen 
and  seventeen — an  age  when,  I  say  it  boldly,  it  is  impossible  to  learn 
a  living  language.  For  I  do  not  call  to  have  learned  a  language,  to 
be  able  to  speak  bad  grammar,  in  broken  accents ;  to  use  words  and 
phrases  without  feeling  their  force  and  appropriateness,  and  to  task, 
at  every  moment,  the  politeness  and  risibles  of  your  hearers.  You 
have  only  learned  a  language  when  the  word  and  the  idea  come  as 
simultaneously  as  the  shock  and  the  electric  flash  ;  when,  of  two 
words,  whose  meanings  the  dictionaries  will  tell  you  are  identical, 
the  use  of  the  one,  in  a  certain  connection,  will  seem  to  you  dull  and 
commonplace,  while  the  other  will  leap  at  once  from  the  ear  to  the 
heart,  setting  in  motion  in  its  passage  whole  torrents  of  emotions,  of 
feelings,  and  of  passions. 

What  mother  is  there  here  who  will  not  tell  us  the  lesson  she 
learned  from  her  first-born,  that  nature  intended  the  age  of  the  very 
first  childhood  for  being  the  time  for  acquiring  languages?  Then  the 
ear  catches  and  distinguishes  every  sound;  then  that  infinite  power 
of  imitation  seizes  every  shade  of  intonation,  every  variety  of  ex- 
pression. The  French  "  u,"  which  we  spend  weeks  in  practicing, 
twisting  into  sad  contortions  the  tongue,  mouth,  and  face — the  En- 
glish "  th,"  with  which  we  take  an  ample  revenge  on  our  French 
neighbor — are  alike  to  the  child.  He  knows  nothing  about  position 
of  teeth,  tongue,  or  palate.  He  wants  no  rules  of  articulation.  His 
nurse  or  mother  smiles  or  frowns  upon  him,  as  she  pronounces 
the  shibboleth  impossible  to  the  grown-up  man,  and  instantaneously, 
as  if  by  magic,  the  true,  pure  sound  comes  rolling  from  his  lips. 
The  man  may  search  uselessly  through  lexicons  to  find  the  exact 
shade  of  meaning  of  a  foreign  word,  and  consult  every  author  who 

17 


258  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

has  ever  employed  it ;  but  the  child  who  has  heard  it  carelessly  used, 
has  seen  the  emotion,  the  gesture,  the  look  that  accompanied  it,  and 
the  word  in  its  true  significance,  with  all  its  hidden  meaning,  has 
taken  its  place  in  the  mind  forever.  All  this  we  see  and  know.  In 
families  whose  lot  has  led  them  into  foreign  lands,  we  find  children 
at  the  age  of  seven  or  eight — children,  too,  endowed  with  nothing 
but  the  ordinary  faculties  of  children — who  speak  three  or  four  lan- 
guages. And  yet  we  allow  the  ear  to  grow  dull  and  listless,  the  eye 
to  become  unobserving,  the  power  of  imitation  to  decay,  and,  at  the 
age  of  fifteen  or  sixteen  years — when  the  mind  has  become  so  im- 
bued with  one  language  that,  to  acquire  another,  it  must  go  through 
the  double  process,  first  of  clothing  the  idea  in  the  language  natural 
to  it,  and  then  of  translating  the  natural  language  into  the  foreign — 
we  commence  the  tardy  and  ungrateful  task. 

It  may  be  asked  in  what  manner,  practically,  and  without  a  great 
expense,  the  child  can  enjoy  the  advantages  of  teachers  in  foreign 
languages  at  so  early  an  age .-'  I  will  throw  out  a  passing  suggestion 
on  the  subject.  Instead  of  employing  American  teachers  to  instruct 
in  the  alphabet,  the  grammar,  the  primer,  the  easy  lessons  in  geog, 
raphy,  a  French,  Spanish,  or  German  school-mistress,  fully  compe- 
tent to  the  task,  could  easily  be  obtained.  It  should  be  her  duty  to 
forbid  the  child,  either  in  play-hours,  in  the  recess,  or  in  the  school, 
to  use  any  other  than  her  language  ;  and  the  little  sums,  the  easy 
phrases,  the  descriptions  of  the  earth,  should  all  be  recited  and  ex- 
plained in  the  same  tongue.  Placing  thus  the  mind  of  the  child 
under  the  constant  necessity  of  finding  a  new  outlet,  it  is  astonishing 
how  soon  it  will  roll  its  marbles  and  fly  it,^  kite  in  French,  and  coax 
and  entreat  in  Spanish,  and  vent  its  dissatisfaction  and  its  tears  in 
the  gutteral  German.  So,  then,  by  dexterously  economizing  the  play 
and  the  school-time  of  the  child,  without  imposing  upon  it  a  suscep- 
tible increase  of  toil,  without  retarding  it  in  what  are  usually  consid- 
ered the  grave  branches  of  study,  you  can  put  to  their  legitimate  use 
these  astonishing  faculties,  which  last  but  for  a  season,  unless  most 
carefully  nurtured  ;  and  you  can  give  to  the  child  what  will  be  in  the 
man  the  most  inestimable  of  all  advantages,  the  power  to  roam  at 
will  in  all  countries  and  in  all  literatures;  to  put  himself  and  his 
mind  in  direct  communion  with  the  great  men  and  the  great  works 
of  all  civilized  countries;  and  you  will  have  rescued  the  classics  from 
the  unjust  arriisations  cast  upon  them,  that  they  usurp  and  intrench 


ArrE.yniw  259 

upon  the  time  which  would  be  more  profitably  given  to  the  modern 
tongues. 

I  have  thus  far  contended  that  the  teacher  must  recognize  in  the 
child  a  being  who  has  not  only  all  the  physical  and  mental  faculties 
of  the  man,  but  who  has  them  in  such  a  peculiar  state  that  they  can 
be  moulded  at  will  to  any  habits  and  any  developments;  and  that 
these  physical  and  mental  faculties  are  under  the  direct  control  of  a 
powerful  instinct,  called  curiosity,  which,  left  to  itself,  soon  decays 
into  listlessness  and  indifference,  but  becomes,  by  skillful  training, 
the  strongest  of  all  permanent  motives — the  love  of  learning.  I 
have  urged  as  a  corollary  to  this,  that  the  true  course  of  education  is 
to  adapt  itself  to  these  facts  ;  to  take  advantage  of  the  wonderful 
physical  and  mental  flexibility  and  pliancy  of  the  infant,  ere  it  is  gone 
forever,  and  to  economize,  develop,  and  give  permanency  to  this 
strange  and  all-controlling  instinct  of  curiosity.  This  can  be  done 
only  by  making  the  preparatory  school  for  infants  and  growing  boys 
a  necessary  part  of  a  university;  and  hence  it  is  that  I  congratulate 
you  on  the  wisdom  of  the  plan  which  you  have  marked  out  for  the 
future  College  of  our  State. 

I  pass  over,  for  want  of  time,  the  countless  advantages  which  will 
spring  from  this  union,  and  come  to  the  one  which  seems  to  me  the 
most  inestimable  of  all.  It  is  this — that  the  child,  in  the  age  of  all 
others  the  most  important,  will  be  placed  in  direct  communion  with 
the  great  literary  and  scientific  minds  of  the  country  in  which  he 
lives;  that  the  man  filled  with  genial  learning,  the  ripe  scholar  whom 
you  have  deemed  worthy  to  be  a  professor  in  your  University,  shall 
become  the  companion,  the  friend,  and  the  teacher  of  the  child.  I 
know  that  the  idea  will  seem  to  many  chimerical  and  visionary.  The 
practice  of  confiding  the  education  of  the  infant  to  the  weak  and  in- 
competent, is  so  common  that  a  certain  sort  of  social  inferiority 
attaches  itself  to  the  very  name  of  teacher  of  children.  The  very 
refuse  of  our  colleges — the  minds  which  the  professions  reject  with 
disdain,  the  student  who  has  contentedly  taken  his  place  at  the  bot- 
tom of  his  class,  the  broken-down  lawyer,  the  minister  whose  pews 
are  vacant — all  look  to  teaching  for  their  scanty  support ;  and  the 
more  they  are  incompetent,  the  younger  are  the  children  committed 
to  their  care.  The  profession  of  teaching  has  become  a  kind  of 
hospital  for  the  blind,  the  lame,  and  the  halt  among  liberally  educated 
men.  As  I  have  seen  poor,  tortured  children,  repeating,  parrot-like, 
their  wearily  learned  lessons,  that  have  tasked  their  memory,   and 


260  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNL\. 

wearied  and  discouraged  every  other  faculty  of  mind  and  body — as  I 
have  seen  gaping  school-masters  look  longingly  at  the  clock,  that  told 
them  how  much  of  their  three  hours'  toil  remained — as  I  have  seen 
the  (juick,  living  mind  of  the  child  brought  into  contact  with  the 
sluggish,  dead  mind  of  the  teacher — it  has  seemed  to  me  that  here  a 
greater  atrocity  was  committed  than  those  which  the  terrible  ingenuity 
of  the  In(]uisition  suggested  when  it  tied  the  healthy  man  to  the  loath- 
some corpse,  and  left  the  living  and  the  dead  to  corrupt  together. 

Turn  for  a  moment  to  a  more  agreeable  jMcture.  Come  with  me 
to  the  pleasant  fields  of  our  own  classic  Cambridge,  and  join  with 
me  the  noisy,  turbulent  troop  of  children,  who  are  running  eagerly  at 
the  call  of  a  genial  man  of  some  fifty  years,  who  has  just  picked  up 
a  stone  from  the  ground.  The  man  towards  whom  the  boys  are 
running  as  to  a  father,  is  the  friend  of  Cuvier  and  Humboldt,  the 
honored  of  scholars — one  whom  France  has  sought  by  bribe  of  place 
and  rank  to  win  to  her  own  country,  already  so  rich  in  scientific  men 
— he  is  the  learned  Agassiz.  With  what  eager  delight  these  young, 
fresh  minds  hang  on  the  lips  of  the  genuine  teacher  !  With  what  a 
thirst  their  young  souls  drink  in  the  clear  stream  that  flows  over  from 
the  exhaustless  mind!  The  scientific  truth  hid  in  that  humble  peb- 
ble has  been  imparted,  and  joyfully  the  search  for  new  stones  and 
new  truths  is  resumed.  And  so,  alternately,  the  teacher  and  the 
taught,  the  honored,  scientific  man  and  the  unfledged  boy,  refresh 
themselves  together  at  the  i)ure  founts  of  nature.  The  boy  catches 
from  the  man  that  quickness  of  investigation,  that  activity  of  eye, 
finger,  limb,  and  i)rain,  that  restless  longing  to  explore  and  discover 
all  that  this  world  has  of  hidden  beauty,  which  the  man  has  learned 
in  years  of  close  communion  with  nature  alone  in  the  solitary  Alps, 
and  by  the  heaving  glacier.  And  the  mind  of  the  man,  hardened 
by  the  wear  and  tear  of  half  a  century,  acquires  a  new  freshness  and 
a  new  life  from  its  contact  with  these  young  and  glowing  minds. 

And  this  scene,  the  union  of  the  preparatory  school  and  the  col- 
lege, in  the  University  which  you  are  now  rearing,  will  make  a  fre- 
(juent  one  on  our  California  shore.  The  learned  professor  of  Creek 
will  unbend  from  his  studies  to  tell  the  delighted  scholar,  in  the 
genial  language  which  true  learning  gives,  the  glowing  stories  of  the 
Iliad  and  the  Odyssey;  the  learned  astronomer  will  sometimes  at 
night  point  his  telescope  to  the  heavens,  and  the  wonders  of  science 
will  fill  the  dreams  of  the  astonished  and  awe-struck  child,  and  in 
the  pleasure  which  the  child  sees  radiant  in  the  face  of  the  teacher, 


APPENDIX.  I'ei 

as  some  new  idea  is  developed,  some  scientific  fact  discovered — the 
voluntary  homage  he  beholds  surrounding  learning — will  he  find  his 
own  incentive  to  progress  and  his  own  future  reward. 

And  now,  Mr.  President  and  Trustees,  it  remains  for  me  to  wish 
you  a  heart-felt  godspeed  in  your  great  enterprise.  In  the  carrying 
out  of  your  plans  you  will  hav'e  many  difficulties  to  meet,  many 
prejudices  to  encounter.  I  do  not  speak  of  those  physical  difficul- 
ties, such  as  the  providing  money,  libraries,  and  suitable  buildings. 
The  munificence  of  a  proverbially  munificent  people  will  amply  sup- 
ply these  wants.  Nor  do  I  speak  of  the  difficulty  of  finding  suitable 
teachers — men  of  learning  and  science  will  gladly  rush  into  this  great 
and  yet  untried  arena.  But  I  speak  of  the  prejudice  which  recreant 
men  of  education  have  instilled  with  all  an  apostate's  zeal  against  the 
system  of  university  education.  Newspapers  and  the  press,  speeches 
audaciously  delivered  before  literary  societies  in  leading  universities, 
teem  with  indirect  abuse  of  liberal  education.  Now,  the  classic 
studies  are  attacked,  and  the  time  spent  in  their  acquisition  is  stigma- 
tized as  lost.  Men  use  their  eloquence  which  they  owe  to  the  great 
masters  of  Greece  and  Rome,  in  attempts,  that  I  trust — that  I  know 
— will  be  in  vain  to  hush  the  music  of  ^'irgil  and  Homer,  and  still 
forever  the  echoes  of  the  thunders  of  Demosthenes  that  have  rever- 
berated through  centuries.  Now,  the  attempt  is  still  more  insidiously 
and  indirectly  made  by  demagogical  praises  of  what  is  called  the 
'  dignity  '  of  labor.  \'et,  if  you  analyze  carefully  what  is  ordinarily 
meant  by  the  phrase,  you  will  find  that  it  is  simply  the  praise  of  the 
body,  at  the  expense  of  the  mind;  that  what  is  called  dignity  of 
labor  would  with  more  propriety  be  called  the  dignity  of  ignorance. 

There  is  a  prejudice,  too,  in  favor  of  the  self-educated  man,  which 
has  done  much  to  disparage  the  advantages  of  the  university  educa- 
tion ;  and  heaven  forbid  that  I  should  refuse  my  sincere  tribute  of 
admiration  to  the  noble  spirit  that  stems  adversity  and  rises  superior 
to  obstacles !  Yet,  while  I  give  to  the  self-educated  man  my  admi- 
ration, I  give  him  also  as  sincere  a  pity.  The  child  and  the  more 
matured  youth  were  not  meant  by  nature  to  endure  privations,  either 
mental  or  physical — to  steal  hours  from  sleep,  to  overwork  their 
brains  by  the  eye-destroying  flicker  of  the  candle,  when  the  fatiguing 
work  of  the  day  is  done.  Nature  never  intended  that  the  age  of 
childhood  and  youth  should  pass  uncheered  by  the  smile  and  bereft 
of  the  inspiring  influence  of  the  teacher.  Kindness,  ease,  freedom 
from  care,  encouragement,  and  love,  are  essential  to  a  well-developed, 


262  IIISTOR  V  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

symmetrical  growth;  and  the  absence  of  any  one  of  these  in  child- 
hood is  sure  to  leave  on  the  mind  of  the  man,  strong  though  it  be, 
some  great  deformity.  Analyze  carefully  the  minds  of  the  great 
self-educated  men,  and  you  will  find,  I  believe,  almost  universally, 
that  each  privation  which  the  child  has  suffered  has  engendered  a 
corresponding  vice  in  the  mind  of  the  man.  Now,  it  is  a  wild  reck- 
lessness that  drives  the  heaven-turned  mind  of  Burns  to  revel  in  sen- 
sual delights  ;  now,  a  gloomy,  morbid  imagination  that  buries  the 
despair  of  Chatterton  in  a  suicide's  grave. 

When  in  the  valley  near  us  we  see  a  symmetrical,  wide-spreading, 
majestic  tree,  each  branch,  bough,  and  twig  rising  gracefully  to 
the  heavens,  we  know  that  genial  rains  watered  it  when  a  sapling; 
that  it  grew  in  the  smile  of  the  sunshine,  caressed  by  light,  soft 
winds.  Half  way  up  the  hill  there  stands  another  tree,  bent  like  an 
old  man,  whose  branches,  leaves,  and  boughs  seem  fleeing  in  terror 
from  some  invisible  enemy.  Strong,  yet  unsightly,  we  read  in  its 
whole  aspect  how  painfully  in  youth  it  lifted  its  still  half-recumbent 
form,  while  the  angry  and  the  perpetual  winds  and  the  fierce  tempest 
strove  in  vain  to  keep  it  down.  In  one  of  these  two  trees  you  have  the 
type  of  the  university,  the  universally  and  symmetrically  educated 
mind,  whose  every  branch,  twig,  and  fiber  rise  in  upward  aspiration. 
In  the  other,  you  have  the  self-educated  man,  strong,  rugged,  and 
unyielding,  yet  bent,  jagged,  and  gnarly,  from  premature,  unnatural 
struggle. 

All  these  prejudices,  kindled  and  fanned  into  flames  by  the  selfish 
demagogue,  as  he  pours  into  the  ears  of  unthinking  crowds  the  gross 
flattery  that  they  are  the  equals  of  educated  men,  it  will  be  your 
task  to  encounter — it  will  be  your  glory  to  conquer.  And  under 
your  guidance,  by  the  blessing  of  (iod,  this  beautiful  State  of  Cali- 
fornia— whose  children,  as  yet  only  adopted,  stand,  like  the  Janus  of 
old,  with  two  faces — one  turned  admiringly  on  her  smiling  valleys, 
her  broad  rivers,  and  her  gold-teeming  hills  ;  the  other  face  turned 
longingly  and  regretfully  towards  their  own  native  land,  to  the  hal- 
lowed homes  of  their  old  recollections  and  the  graves  of  their  fathers 
— this  glorious  land  shall  see  spring  from  her  loins  a  race  in  who.se 
love  she  shall  know  no  rival,  a  race  all  her  own,  a  race  of  child-like 
men — children  in  flexibility  and  pliancy  of  bodily  organs,  children  in 
simplicity,  in  re.stless  curiosity  and  glowing  mental  fervor — and  men 
of  stature,  j)Ovver,  and  grasji  of  mind. 


II.    ALUMNI  METING. 


May  31,   1864. 


At  half-past  five  o'clock  the  Alumni  entered  the  hall,  and 
ranged  themselves  along  three  parallel  tables.  At  the  head 
of  these,  on  a  raised  platform,  was  spread  a  fourth  table.  At 
the  center  of  this  sat  Hon.  Edward  Tompkins,  President  of 
the  evening.  On  his  right  he  was  supported  by  Rev.  Dr. 
Bellows,  and  on  his  left  by  the  Vice-President  of  the  College, 
Rev.  S.  H.  Willey.  The  head  of  the  table  was  occupied  by 
the  Mayor  of  San  Francisco.  The  other  guests  at  this  board 
were  General  Wright,  Provost  Marshal  Van  Vost,  United 
States  District  Judge  F.  M.  Haight,  Ira  P.  Rankin,  Sherman 
Day,  and  Professor  Durant.  About  one  hundred  and  twenty- 
five  were  seated  at  the  tables.  A  few  ladies  graced  the 
occasion  with  their  presence,  occupying  seats  on  the  side  of 
the  room.  Those  of  them  who  had  prepared  the  collation, 
and  adorned  the  hall,  volunteered  also  to  act  as  cup-bearers. 

After  the  invocation  of  a  blessing  by  Mr.  Willey,  the 
President  of  the  evening  invited  all  to  "  help  themselves,"  and 
all  did  help  themselves.  The  collation  consisted  of  substan- 
tials,  and  berries,  and  country  cream,  besides  coffee  and  pure 
water.     At  the  conclusion  of  the  repast  the  President  said: — 

Brothers:  If  you  have  all  "helped  yourselves"  long  enough, 
we  will  now  proceed  with  the  business  of  the  evening.  You  are 
aware  that  for  several  months  an  effort  has  been  making,  on  the  part 
of  the  Faculty  of  the  College  of  California,  to  gather  together  the 
names  of  all  the  graduates  of  the  State.  To  a  certain  extent  they 
have  succeeded.     In  a  few  moments  the  roll  will  be  called,  and  each 


264  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

person  is  requested  to  answer  when  his  name  is  reached,  to  name  his 
college  and  the  year  he  graduated. 

Before  the  roll  is  called,  I  am  requested  by  Professor  Kellogg  to 
state  that  as  this  meeting  has  opened  so  auspiciously,  and  as  it  is 
intended  to  inaugurate  a  series  of  such  gatherings,  each  to  be  more 
agreeable  than  those  that  have  preceded  it,  a  meeting  of  all  interested 
will  be  held  in  this  hall  on  the  first  Tuesday  of  March  next,  at  3 
o'clock  p.  M.,  to  make  the  necessary  arrangements  for  the  meeting 
one  year  from  to-day.     The  roll  will  now  be  called. 

GRADUATES  PRESENT. 

Name.  Residence.  College.  Year. 

Rev.  J.  M.  Alexander San  Francisco Williams 1858 

Rev.  Dr.  W.  C.  Anderson  . .  San  Francisco Washington 

J.  Snowden   Bacon San  Francisco Vale i  S45 

Rev.  H.  C.  Badger San  Francisco 

E.  P.  Ratchelor San  Francisco Vale 1858 

Rev.  L.  C.  Bayles San  Francisco N.  V.  Free  Academy.  . 

Rev.  E.  G.  Beckwitii San  Francisco Williams 1849 

D.  P.  Bei.KNAI' .San  Francisco University  N.  ^'.  City.  1844 

Rev.  Dr.  H.  W.  Bellows.  .  .San  Francisco Harvard 1832 

Hon.  John  E.  Benton Folsom University  N.  Y.   City.  184? 

Rev.  Joseph  A.  Benton San  Francisco  . .  .  .Vale 1842 

T.  B.  BiGELOW Oakland Harvard 1820 

W.  I.  Binnev .San  Francisco Amherst i860 

Hon.  M.  C.  Blake .San  Franci.sco Bowdoin 

Rev.  S.   V.   Blakeslkk Oakland Western  Reserve 1844 

W.  P.  Blakeslee Oakland Western  Reserve 1861 

J.  S.  Blatchley -San  Francisco Vale 1850 

Hon.  Newton  Booth Sacramento Ashury  University 

S.  D.  Bosworth Grass  Valley Union 1S51 

J.  F.  Bowman San  Francisco University  N.   V.  City.  1844 

Chas.  E.  Brayton Oakland Hamilton 1S52 

pROK.  I.  H.  Brayton Oakland Hamilton 1S46 

John  H.    Brewer Oakland Vale 1850 

Rev,  p.  G.  Buchanan Watsonville University  Michigan. . .  1846 

Rev.  Frederick  Buel San  Francisco Yale 1836 

Milton   Bulkley San  Francisco Yale 1861 

Hon.  Calek  Buk BANK Virginia  City Waterville 1829 

Dr.   Wm.  Carman San  Francisco Yale 1842 

H.   W.  Cari'ENTIER Oakland Columbia 1848 

S.  J.  Clark Oakland Trinity 1845 


APPENDIX.  265 

Name.  Nesidence.  College.  Ytar. 

Dr.  B.  B.  Coit San  Francisco Yale 1822 

Hon.  H.  p.  Coon San  Francisco Williams 1844 

Col.  J.  B.  Crockett San  Francisco 

1  )ANIEL  A.   Crosby San  Francisco Dartmouth 1857 

S.  L.  Cutter,  J r San  Francisco 1  larvard 1854 

Hon.  Sherman  Day New  Almaden Yale 1826 

A.  N.  Drown San  Francisco Brown 1861 

Prof.  Henry  Durant Oakland Yale 1827 

John  W.  Dvvinelle San  Francisco Hamilton 1834 

Dr.  Aug.  R.  Egbert San  Francisco College  of  New  Jersey.  1850 

Rev.  Alex.  Fairbairn Vacaville Lafayette 1848 

John  B.  Fel ton San  Francisco Harvard 

Capt.  Hugh  B.  Fleming San  Francisco West  Point 1852 

Rev.  Walter  Frear Santa  Cruz Yale 1851 

C.  G.  W.  French Folsom Brown 1842 

Robt.  M.  Gallaway San  Francisco Yale 1858 

Dr.  John  F.  Geary San  Francisco London  University ....  1842 

Dr.  H.  Gibbons San  P'rancisco University  Penn 1829 

Dr.  W.  p.  Gibbons Alameda University  New  York. .  1845 

Giles  H.  Gray San  Francisco N.  Y.  Free  Academy . . 

Hon.  Fletcher  M.  Haight.. Monterey Hamilton 1818 

Rev.  L.  Hamilton San  Jose Hamilton 1850 

Rev.  S.  S.  Harmon .  .  .Oakland Union 1843 

John  W.  Hendrie San  Francisco Yale 1851 

Prof.  F.    D.  Hodgson Oakland Wesleyan  University. . .  1853 

Hon.  Ogden  Hoffman San  Francisco Columbia 

C .  T.  Hopkins San  Francisco University  Vermont .  . .  1847 

H.  B.  Janes San  Francisco University  Vermont.  . .  1838 

Rev.  Wm.  L.   Jones Eureka Bowdoin 1849 

L.    M.    Kellogg San  Francisco Columbia 1848 

Prof.  Martin  Kellogg Oakland Yale 1850 

Rev.  a.  E.  Kittredge San  Francisco Williams 1854 

H.  B.  Livingston San  Francisco Williams 1844 

Rev.   David  McClure San  Francisco Delaware 1848 

Calvin  B.  McDonald San  Francisco Dickinson 1847 

Edward  McLean Silver  City Yale i{>43 

Dr.  John  T.  McLean San  Francisco Wesleyan  University. . .  1845 

Rev.   J.    H.   McMonagle.  . .  .San  Francisco Knox 1857 

Annis  Merrill San  Francisco Wesleyan  University. ..  1835 

Geo.  B.   Merrili San  Francisco Harvard 1859 

Rev.  Geo.  Mooar Oakland Williams 1851 

Nathan  W.   Moore San  Francisco Brown 

Dr.  J.  MORISON San  Francisco Harvard 1844 


266  HISTORY  OF  TIIK  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

Name.  Residence.  College.  Year. 

James  Naphtali San  Francisco Yale 1863 

Hon.  a.  C.  Niles Nevada  City Williams 1852 

Felix  O'Byrne San  Francisco Trinity,  Dublin 1858 

J.  C.  Olmsted San  Francisco Williams i860 

C.  T.  H.  Palmer Folsom Yale 1847 

Rev.   Geo.   Pierson Brooklyn Illinois 1848 

E.  J.  Pringle San  Francisco Harvard 

John  Reed Santa  Clara Williams 1848 

Rev.  II.  Richardson San  Pablo Dartmouth 1841 

Wm.  K.  Rowell Brooklyn Dartmouth 1855 

S.  S.   Sanborn Oakland Dartmouth 1863 

Rev.  John  .Sessions Oakland Dartmouth 1822 

Rev.  B.  N.  Seymour Alvarado Williams 1852 

Rev.  N,  Slater Liberty Union 1S31 

Wm.  M.  Smith San  Francisco Miami  University 1844 

Frank  Soule San  Francisco Wesleyan    University. . 

Hon.  Edward  Stanly San  Francisco University  of  N.  C. . . . 

J.  W.   Stephenson San  Francisco Harvard 1859 

Dr.   J.  D.  B.  Stillman Kan  Francisco Union 1843 

Geo.    Strong San  Francisco Dartmouth 1859 

Dorson  E.  Sykes Nevada  City Yale 1833 

George  Tait San  Francisco University  Virginia .... 

R.    H.  TiBiUTTS .San  Francisco Bowdoin 1848 

Hon.  Edward  Tompkins Oakland Union 1834 

Dr.  Edward  Trask San  Francisco 

J.  P.   Treadwell .San  Francisco Harvard 1844 

Hon.  Geo.  Turner Carson  City Washington. ., 1848 

Dr.  F.  Tuthill San  Francisco Amherst 1840 

Rev.  Kinsley  Twining San  Francisco Yale 1853 

Capt.  J.  H.  Van  Vost San  Francisco Union  and  West  Point.  1852 

Rev.  p.  V,  Veeder Napa Union 1846 

J.  H.  Voorhees San  Francisco College  of  New  Jersey.  184I 

Rev.  E.  B.  Walsworth Oakland Union 1844 

Rev.  J.  11.  Warken San    Maleo Knox 1847 

F.  H.  Waterman San  Francisco University  Vermont. . .  1S54 

Rev.  S.  T.  Wells San  Francisco Union 1839 

Wm.  White Walsonville Williams 1858 

Rev.  S.  II.   Wii.LKV Oakland Dartmouth 1845 

Prok.  W.  J.  G.  Williams San  Francisco 

Chas.  a.  Wilson S.an  Francisco Amherst 1854 

Gen.  George  Wrkimt San  Francisco West  Point 1852 

At  least  thirty-four  institutions,  all  but  two  of  them  Ameri- 
can, arc  here  leprcscntcd.      Yale  liad   twenty  sons    present. 


APPENDIX.  267 

Williams  eleven,  Harvard  and  Union  nine  each,  Dartmouth 
seven.  Fifteen  institutions  (thirteen  of  them  American)  had 
each  a  single  representative.  At  the  conclusion  of  the  roll- 
call,  the  President  said: — 

Friends,  Brothers:  In  the  name  and  on  behalf  of  the  Faculty 
of  this  institution  of  learning,  I  now  bid  you  welcome  to  the  halls  of 
the  College  of  California.  Remembering  the  pleasure  and  pride 
with  which  the  colleges  of  the  old  States,  once  in  each  year,  gathered 
their  children  together,  and  knowing  that  many  of  those  children 
were  scattered  upon  the  shores  of  the  Pacific,  too  far  from  the  old 
hearth-stones  to  admit  of  their  returning  thither,  the  Faculty  con- 
ceived the  happy  idea,  inasmuch  as  their  own  family  was  not  so  large 
as  to  render  it  inconvenient,  of  adopting  all  these  stray  children  of 
the  sister  colleges  of  the  East,  and  inviting  them  to  find  here  the 
home  they  had  lost.  And  so  they  gathered  up  the  names  of  all  of 
whom  they  could  hear  that  belonged  to  these  several  families,  and 
invoked  the  aid  of  the  Press  to  reach  the  rest,  with  a  full,,  warm, 
cordial,  and  affectionate  invitation  to  them  all  to  meet  here  this  day, 
and  find  a  new  Alma  Mater  that  was  ready  to  be  as  tender  to  them 
as  they  would  be  filial  and  faithful  to  her. 

In  response  to  that  invitation  we  meet  here  to-day.  The  farmer 
has  left  his  fields,  the  miner  his  mines,  the  physician  his  patients,  the 
lawyer  his  clients,  the  minister  of  God  has  turned  his  work  of  love  in 
a  new  channel,  the  judiciary  by  its  honored  representatives,  the  State 
by  its  executive  officers,  the  nation  by  the  president  and  author  of 
the  greatest  movement  for  the  humanization  and  Christianization  of 
the  race  that  the  world  has  witnessed  for  eighteen  centuries;  and 
all — hand  to  hand,  eye  to  eye,  heart  to  heart — are  now  here  to  renew 
their  allegiance  to  the  great  cause  of  education,  and  to  swear,  each 
with  the  other,  that  as  for  them  and  their  house,  they  will  henceforth 
labor  more  earnestly  than  ever  for  its  diffusion  throughout  the  world. 

It  is  impossible  to  overestimate  the  importance  of  this  meeting. 
We  stand  now  as  they  stood,  who,  at  the  first  commencement  of 
Yale  or  Harvard,  looked  down  the  line  of  the  ages  that  have  led  to 
us.  Who  then  dreamed  of  the  mighty  influence  that  was  thus  put 
in  motion  ?  Who,  to-day,  dare  to  estimate  the  results  that  are  to 
follow  from  this  beginning?  It  is  as  if  we  stood  among  the  little 
springs  in  the  far  North,  where,  bubbling  out  of  the  unconscious 
earth,  they  quietly  glide  away  from  our  feet,  scarcely  heeding  their 


268  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLECT  OE  CALIFORNIA. 

presence  and  utterly  unconscious  whither  they  are  bound;  and  then, 
taken  by  the  spirit  and  carried  up  into  a  high  mountain,  we  have 
their  course  traced  out  before  us.  And  lo!  the  little  rivulets  gather 
strength  and  power  at  every  mile  of  their  progress ;  now  sweeping 
through  and  fertilizing  broad  and  beautiful  plains,  now  turning  the 
wheels  of  busy  industry,  and  now  widening  into  the  mighty  Mis- 
sissippi bearing  upon  its  bosom  the  commerce  of  half  the  world. 
Who  that  has  seen  all  this  dare  to  think  lightly  of  the  little  springs 
whence  flow  the  streams  that  water  the  earth .?  And  so  with 
us;  we  stand,  to-day,  among  the  springs  of  education  in  California, 
but  far  before  us  the  spirit  shows  us  the  mighty  stream,  bearing  upon 
its  bosom  the  rich  freighted  argosies,  laden  with  the  refined  gold  of 
intellectual  culture,  and  the  precious  stones  of  pure  and  lofty 
thought.  Who  will  not  exult,  when  years  have  gone  by,  in  the  mem- 
ory that  he  was  one  of  those  who  stood  at  the  fountain  and  helped 
guide  the  waters  of  this  "  river  of  life  "  .'* 

It  has  seemed  to  me,  as  I  have  thought  of  it,  and  from  day  to 
day  have  listened  to  the  tones  of  the  College  bell,  as  if  //  had  caught 
the  spirit  of  this  great  occasion,  and  was  swelling  and  pealing  in  har- 
mony with  it.  And  one  evening,  as  with  the  twilight  I  caught  its 
tones,  in  some  way — I  shall  not  undertake  to  explain  how — the 
thoughts  that  arose  found  expression  thus: — 

The  College  bell's  ringing — ding-dong  !  ding-dong! 
Its  peals  are  merry,  and  loud,  and  long; 
On  the  wings  of  the  wind  they  reverberate 
O'er  each  hill  and  vale  of  the  Golden  State. 
The  ocean  waves,  with  them,  keep  measure  and  time — 
Nevada  re-echoes  the  silvery  chime; 
In  the  "  home  of  the  angels  "  they  catch  the  refrain — 
Old  Shasta  repeats  it  again  and  again. 
Where  "  the  Oregon  rolls  "  the  dark  forests  are  stirr'd, 
And  Washington's  pines  the  sweet  music  have  heard  : 
And  throughout  this  vast  realm,  it's  unstintedly  given 
To  ears  that  are  tuned — a  strain  caught  from  Heaven  ; 
No  meaningless  sound  has  it  spread  on  the  air, 
But  words  of  deep  moment  its  mellow  tones  hear  ; 
Let  us  listen  an  instant — if  now  in  our  ear 
There's  an  echo  from  Heaven — "  It  '\%  good  to  be  here." 

Brothers,  come  !  for  years  we've  labored 

In  the  parch'd  and  thirsty  soil, 
Sowing  seed  —the  crop  ungathered 

From  our  life-exhausting  toil — 


APPENDIX.  269 

Now  we  reap,  oh,  brothers  !  come, 
To  share  our  joy  at  "  harvest  home." 

Brothers  !  you  have  drank  at  fountains 

That  have  tilled  your  souls  with  Ught — 
You  have  climbed  the  lofty  mountains, 

Whence  you've  gained  the  glorious  sight 
Of  that  fair  land  of  promise,  where,  on  every  hand. 
Science  and  learning,  truth  and  virtue  stand. 

Brothers  !  you  have  seen  the  madness 

Ignorance  breeds  in  human  breasts  ; 
You  have  felt,  with  crushing  sadness, 

All  humanity  depress'd, 
By  sin  and  crime's  resistless  fetter. 
That  pleads  but  this — it  kneiv  no  better! 

Brothers  !  we  would  rear  a  bulwark 

'Gainst  this  flood  of  sin  and  crime — 
Come  and  help  us  in  the  good  work, 

In  this  glorious  spring-time. 
Now,  in  humanity's  great  hour  of  need, 
As  you  would  have  the  crop,  so  sow  the  seed  ! 

Come  and  help  us — hearts  are  open — 

All  throughout  our  halls  to-day  ; 
Our  country,  virtue,  truth,  are  hoping 

That  with  us  you'll  work  and  pray, 
That  soon  may  dawn  that  bright  and  blessed  time 
When  earth  shall  know  no  more  of  ignorance  and  crime. 

This  is  what  the  bell  said  ;  this  is  what  the  Faculty  now  say  to 
every  educated  man  in  California ;  this  is  what  our  old  mothers 
would  enjoin  upon  all  their  children  :  this  is  what  humanity,  lieaven, 
demands  of  us  all — affection,  truth,  and  faith  to  this  new  mother  ; 
for  thus  only  shall  we  secure  the  blessing  of  liberal  education,  of 
enlarged  culture  for  our  children,  and  our  children's  children,  forever 

The  first  sentiment,  brothers,  to  which  I  shall  ask  your  attention — 
the  first  in  every  gathering  of  true  men — is  :  Our  Country  ;  great  in 
all  the  arts  of  \iQ2Lce— greater,  when  at  the  call  of  truth  and  principle 
she  drew  the  sword  in  defense  of  human  rights — greatkst,  when 
she  organized  the  ministry  of  mercy  to  temper  war's  ferocity,  and 
made  even  the  horrors  of  the  battle-field  the  means  of  developing 
the  highest  and  noblest  fruits  of  the  gospel  of  peace. 

I  but  repeat  the  words  that  rise  to  the  lips  of  every  one  of  you, 
when  I  call  on  Dr.  Bellows  to  respond  to  this  sentiment. 


270  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CAI.IFORNLA. 

Dr.  Bellows. — Mr.  President,  Gentlemen,  and  Brethren  : 
I  wish  I  felt  myself  more  worthy  to  answer  to  that  sentiment  which 
my  friend  and  old  parishioner,  Mr.  Tompkins — your  President — has 
given  you,  and  which  I  see  he  has  flavored  with  an  affectionate  ref- 
erence to  me,  whom,  doubtless,  he  remembers  because  associated, 
with  his  old  home,  and  the  earlier  years  of  his  life  on  the  other  side. 

"Our  Country."  Well,  that  is  a  word  that  ought  to  be  first  in  the 
mouth,  as  it  is  deepest  in  the  heart  of  every  American  citizen  at  an 
hour  like  this — first  in  the  mouth  of  every  educated  man  especially  ; 
and  I  thank  God  that  in  the  great  crisis  out  of  which  we  are  not  yet 
passed,  if  there  has  been  any  portion  of  our  people  faithful  to  their 
duty,  any  portion  whose  hearts  have  beat  in  warm  sympathy  with 
each  other,  and  who  have  come  up  like  men  to  give  their  time,  their 
thoughts,  their  safety,  to  the  interests  of  this  glorious  war,  it  has  been 
the  educated  men  of  the  country.  I  have  noticed,  with  the  great- 
est possible  attention,  how  this  thing  has  worked  at  home,  and  I 
have  given  to  it  as  much  attention  as  I  could  here,  and  I  say  that 
there  never  was  a  time  when  one  class  of  educated  men,  that  class 
occupying  the  pulpits  of  America  in  particular,  were  ever  so  united 
upon  any  one  field — never  a  time  when  that  class  has  broken  down 
so  many  partitions,  leaped  over  so  many  barriers,  overcome  so  many 
partialities  and  preferences,  encountered  so  many  obstacles,  as  in  the 
field  of  the  country  and  the  war.  Men  who  looked  upon  it  almost 
as  a  social  crime  to  use  the  word  politics  in  the  pulpit,  have,  since  the 
war  began,  found  that  the  citizen  and  the  Christian,  at  a  time  like  this, 
are  so  nearly  identical  that  it  is  not  worth  while  to  stop  and  trace  the 
dividing  line  between  them — have  found  that  a  man  does  not  cease 
to  be  a  man  because  he  stands  in  the  j)ulpit,  or  is  a  minister  of  the 
gospel,  but  ought,  all  the  more  on  that  account,  to  be  ready  to  give 
his  heart,  his  life,  and  his  substance  for  that  which  alone  renders  the 
preaching  of  the  gospel  jiossible  in  this  land,  the  stability  of  our 
civil,  political,  and  social  institutions. 

And  so  it  has  been  with  the  medical  profession.  I  have  had 
about  as  much  to  do  with  that  as  with  the  ministry  itself  since  the 
war  began,  and  I  thank  God  that  the  medical  profession  has  been 
ready  to  rush  from  its  duties,  making  sacrifices — great  pecuniary 
sacrifices — surrendering  practice,  hurrying  to  the  battle-field  to  carry 
there  the  alleviations  which  they  have  it  in  their  blessed  power  to 
render,  and  uniting  at  home  in  all  sorts  of  associations  to  lend   aid 


APPEiVD/X.  i'71 

and  comfort  to  those  laboring  in  behalf  of  our  sick  and  wounded 
soldiers.  The  law — I  am  not  so  well  acquainted  with  what  the  law- 
yers are  doing,  I  confess — I  cannot  speak  quite  so  confidently  about 
that,  but  I  do  meet  here  and  there  men  who  act  with  them  some- 
what. I  think  that  they  generally  [the  conclusion  of  the  sentence 
was  lost  in  laughter,  which  was  occasioned  by  the  Doctor's  humor- 
ous manner].  Softly,  softly,  my  friends.  The  law  was  born  out  of 
the  bosom  of  God,  and  I  do,  in  all  seriousness,  hope  it  will  be  sa- 
cred as  a  profession.  And  I  will  not  consent  to  any  even  jocose 
sneer  upon  what,  in  a  company  like  this,  ought  to  be  held  high  be- 
side the  very  gospel  itself,  as  the  ark — and  the  banner,  too — of  all 
that  is  great,  and  strong,  and  sacred  in  the  interests  of  the  Pacific 
Coast.  But  the  law,  as  a  profession,  is  more  associated  with  the 
money-making  callings  of  life,  and  I  admit  that  if  a  lawyer  keeps  his 
conscience  and  his  patriotism  clean  from  those  with  whom  he  is 
compelled  constantly  to  associate  in  the  minor  pursuits  of  life  (here 
we  are  shut  up,  and  we  can  talk  of  the  educated  professions  with  a 
little  of  that  sort  of  pride  that  it  becomes  educated  men  to  feel);  I 
say  that  if  lawyers  do  keep  themselves  unspotted  from  the  world, 
and  pure  in  their  patriotism,  and  firm  in  their  devotion  to  God  and 
the  country  at  a  time  like  this,  they  are  the  most  honorable  of  all. 
The  professions  are  bound  to  stick  by  each  other,  brethren.  I  be- 
lieve in  holding  up  the  law  if  it  needs  anything  in  this  way,  because 
I  do  believe  that  at  times  educated  men  ought  to  be  clannish  and 
stick  by  each  other,  and  I  confess  I  am  for  the  regular  professions 
practiced  in  the  regular  way. 

The  cause  of  education  is  the  cause  of  patriotism  in  California. 
There  is  nothing  in  the  world,  in  even  the  war  itself,  that  claims 
your  courageous  and  cheerful  support  more  than  the  cause  of  edu- 
cation. But  I  declare  that  my  solicitude  and  anxiety  about  it  have 
been  greatly  diminished  by  hearing  that  most  remarkable  catalogue  of 
graduates  of  colleges  that  has  been  called  here  to-day.  I  never  knew 
before  the  capabilities  of  the  alphabet.  I  was  absolutely  astonished  at 
the  way  it  held  out.  Why,  we  had  a  whole  swarm  of  "  B's,"  a  whole 
sea-coast  of  "  C's,"  and  I  don't  know  how  many  hissing  "  S's  "  at  the 
end.  I  thought,  in  truth,  that  we  should  never  get  through  ;  and  if 
that  is  an  imperfect  list  of  the  graduates.  I  don't  know  how  long  a 
full  one  would  be  ;  and  as  for  San  Francisco,  why  it  ought  to  blaze 
out  an  illuminated  coj^y  of  literature  and  learnmg  undei  the-  thou- 


272  ff /STORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFOFNLA. 

sand  or  more,  are  there  not  ? — graduates  on  that  list  who  belong  to 
that  comparatively  small  city. 

In  respect  to  education,  I  confess  I  feel  exceedingly  cheered  by 
what  I  see.  I  find  that  it  has  been  attended  to  in  a  remarkable 
manner,  like  most  other  things  in  this  new  country;  for  if  there  is 
anything  that  has  struck  me  here,  it  is  that  the  Pacific  Coast  has 
begun  in  the  middle  and  not  at  the  beginning  to  do  everything- 
Things  are  not  raised  here  from  the  acorn.  You  transplanted  the 
oak  from  your  homes  in  the  East.  You  felt  the  want  of  the  institu- 
tions and  society  that  you  had  been  accustomed  to.  You  had  the 
basis  for  them — had  it  in  the  East,  and  you  supplied  the  rest  here. 
And,  therefore,  I  find  the  most  substantial  kind  of  civilization  amongst 
you.  That,  it  seems  to  me,  is  a  reason  why  you  ought  to  hurry  up 
your  University  here.  You  must  not  let  this  University  grow  by  slow 
degrees.  It  must  begin  in  the  middle,  too;  otherwise  it  will  not  ful- 
fill the  high  but  sacred  function  which  you  are  gathered  here  in  hopes 
that  it  will  render  to  our  country.  There  ought  to  be  a  vast  endow- 
•ment,  and  no  effort  should  be  spared  to  make  this  a  University 
worthy  of  the  Pacific  Coast.  It  may  just  as  well  be  done  in  a  year 
as  in  twenty,  and  I  hold  thai  the  educated  men  are  bound  to  make 
-.  some  one  university.  You  don't  want  a  dozen  different  institutions, 
every  one  of  them  "a  little" — as  they  say  in  the  West— " one-horse 
concern."  You  want  one  Christian  university,  that  shall  break  down 
all  little,  petty,  professional  narrowness,  and  all  the  dividing  lines 
that  spring  up  inevitably  in  the  less  educated  portions  of  the  country. 
To  that  end,  I  say — and  it  is  not  because  I  do  not  represent  any  of 
the  evangelical  denominations,  as  they  are  called,  for  in  my  own  esti- 
mate I  hold  myself  just  as  evangelical  as  the  best  man  here — but 
because  I  think  it  is  right  and  necessary;  and  I  say  there  ought  not 
to  be  a  single  proscription  of  any  Christian  denomination — that  this 
University  ought  to  take  the  widest  possible  ground,  and  have  not 
one  letter  in  its  programme  that  seems  to  slant  in  the  least  degree 
towards  any  denominational  or  sectarian  domination.  Heavens!  is 
education  to  be  under  the  patronage  of  this  sect,  or  that  sect,  or  the 
other  sect  ?  The  object  of  it  is  to  break  down  the  barriers  between 
us  and  truth;  to  place  truth  upon  her  own  great  mountain,  with 
nothing  between  her  and  God  but  the  open  heavens!  Let  the  whole 
thing  be  open  to  infjuiry.  The  gospel  is  safe  everywhere;  God  will 
take  care  of  that.     Truth  is  safe  everywhere;  Ciod  will  take  care  of 


APPENDIX. 

that.  The  only  dangers  to  either  in  the  world  are 
ance,  and  proscription.  Let  us  have  done  with  these  on  this  great, 
free,  new,  t'resh  soil,  and  then  we  shall  rear  a  body  of  men  here 
worthy  to  conduct  the  events  of  this  new  empire. 

One  word  about  another  subject.  I  am  trespassing,  I  know,  but 
— [Go  on,  go  on.]  You  have  mines  here  which  attract  the  attention 
and  occupy  the  feelings,  and  interests,  and  sympathies  of  all  classes 
of  society.  In  God's  name  do  not  forget  those  richer  mines  which 
you  have  in  your  population.  Do  not  let  the  soil,  or  anything  that 
is  in  it,  divert  your  attention  from  the  fact  that  the  greatest  power  on 
earth  is  n\an-power;  the  richest  mine  on  earth  is  man's  mind  devel- 
oped by  education.  Mind  before  mines  ought  to  be  the  great  motto 
written  upon  the  heart  of  every  educated  Californian.  I  wish  suc- 
cess to  this  University  with  all  my  heart  and  soul,  although  I  cannot 
quite  adopt  the  language  of  my  brother  and  say  that  we  have  left  our 
old  mother  and  want  another,  because  there  is  a  something  in  my  soul 
when  the  word  Harvard  is  mentioned  that  I  never  shall  feel  when 
any  other  college  is  named.  You  remember  what  John  Paul  Richter 
said:  "You  won't  persuade  me  to  forget  my  own  mother  by  telling 
me  how  many  others  there  are  in  the  world."  You  cannot  make  us 
forget  the  Alma  Mater  that  nursed  our  infancy;  and  the  man  that 
does  forget  her  will  never  be  half  loyal  to  any  other  institution. 

The  President. — The  next  sentiment  is:  California;  her  loyalty 
as  pure  as  the  gold  in  her  hills;  her  liberality  as  broad  as  her  beauti- 
ful valleys;  her  future  as  secure  as  the  bases  of  b.er  mountains  ;  and 
her  people  equal  to  the  magnificent  destiny  that  is  before  them. 

It  was  expected  that  His  Excellency  the  Governor  would  be  here 
to  respond  to  that  sentiment.  In  his  place  we  have  a  letter,  which  I 
will  read : — 

State  of  California,  Executive  Department,     1 
Sacramento,  May  30,  1864.  / 

Rev.  S.  H.  Willev — My  Bear  Sir :  I  shall  be  prevented  by  oflficial  duties 
from  availing  myself  of  the  kind  invitation  extended  me  to  be  present  at  Oakland 
to-morrow,  and  participate  in  the  exercises  and  festivities  arranged  for  the  gather- 
ing at  the  College  of  California  of  graduates  of  older  colleges  now  resident  in  this 
State. 

This  I  regret  exceedingly,  for  the  occasion  will  be  a  rare  one,  graced  as  it 
will  be  by  the  first  minds  of  the  State,  and  having  for  its  object  the  christening, 
as  it  were,  of  the  pioneer  college  of  the  Pacific  Coast. 

I  take  this  occasion  to  express  my  warmest  wishes  for  the  prosperity  nf  the 
18 


274  ///STORY  ()/'   7///-:  COLLEGE  OL'  CAL/FO/^NIA. 

College  of  California,  and  my  earnest  hope  ihal  it  will  in  its  future  usefulness 
fulfill  the  most  sanguine  hopes  of  those  who  have  warmed  it  into  existence. 

I  shall  he  gratified  if  you  will  do  me  the  honor,  when  sentiments  are  in  order, 
to  propose  as  mine:  Education;  its  general  diffusion  can  alone  give  assurance  that 
self-government  will  he  good  government;  may  its  light  extend  more  and  more, 
until  every  people  under  the  sun  shall  he  fitted  for  and  shall  enter  upon  the  enjoy- 
ment of  republican  freedom,  justice,  and  order.         Faithfully  yours, 

F.  F.  Low. 

Since  that  was  received,  having  the  good  fortune  to  have  the 
President  of  the  Telegraph  Company  here  so  that  messages  could  be 
dead-headed,  a  dispatch  has  been  received  saying  that  the  Mayor  of 
San  Francisco  was  next  in  dignity  to  the  Clovernor  of  the' State,  and 
that  as  he  was  very  likely  to  be  Governor  himself  in  a  little  while,  it 
might  stand  him  in  good  stead  to  play  (lovernor  now.     Mayor  Coon. 

Manck  ('(>on. —  Mr.  Prksidknt:  I  consider  that  an  introduction 
of  that  kind  hears  internal  evidence  of  malice  aforethought.  Twenty 
years  ago,  when  1  graduated  at  Williams  College,  in  Berkshire  County. 
I  believe  that  I  thought  myself  capable  of  responding  to  such  a  senti- 
ment as  that  in  the  absence  of  the  (Governor  of  California,  but  con- 
siderable ex|)erience  since  that  has  convinced  me  that  it  is  more  ap- 
propriate f(jr  me  to  say  merely  that  I  will  do  what  I  can  in  response 
to  the  call  that  has  been  made  upon  me  since  I  came  into  this  room. 
A  little  paper  was  served  upon  me  while  sitting  at  this  table,  contain- 
ing the  sentiment  which  has  been  read,  "  to  be  responded  to  by 
Covcrnor  Low,  or  his  attorney-in-fact."  If  I  am  the  Governor's  at- 
torney-in-fact, I  am  not  aware  of  it;  but  to  such  a  sentiment  a  man 
must  have  been  tongue-tied  from  his  birth  if  he  could  not  say  some- 
thing. 

In  regard  to  the  Ujyalty  of  California,  it  is  unnecessary  to  say  a 
word.  Her  own  acts  demonstrate  that  most  conclusively.  Califor- 
nia has  been  too  generous  of  her  gold — she  has  been  too  brave  and 
l)atriotic  in  offering  her  sons  to  defend  the  nation,  to  have  anyone 
(luestion  her  loyalty,  or  to  need  any  lip  evidence  on  this  occasion. 

The  sentiment  which  has  been  read  speaks  of  the  liberality  of 
California,  and  it  speaks  of  it  truly.  Providence  has  so  arranged 
and  ordered  it;  has  so  constituted  the  minds,  and  feeling.s,  and  asso- 
ciations of  men,  that  in  a  new  country,  whore  generosity  is  most 
needed,  to  found  institutions  of  learning,  benevolence,  and  religion, 
there  the  |)eople  really  are  the  most  generous;  and  this  is  true  of 
California.     The  liberality  of  California  is  proverbial,  and  it  exhibits 


APPENDIX.  '21^ 

itself  not  only  on  such  great  occasions  as  the  great  crisis  through 
which  our  country  is  passing  has  presented,  but  upon  all  occasions 
when  that  liberality  has  been  appealed  to.  And  here  I  may  say  that 
it  is  the  duty  of  educated  men,  observing  the  need  of  founding  in- 
stitutions here  whose  influence  is  necessary  to  the  permanent  pros- 
perity of  the  State,  to  turn  this  liberality  into  rightful  channels — to 
cultivate  it,  and  through  it  promote  these  institutions  of  learning,  and 
the  institutions  of  benevolence  and  religion,  without  which  civiliza- 
tion will  not  be  permanent  in  any  country. 

The  sentiment  also  speaks  of  the  future  of  California.  Now  that 
is  something  of  which  a  rnan  ought  to  speak  modestly  ;  but  it  seems 
to  me  that  the  occasion  that  has  called  us  together  has  much  to  do 
with  the  future — with  the  great  future  to  which  reference  is  made 
in  this  sentiment.  I  am  thankful  that  it  is  my  privilege  here  to-day 
to  make  mention  of  what  has  occurred  to  my  mind  since  here — that 
about  twelve  years  ago  I  was  introduced  to  a  stranger  in  the  city 
of  San  Francisco,  who  said  he  had  come  from  New  Haven  to  estab- 
lish a  school  in  California — the  site  was  not  yet  selected — and  that 
with  (iod's  blessing  he  intended  to  devote  himself  to  the  work  of 
promoting  this  school — building  it  up  until  it  should  become  a  col- 
lege. I  speak  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Durant.  I  am  thankful  that  it  was 
my  privilege  to  talk  with  him,  to  give  him  my  own  views,  and  to 
give  him  what  encouragement  I  could  at  the  time  ;  but  I  must  say 
that  it  looked  very  discouraging  to  me  at  that  moment.  He  estab- 
lished his  school  at  this  place  ;  and  afterwards  on  visiting  him, 
about  eight  or  nine  months  after  he  commenced  it,  though  I  found 
him  in  a  sick  room,  prostrated  by  disease,  yet  he  was  cheerful, 
determined,  and  persevering  in  this  matter.  That  school  has  grown 
into  this  college,  and  I  dare  say  that  the  present  exceeds  the  most 
sanguine  anticipations  which  he  indulged  in  at  the  time  he  began 
it.  I  believe  I  am  correct,  entirely  historically  correct,  in  what  I 
have  said  in  relation  to  the  establishment  of  that  school,  and  its 
relations  to  the  present  college. 

Now,  we  may  have  different  views  in  regard  to  some  features  con- 
nected with  the  great  cause  of  education,  but  that  does  not  hinder 
our  working  for  it.  It  does  not  harm  the  cause  of  education  in  the 
least  because  Yale,  and  Harvard,  and  Princeton,  and  Columbia,  and 
other  colleges  that  I  could  name,  are  under  peculiar  influences, 
denominational    or   otherwise.       I    would  not    say  one    word    tl.at 


276  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CAfJFOK.YIA. 

would  discourage  the  utmost  liberality  from  having  the  broadest 
foundation  in  this  institution  ;  but  at  the  same  time  I  wish  to  say 
that  it  is  no  stigma  on  the  cause  of  education  that  it  is  represented 
by  any  respectable  religious  denomination — that  it  is  under  the  pat- 
ronage of  any  religious  denomination.  That  is  all,  friends,  that  I 
have  to  say  upon  this  subject. 

In  regard  to  the  security  of  California,  to  which  reference  is  made 
in  the  sentiment,  we  ought  to  reflect  that  the  security  of  the  future 
requires  that  we  should  not  only  take  care  of  our  State  physically, 
— this  we  should  do  —but  we  ought  not  to  allow  her  borders  to  be 
neglected  ;  her  harbor,  the  entrance  to  the  State,  to  any  extent  to 
remain  un))rotected.  AVe  ought  to  be  formidable  as  against  for- 
eign foes  or  domestic  foes.  But  there  is  a  higher  kind  of  security 
to  which  our  attention  should  be  directed.  If  we  are  to  be  secure 
for  the  future — internally,  socially,  morally — we  must  attend  to  those 
rights  of  property  to  which  reference  was  so  eloijuently  made  in  the 
oration  which  has  been  delivered  this  afternoon  ;  to  maintaining  the 
supremacy  of  the  law,  to  seeing  that  it  is  thoroughly  executed 
throughout  the  State.  It  was  said  that  men  were  sometimes  a  law 
unto  themselves;  and  in  the  absence  of  law  thoroughly  executed  by 
the  proper  agents,  Californians,  thank  (lod,  have  been  a  law  unto 
themselves.  But  I  hope  that  that  day  is  past;  that  the  law  has  been 
so  firmly  established,  and  that  the  people  will  so  attend  to  their 
duties  under  the  law,  that  it  shall  be  effectually  administered  through 
out  the  State  by  the  proper  agents  of  the  law.  And  then,  when  the 
rights  of  all  have  been  secured  as  far  as  they  can  be,  and  titles  to 
land  have  been  perfected,  and  when  the  law  shall  be  administered  as 
well  as  in  the  older  States,  we  shall  need  something  more.  We 
must  have  a  people  that  shall  be  intelligent  and  moral;  and  we  must 
have  a  people  not  only  intelligent  and  moral,  hut  also  having  the 
fear  of  Almighty  (lod.  With  our  institutions  established  upon  a 
sound  morality,  a  widespread  intelligence,  and  a  pure  religion,  we 
will  be  secure  indeed. 

Tmk  President. — The  Colleges  of  the  East;  their  sons  are  their 
jewels,  and  the  College  of  California  shares  their  maternal  pride  as 
she  combines  them  into  a  more  than  regal  diadem  this  day. 

We  have  read,  and  from  very  high  authority,  that  "  day  unto  day 
uttereth  speech."'  We  would  like  to  hear  what  the  venerable  Jere- 
miah Day  has  said  in  years  gone  by  to  Sherman  Day,  of  California. 


Ari'KNnrx.  277 

Mr.  Day. — Mr.  President:  The  paper  containing  the  noble  sen- 
timent which  you  have  read,  was  handed  to  nie,  previous  to  my 
sitting  down,  with  a  request  that  I  would  respond  to  it.  I  do  not 
know,  Mr.  President,  I  do  not  now  remember,  whether  or  not  there  was 
a  word  in  my  Latin  dictionary  for  "shoddy,"  but  it  seems  to  me  that 
when  that  Campanian  dame  came  to  the  mother  of  the  Gracchi  and 
displayed  her  jewels,  that  she  must  have  been  one  of  the  shoddy  per- 
suasion. And,  sir,  with  what  pride  can  the  representatives  of  the 
Alma  Maters,  the  beautiful  mothers  of  the  East,  look  around  upon  the 
diadem  which  is  here  gathered  and  beautifully  set.  With  what  more 
than  (iracchian  pride  can  they  look  around  upon  this  diadem  of  jewels 
here  set  before  them.  These  are  our  jewels.  It  is  in  this  kind  of 
men  that  California  puts  her  pride.  It  is  in  her  men  of  education, 
her  men  of  practical  knowledge,  her  men  who  combine  the  utile 
with  the  duke — the  finished  and  polished  education  with  the  practi- 
cal arts  of  life.  We  all  know,  sir,  that  the  diamond,  or  any  other 
jewel,  is  not  always  found  as  brilliant  as  when  it  is  placed  in  use 
upon  the  crown.  It  does  not  bear  all  its  brilliancy,  it  does  not 
show  all  its  points,  all  the  beauties  of  its  crystallization,  all  its 
purity,  until  it  has  been  submitted  to  trituration,  to  the  rough 
handling  of  the  artisan  ;  and,  sir,  the  jewels  of  the  Alma  Maters  of 
the  East  have  been  brought  out  here,  some  of  them,  perhaps,  not 
in  an  entirely  i)olished  state,  to  be  triturated,  to  be  polished,  and  to 
be  raised  to  the  highest  points  of  perfection  by  the  trituration  upon 
the  rough  points  of  life  ;  and  when  these  gems,  if  any  of  them 
should  be,  are  returned  to  the  East,  the  mothers  themselves  will 
acknowledge  that  they  sparkle  brighter  and  better  for  having  been 
dipped  in  the  Pacific  Ocean — brighter  for  having  been  rubbed 
among  the  sands  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

I  did  not  come  here  to-day,  Mr.  President,  with  the  intention  of 
making  a  speech.  I  came  with  the  deliberate  intention  of  not  mak- 
ing one  ;  but  I  had  resolved  that  if  I  did  say  anything,  it  should 
be  suggested  by  the  circumstances  of  the  hour.  I  came  with  my 
head  full  of  my  own  business.  I  have  never  yet  attained  to  the 
dignity  of  my  venerable  sire;  but,  sir,  I  am  principal  of  a  prepara- 
tory school,  and  I  have  to  announce  to  you,  sir,  that  we  are  prepar- 
ing jewels  in  California  for  our  Alma  Mater.  When  the  orator  of 
the  day,  sir,  went  through  his  brilliant  peroration,  and  described  to 
us  that  other  great  battle  in  which   the  people  and  the  educated  men 


278  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

of  the  country  are  engaged— that  battle  witli  the  great  material 
interests  of  life — there  was  brought  up  to  my  mind  an  instance  of 
a  private  in  that  army,  sir,  fighting  that  battle,  whose  virtues  I  wish 
on  this  occasion  to  exalt;  and  I  wish  to  hold  him  up,  Mr.  Presi- 
dent, as  an  example  to  California.  He  is  not  alone,  either;  he  has 
a  comrade  in  his  fight.  But  the  young  man  of  whom  I  would  speak 
on  this  occasion  was  a  laborer,  a  practical  miner  in  the  mine  of  New 
Almaden.  I  have  watched  him  there,  sir,  a  young  man  not  yet 
arrived  of  age  when  I  first  became  acquainted  with  him  ;  not  yet 
being  entitled  to  vote  at  that  time,  but  since  arrived  at  his  majority, 
who  was  toiling  in  that  mine  in  drifts,  and  passages,  and  dark  holes, 
and  dirty  labors,  which  few  of  you,  brothers,  would  be  willing  to  fol- 
low him  in  even  as  a  spectator.  Amid  danger,  and  sweat  and  dirt, 
that  young  man  was  toiling  at  his  arduous  trade  until  he  became  of 
age.  The  first  step  that  he  took  after  that  was  to  marry  a  beautiful 
maid.  He  went  on  with  his  labors,  still  accumulating  for  the  sup- 
port of  his  family  and  himself,  and  his  child  when  it  came.  After 
that  he  still  toiled  year  after  year — he  was  a  good  worker,  he  was 
young,  he  was  stalwart,  he  had  muscle,  had  mind,  had  common 
sense — until  he  had  toiled  under  my  superintendency  for  some  four 
or  five  years.  I  suppose  he  is  not  twenty-three  years  old  now.  He 
came  to  me  about  six  months  aiio  and  told  me  that  he  was  about  to 
retire  from  the  mine.  This  is  a  common  occurrence,  and  I  know 
that  in  almost  every  instance  they  will  come  back  again  before  a 
great  while.  But  he  told  me  that  he  was  going  to  leave  the  mine  ; 
that  he  had  acquired  sufifirient  to  take  him  to  college,  and  he  was 
going  to  sit  down  with  his  wife  alongside  of  the  Methodist  College 
at  Santa  Clara,  and  with  the  means  that  he  had  gained  in  that  mine 
he  was  going  to  educate  himself  for  the  [irofession  of  x  mining  engi- 
neer. There,  gentlemen,  is  a  young  man,  the  product  of  Califor- 
nia life — California  practical  life.  There  is  the  union  of  an  able 
and  practical  man;  beginning  in  his  case  with  the  practical.  There 
is  a  young  man  of  twenty  two  or  three  years  of  age,  a  father,  a  hus- 
band, a  miner,  and  going  to  be  a  scholar.  Go  and  imitate  liis  ex- 
ample. 

A  Voice. — All  but  the  miner,  and  in  reverse  order — scholar,  hus- 
band^ Father ! 

Mr.  Dav  (continuing). —  Now,  Mr.  President,  when  that  young 
man  gets  through  his  rhetoric,  his  grammar,  his  arithmetic,  his  trigo- 


APPENDIX.  279 

nometry,  his  Latin,  and  the  other  elementary  branches  through 
which  he  is  destined  to  go,  where,  I  ask,  sir,  is  the  institution  in 
which  he  will  fit  himself  for  the  higher  branches  of  his  education  ? 
Where,  sir,  is  your  mining  college,  your  laboratory,  your  geological 
cabinet,  with  those  professors,  and  appliances,  and  appurtenances 
which  we  need  for  the  education  of  not  only  that  young  man,  but  a 
thousand  of  similarly  situated  young  men  who  are  toiling  in  the  dark 
holes  of  the  mines  of  this  State?  Where  is  that  institution?  It  is 
not  here.  It  is  not  even  in  this  College,  although  we  wish  that  it 
may  be  ;  and  I  wish  upon  this  occasion  to  call  upon  the  educated 
men  of  this  State — call  upon  the  successful  men,  those  who  have 
been  successful  in  business,  those  who  have  been  successful  in  min- 
ing speculations,  to  come  up  and  aid  us  in  a  work  of  this  kind,  and 
supply  a  demand,  a  practical  business  demand,  for  something  that 
we  have  not  got  here,  an  institution  of  home  manufacture  ;  and  I 
ask  them  to  come  and  bring  to  the  work  not  only  their  heads  and 
hands,  but  I  would  like  to  ask  those  who  have  been  successful  to 
bring  also  the  aid  of  their  y^<'/,  if  they  have  any.  The  demand  upon 
the  feet  is  reciprocal  in  this  case ;  for  it  is  necessary  for  the  develop- 
ment of  more  feet,  the  generation  of  more  feet,  that  we  should  have 
a  mining  college. 

Mr.  President,  if  you  wish  to  see  how  this  diadem  of  jewels  will 
sparkle,  sir  ;  if  you  will  be  good  enough  to  set  it  in  motion,  you  will 
see  its  brilliancy. 

The  President. — There  is  a  gentleman  here  present  who  was 
present  at  a  meeting  of  the  Alumni  of  Hamilton  ('oUege,  in  the 
State  of  New  York,  some  time  since,  and  who,  I  notice,  on  that 
occasion  stood  up  manfully  for  California  and  her  sons.  I  am  sure 
we  shall  all  be  glad  to  hear  from  the  Rev.  Mr.  Hamilton,  of  San 
Jose. 

Rev.  Mr.  H.A.Mii.roN. — Mr.  President  :  This  certainly  is  rather 
unexpected  to  me,  and  yet  what  has  been  said  respecting  my  pres- 
ence at  the  serai-centennial  Commencement  of  my  Alma  Mater  is 
strictly  true.  So  far  as  any  andence  in  that  announcement  is  con- 
cerned, I  am  fully  satisfied  that  our  excellent  President  is  a  man  of 
truth,  bating  any  extraordinary  speech  that  I  made  there  which  he 
seems  to  indicate.  1  did  get  up  there  in  the  j)resence  of  perhaps 
three  thousand  persons  gathered  in  a  tent — because  there  was  no 
room  in  the  place  large  enough  to  hold  us — and,  assuming  the  ken 


280  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

of  a  prophet,  I  told  them  1  would  venture  to  prophesy  that  on  this 
Pacific  Coast,  in  due  time,  they  would  hear  of  an  Alumna  of  my 
Alma  Mater  at  the  East.  I  further  solemnly  promised  them  that  if 
I  spoke  as  a  prophet,  I  should  return  to  this  coast  with  the  firm 
purpose  of  fulfilling  my  own  prophecy  so  far  as  my  own  efforts 
would  go.  I  do  not  mean  by  this  that  the  College  of  California  is 
an  Alumna  exclusively  of  my  own  Alma  Mater;  but  I  have  some- 
where read  in  a  book  of  a  certain  wonderful  young  man,  who  was 
very  bright  indeed,  and  who  lost  his  father  by  some  means  or 
another,  and  came  to  be  the  child  of  thirty  six  fathers  before  he 
found  his  own.  Now  I  hope  that  this  Alumna  may  become  the 
child  of  thirty  six  mothers,  without  having  any  cloud  cast  upon  her 
pedigree  either.  I  am  glad  to  see  the  representatives  of  so  many 
colleges  here  claiming  a  share  in  the  honor  of  building  up  college 
on  this  coast,  and  I  wish  I  might  say  something  on  this  great  occa- 
sion— which  may  never  happen  again — about  this  College,  that  might 
stimulate  an  interest ;  and  I  wish  to  say  to  those  noble  laborers 
here  who  have  raised  this  goodly  tree,  go  on  with  your  work,  dig 
about  its  roots,  don't  get  discouraged  ;  and  I  want  to  say  to  the 
men  of  wealth,  pour  into  their  treasury  your  golden  stores  ;  and  I 
want  to  say  to  those  who  have  sons  that  they  wish  to  be  men,  send 
them  here  to  be  grafted  into  this  tree — to  be  ripened  and  developed 
until  they  shall  be  prepared  for  the  use  of  the  great  world;  and  I 
want  to  say  further,  that  if  there  are  any  rich  old  bachelors  here 
to-night  that  have  got  plenty  of  money  and  don't  know  what  to  do 
with  it,  and,  having  graduated  in  the  East,  cannot  make  this  College 
exactly  their  Alma  Mater  and  support  her  in  her  old  age,  let  them 
make  her  their  cara  sposa,  and  see  that  you  give  her  a  good  loyal 
maintenance,  and  Cod  prolong  your  days.  And  when  you  die,  don't 
forget  to  leave  a  good,  legal,  loyal,  liberal  portion  of  that  which  Cod 
has  given  you  as  the  portion  of  your  said  cara  sposa. 

Thk  Pkksidknt. — The  Judiciary;  the  safe  depository  of  the 
nation's  honor  and  the  States'  rights.  W'c  exult  in  its  independence, 
and  glory  in  its  purity,  when  it  dare  be  unpopular,  but  dare  not 
be  wrong!     Judge  Hi^ight,  of  the  I'ederal  Judiciary  will  respond. 

JuDCK  Haighi'.  -The  gentleman  who  was  to  respond  to  this  is, 
I  believe,  absent,  and  I  have  been  called  u])()n  to  do  it,  to  which 
arrangement  I  have  no  particular  objection.  I  did  not  know  that  I 
should  have  a  chance  to  make  a  speech  when  1  came.     When  you 


APPENDIX.  281 

heard  the  names  of  the  graduates  of  the  different  colleges  as  they 
were  read,  perhaps  you  observed  that  I  was  the  oldest  graduate  here 
present,  and  I  might  well  say  as  the  boy,  "  You'd  scarce  ex[)ect  one 
of  my  age."  But  I  claim  to  be  something  like  the  prophet,  with  an 
eye  not  dimmed,  nor  natural  strength  abated.  In  natural  strength, 
probably,  I  am  more  fortunate  than  some  of  my  juniors. 

It  was  said  in  the  oration  to-day,  that  the  decisions  of  the  Courts 
of  California  would  be  the  guides  in  future  litigation.  I  doubt  not 
but  that  is  quite  true;  though  I  must  confess,  so  far  as  my  own  de- 
cisions are  concerned,  if  they  guide  anybody  they  will  do  more  than 
they  have  done  for  me.  Still,  so  much  has  been  said  and  written 
about  the  purity  of  the  judiciary,  the  ermine — I  don't  know  whether 
I  have  got  any  ermine  or  not — that  it  is  hardly  necessary  to  dilate 
upon  the  subject  to  intelligent  men.  You  all  know,  or  ought  to 
know,  that  we  want  upon  the  bench  of  our  several  Courts  learned, 
honest,  impartial  men.  Not  having  had  much  to  do  with  our  State 
Courts,  lately,  I  don't  know  much  about  them.  In  regard  to  the 
Federal  Courts,  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  enjoys  a 
jurisdiction  upon  which  depend  the  great  interests  of  the  country. 
Although  its  jurisdiction  is  limited  to  particular  cases,  yet  it  is  exactly 
those  cases  which  enter  into  and  become  part  of  the  political  history 
of  the  country.  It  is,  therefore,  eminently  proper,  eminently  desirable 
I  should  say,  that  that  Court  should  be  composed  of  this  class  of 
men. 

This  toast  has  a  sentiment.  [Taking  out  his  glasses.]  I  don't 
like  to  show  my  glasses,  but  I  shall  have  to  in  this  dim  light. 
[Reading.]  "We  exult  in  its  independence."  "The  Judiciary; 
the  safe  depository  of  the  nation's  honor  and  the  States'  rights." 
Well,  now,  I  suppose — I  don't  know— I  don't  exactly  know  what 
that  means.  The  nation's  honor — it  is  in  the  keeping,  I  suppose, 
somewhat,  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States;  and  the 
States'  rights  may  come  before  that  tribunal.  I  presume  that  was 
intended  for  the  Federal  judiciary.  "  We  exult  in  its  independence 
and  glory  in  its  purity  when  it  dare  be  unpopular,  but  dare  not  be 
wrong."  Well,  that  is  a  noble  sentiment.  "  When  it  dare  be  un- 
popular." I  tell  you,  as  long  as  you  have  an  elective  judiciary,  you 
won't  find  many  Judges  that  dare  to  be  unpopular.  The  Govern- 
ment of  the  United  States,  you  know,  appoints  her  judges  during 
good  behavior.  If  that  was  strictly  followed,  though,  a  good  many 
of  us  wouldn't  hold  office  for  a  very  long  time. 


2S2  ///STORY  OF    I'H/-.   CO/J.EGE  O/-   CAL/FORNIA. 

However,  really,  to  speak  seriously,  it  is  hardly  necessary  to  try  to 
say — it  is  too  trite  for  this  occasion — that  upon  the  judiciary  we  have 
to  depend  for  life,  liberty,  and  property,  honor,  and  reputation.  It 
is  one  thing  to  organize  anything — the  judiciary  for  instance — and  it 
is  another  thing  to  put  its  execution  into  the  right  hands.  Now, 
although  I  say  it  myself  who  ought  not  to  say  it,  I  am  inclined  to 
think  that  California  is  fortunate  in  her  Courts,  that  we  probably 
shall  have  nothing  to  complain  of  for  the  want  of  wisdom,  integrity, 
and  learning,  because,  as  one  gentleman  has  said  this  evening,  he 
believed  in  following  out  the  regular  practice;  and  I  suppose  that 
that  man  will  make  a  better  Judge  who  has  studied  some  law  than 
one  who  has  not — other  things  being  equal.  It  depends  a  little, 
perhaps,  upon  the  place  where  he  kept  his  office. 

However,  gentlemen,  as  I  have  already  said,  it  is  rather  late  in  the 
evening,  and  entirely  unnecessary  for  me  to  go  into  an  elaborate 
argument  upon  this  sentiment.  With  thanks  for  your  attention 
to  the  little  I  have  said,  I  close. 

The  President. — We  are  honored  by  the  presence  of  a  repre- 
sentative of  the  judiciary  of  Nevada.  We  would  like  to  hear  from 
Judge  Turner. 

Judge  Turner. — Mr.  President  and  Brethren  of  the 
Alumni  :  I  shall  ask  your  attention  for  a  very  few  moments  only, 
and  I  wish  to  expresss  my  thanks  iji  limine  to  the  society  for  its 
kind  invitation,  which  crossed  the  mountains  twice  before  I  received 
it.  I  am  indebted  to  a  sort  of  accident,  even  now,  for  the  privilege 
of  meeting  with  you  upon  this  occasion,  and  as  Nevada  regards  Cal- 
ifornia in  the  light  of  an  Alma  Mater  so  we,  the  graduates  of 
various  colleges  now  resident  therein,  desire  ever  to  be  remembered 
when  the  Alumni  of  California  meet  in  festivity  and  counsel. 

This  is  a  beautiful  scene  to  me,  brethren,  we  the  children  of  the 
colleges  of  the  Orient  meeting  together  in  fraternal  concord  in  the 
Occident,  and  that,  too,  almost  upon  the  borders  of  the  very  gardens 
of  the  Hesperides.  Nothing  is  more  tasteful  and  appropriate  than 
the  gathering  together  of  educated  men  in  a  clannish  guild  for  mu- 
tual pleasure  and  improvement,  as  well  as  for  the  purpose  of  devis- 
ing ways  and  means  for  the  advancement  of  learning,  and  the  educa 
tion  of  after-coming  generations. 

It  is  fitting,  gentlemen,  that  you  to-day  open  a  new  I/eliiOtiian 
fount — it  is  appropriate  that  you  open  a  new  Pierian  spring.      Why, 


APPENDIX.  '283 

sirs,  your  California  is  entitled  to  be  considered  a  classic  land;  your 
valleys  of  the  San  Joaquin  and  Sacramento  are  smoother  than  the 
vales  of  Arcadia;  your  peak  of  Shasta  is  statelier  than  Parnassus;  your 
mammoth  trees  than  the  sacred  groves  of  Academus;  your  Almaden  is 
stranger  than  the  fount  of  Helicon;  your  Geysers  than  the  Delphic 
caves;  and  while  your  lofty  Sierras,  clad  in  cloud  and  snow,  lift  them- 
selves toward  heaven  more  grandly  than  ever  did  Olympus,  your  won- 
drous harbor  and  Golden  Gate  are  ampler  than  any  Roman  port,  or 
even  the  historic  Pinieus  of  the  Athenians.  Oh!  wonderful  California; 
so  beautiful  in  thy  youth,  so  youthful  in  thy  beauty — esto  perpetua,  be 
thou  eternal.  No  history  records  so  rich,  so  grand,  so  fair  a  land; 
behold  her  sitting  like  a  queen  beside  the  sea,  bearing  in  her  right 
hand  the  peak  of  Shasta  upon  the  north,  while  in  her  left  are  clus- 
tering the  green  grapes  of  Los  Angeles  upon  the  south,  and  her  young 
brow  is  lifted  to  heaven  upon  the  summits  of  her  own  Sierras,  whilst 
her  virgin  feet  are  laving  in  the  waters  that  Balboa  saw  and  loved. 
Breathes  there  a  man  that  would  not  love  a  land  so  rich  and  bright 
as  this  ? 

But,  gentlemen,  we  are  gathered  together  at  a  strange  period  in 
history;  we,  a  company  of  educated  men,  are  meeting  in  peaceful 
convocation,  while  our  country  is  rocked  by  the  throes  of  a  rebellion 
as  with  an  earthquake;  and  this  recalls  to  my  mind  some  remarks 
which  were  dropped  by  the  worthily  distinguished  gentleman  who 
first  addressed  you — I  mean  the  Rev.  Dr.  Bellows.  My  honorable 
friend,  the  Doctor,  rather  twitted  the  legal  profession,  and  I  propose 
to  pay  my  respects  to  him.  He  paid  a  merited  compliment  to  the 
clergy  for  their  good  works,  passed  an  unctious  eulogium  upon  the 
brethren  of  the  medical  profession  for  their  services,  and  rather 
"  hung  fire  "  when  he  came  to  the  bar.  He  said  several  things  for 
which  I  propose  here  and  now  to  call  him  to  account;  for  instance, 
he  remarked  that  "he  did  not  know  what  the  lawyers  had  done  in 
this  war;"  again,  "  the  practice  of  law  is  connected  purely  with  the 
money-making  department;  if  they  keep  themselves  unspotted  from 
the  world,  I  presume  this  is  doing  very  well  for  them;"  and  yet  again, 
"  if  the  lawyers  need  any  defense,  however,  we  of  the  other  profes- 
sions ought  charitably  to  help  them  out.''  I  do  not  pretend  that 
these  are  his  exact  words,  but  they  embody  the  spirit  of  what  he 
said,  and  lest  judgment  be  entered  by  default,  I  propose  to  enter 
right  here  a  plea  of  the  "  general  issue,"  as  lawyers  call  it.     .'\nd  now. 


I 


284  HISTORY  OF  'J' HE  COLLEGE  OE  CALIIORNIA. 

my  dear  Doctor  [and  saying  this  the  speaker  turned  smilingly  toward 
him]  I  propose  to  tell  you  what  the  lawyers  have  done  in  this  war, 
and  in  this  world;  and  I  propose  to  show  that  not  only  in  this  Re- 
bellion have  the  lawyers  done  manly  work,  but  that  they  have  been  in 
the  van  of  all  political,  social,  moral,  and  educational  movements 
for  the  amelioration  of  the  race  ever  since  the  world  was  made.  'I'his 
is  a  bold  boast,  and  I  propose  to  prove  it  now. 

When  Philip  of  Macedon  was  moving  forward  to  subjugate  all 
Greece,  whose  burning  lips  aroused  the  fires  of  valor  in  Athenian 
breasts?  Those  of  Demosthenes,  a  lawyer.  When  Catiline  had 
pushed  his  conspiracy  against  Rome  into  the  very  Senate  house, 
what  clarion  voice  proclaimed  his  guilt,  and  what  gallant  arm  drove 
him  from  the  forum  1  Those  of  Cicero,  a  lawyer.  When  the  French 
Revolution  shook  that  beautiful  realm,  and  blood  flowed  shoe-mouth 
deep  in  the  streets  of  Paris,  who  stood  for  the  people  against  the 
patricians  with  the  valor  and  eloquence  of  a  demigod?  Mirabeau! 
How  has  it  been  in  England,  Ireland,  and  our  own  land  ?  Need  I 
tell  an  audience  like  this  of  Pitt,  and  Fox,  and  Burke-  of  Mansfield, 
Erskine,  and  Buller  in  the  first-named  country;  or  Curran,  and  Em- 
met, and  Grattan,  or  Phillips,  Shiel,  and  O'Connell  in  the  second? 
But  let  us  come  at  once  to  America,  and  tell  our  dear  beloved 
friend,  the  Doctor,  for  he  is  dear  to  us  all  and  beloved  by  us 
all,  although  he  upbraids  us  without  cause — "  with  all  his  faults 
we  love  him  still."  I  said  I  would  come  to  America  and  see  what 
lawyers  had  done  tor  her.  Has  anyone  forgotten  how  in  the  early 
days  of  the  Revolutionary  struggle,  the  gifted  Otis,  with  tongue  of 
fire,  aroused  the  i)atriotism  of  Massachusetts,  while  at  the  self  same 
time,  as  if  by  providential  order,  the  thunder  tones  oi  Patrick  Henry 
fulminated  over  Virginia,  calling  his  countrymen  to  arms?  Has  any- 
one forgotten  what  lawyers  lived,  and  ruled,  and  labored  in  that  fear- 
ful struggle,  and  up  till  now  in  American  history?  The  judiciary  of 
America  has  given  us  a  Marshall,  a  Bushrod  \\'ashington,  and  a 
McLean,  and  a  list  that  it  would  be  tedious  to  name  to  you.  [The 
Doctor  here  interrupted  the  speaker  and  added,  audibly,  Hamilton 
and  Burr.  In  reply  the  Judge  said,  I  thought  the  Doctor  was  going 
to  quote  Nicodemus  on  me,  for  I  believe  the  brethren  of  the  cloth 
were  always  prejudiced  against  him  because  he  was  ignorant  oi  the 
second  birth.] 

But  how  is  it  in  this  present  terrible  and  iriuiinal  Rcbelliun  ?     Have 


APPEND  IX.  285 

the  members  of  the  legal  profession  done  nothing  for  our  land? 
Who  gave  you  a  Halleck  at  the  council  hoard,  and  a  Butler  at 
Fortress  Monroe  ?  The  bar !  [At  the  mention  of  the  name  of  But- 
ler, cheers  and  shouts  for  a  long  time  resounded  through  the  hall.] 
Who  gave  to  the  nation  General  Schenck,  who  has  lost  one  arm  in 
his  country's  service  and  is  ready  to  part  with  the  other?  Who 
gave  you  General  Frank  Blair  to  oscillate  between  Congress  and  the 
battle-field  ?  Who  gave  you  the  McCooks,  those  six  gallant  men- 
father  and  sons  together -all  from  that  dear  old  State  of  Ohio,  some 
living  and  some  dead,  who  have  been  fighting  this  battle  from  the 
first  ?  And  yet,  again,  who  was  that  valiant  man  who  uttered  that 
sentiment  now  historic — "  If  any  man  attempts  to  lower  the  Amer- 
ican flag,  shoot  him  on  the  spot "  ?  General  Dix,  a  lawyer.  All, 
all  were  lawyers;  the  gifts  of  a  patriotic  profession  to  a  bleeding 
country.  These  are  the  kind  of  men  of  whom  the  bar  is  made  ; 
these  are  the  godlike  men,  brave  in  the  forum,  and  braver  on  the 

field. 

"  These  are  among  the  immortal  names 
That  were  not  born  to  die! " 

Surely,  Doctor,  it  was  not  to  such  as  these  that  it  was  said  of  old, 
"  Woe  unto  you,  lawyers." 

But  I  have  reserved  my  best  argument  for  the  last;  for  there  is  yet 
another  name  that  I  would  recall  to  your  recollection.  Who  has 
stood  in  the  storm  for  the  last  four  years  ?  What  man  is  that  who 
has  stood  upon  the  deck  of  the  old  Ship  of  State,  while  she  has  been 
raked  this  way  by  canister,  and  that  way  by  grape,  and  tossed  upon  the 
wildest  tempest  of  rebellion  that  history  records — his  hand  upon  the 
helm,  and  his  eye  upon  heaven — guiding  and  guarding  that  sacred 
vessel  ?  I  refer,  as  you  already  know,  to  Abraham  Lincoln,  a  law- 
yer !  The  speaker,  in  conclusion,  made  some  remarks  as  to  the  ven- 
eration and  respect  which  he  felt  for  the  gentleman  to  whom  he  had 
replied,  and  cautioned  him  pleasantly  never  again  to  snub  the  bar, 
and  wound  up  by  saying,  in  a  most  pleasant  manner,  that  if  he  had 
known  the  Doctor  was  coming  over  here  to  crack  a  joke  upon  his 
beloved  i)rofession,  he  would  have  remained  one  day  longer,  last 
week,  at  the  (ieysers,  with  Doctor  Bellows,  and  put  him  in  the 
\\' itches'  Cauldron,  or  he  should  have  i)Ut  the  speaker  in.  Thanking 
the  audience  for  their  kind  attention,  the  Judge  then  resumed  his 
seat,  amid  cheers  and  applause  from  all  the  gentlemen  present. 


286  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

The  President. — Our  Army;  glorious  teachers  of  the  power  of 
patriotism  and  education  combined.  The  bright  pages  of  history 
that  they  are  writing  will  have  no  weightier  truth  for  the  ages  than 
that  the  more  men  knoiv,  the  better  they  fight  for  the  right.  Repre- 
sented on  our  coast  by  a  commander  who  is  always  right,  there 
can  be  no  mistake  in  our  asking  now  to  hear  from  General  Wright. 

General  Wright. — I  thank  the  gentlemen  for  their  kind  greet- 
ing and  acceptance  of  the  sentiment  which  has  just  been  announced. 
I  might  plead  surprise  at  being  called  out  before  this  distinguished 
as.sembly,  but  it  is  unsoldierlike  for  one  to  suffer  himself  to  be  sur- 
prised. The  soldier  must  always  be  ready  for  any  emergency.  He 
must  be  always  ready  either  to  meet  the  flash  of  the  red  artillery,  or 
the  sometimes  more  dangerous  flash  of  bright  eyes.  Since  this  arm 
had  thirteen  years'  pith,  a  soldier  I  have  been.  My  duties  have  called 
me  into  every  section  of  our  country,  but  whether  serving  in  the 
sunny  South,  or  in  the  frozen  regions  of  the  North,  or  looking  out  on 
our  own  loved  Pacific,  my  thoughts  have  daily  wandered  back,  and  I 
have  offered  up  a  prayer  for  the  prosperity  of  my  dear  old  Alma  Mater 
on  the  banks  of  the  Hudson.  Soon  I  leave  you,  gentlemen,  for  serv- 
ice in  the  East,  but  if  God  spares  my  life,  I  hope  to  return  to  this 
coast  at  the  close  of  this  contest,  to  spend  the  remainder  of  my  days. 

But,  gentlemen,  I  do  not  rise  to  speak  of  myself  I  was  called 
upon  to  respond  to,  "  Our  Army."  Oh!  how  much  is  embodied  in 
those  two  words!  On  our  army  depends  the  fate  of  this  country. 
On  our  army  hangs  the  very  life  of  this  nation.  The  armies  of  the 
Republic  are  now  teaching  both  rebels  within  our  borders  and  their 
sympathizers  abroad,  that  patriotism  and  education  are  all-powerful, 
and  sufficient  to  preserve  our  glorious  and  free  institutions,  and  main- 
tain the  integrity  of  this  nation  through  all  coming  ages,  and  for  all 
coming  generations!  Our  army  is  fighting  for  right!  Our  enemies 
have  appealed  to  the  sword,  and  let  the  sword  decide  it.  My  faith 
has  never  wavered,  since  the  commencement  of  this  great  struggle, 
as  to  its  final  result.  We  shall  pass  through  this  fiery  ordeal  un- 
scathed. We  shall  emerge,  bright,  pure,  and  etherealized,  and  re- 
sume our  old  natural  standpoint  as  a  beacon  of  hope  to  the  op- 
pressed nations  of  the  whole  world. 

But  I  will  detain  you  no  longer,  gentlemen.  [Go  on,  go  on.] 
It  is  already  i)ast  9  o'clock,  and  I  will  close.  1  return  my  thanks 
for   myself  and  the  gentlemen  who  have  accompanied  me,  to  the 


APPENDIX.  287 

Faculty  for  their  kind  invitation  to  be  present  on  this  occasion; 
hoping  that  the  College  of  California  may  long  prosper  and  flourish 
amid  these  peaceful  groves  of  Oakland,  and  that  its  graduated  class 
may  go  forth  to-morrow  strongly  armed  with  patriotism  and  educa- 
tion, and  become  useful  members  of  society,  and  reflect  credit  on 
the  distinguished  Faculty  of  the  College. 

The  Presidknt. — The  Clergy;  truth  is  the  first  fruit — the 
preachers  of  truth  the  crowning  glory  of  all  true  education.  There 
is  a  gentleman  present  whose  heart  is  so  full  of  love  for  every 
good  word  and  every  good  work  that  I  know  that  it  is  just  as  much 
as  he  has  been  able  to  do  to  keep  quiet  until  now.  I  ,et  us  hear 
from  the  Rev.  Mr.  Kittredge. 

Mr.  Kittrkdge. — Mr  President  :  You  have  chosen  a  very 
small  s[)ecimen  of  a  clergyman  to  respond  to  that  sentiment.  I 
know,  sir,  that  it  is  said  that  the  richest  articles  are  done  up  in  the 
smallest  parcels,  l)ut  you  know  very  well  that  there  are  exceptions  to 
all  general  rules,  and  the  present  company  is  always  excepted.  But, 
sir,  I  am  very  happy  to  respond  to  the  toast  which  you  have  just 
read.  According  to  the  idea,  sir,  of  the  Old  World,  wc  have  come 
dmvn  from  the  j)osition  of  the  old  priesthood  to  the  common  peo- 
ple ;  according  to  the  American  idea,  the  clergy  have  gone  up  to  the 
common  people — to  their  hearts  and  into  their  hearts. 

If  I  understand  the  theory  and  the  constitution  of  this  College, 
and  of  all  our  New  England  and  United  States  colleges  as  distin- 
guished from  others,  it  is  this,  that  religion  and  education  join 
hands  ;  and  that  Faculty  and  students,  not  only  on  California's 
shores,  but  throughout  our  loved  America,  in  principle  and  in  fact, 
are  ever  sending  up,  sir,  to  the  great  Teacher — looking  away  from 
metaphysical  works  and  the  dead  languages,  and  looking  up  as 
little  children  to  the  Great  God  to  ask,  "  What  is  truth  ?  "  And,  sir, 
the  contest  in  which  we  are  now  engaged  is  bringing  us  closer  to 
that  great  Teacher.  I  have  seen,  sir,  and  conversed  with  the 
American  missionary  in  almost  every  missionary  field,  over  whom 
there  is  the  care  of  almost  every  denomination,  and  I  can  testify 
here  to-day  that  those  who  have  borne  our  loved  religion  to  other 
shores  are  the  noblest  specimens  of  American  men — true  patriots, 
sir,  to  the  very  core — loving  man,  loving  God  ;  and  I  have  seen  the 
tear  glisten  and  fall  from  the  eye  as  home  and  country  have  been 
mentioned.     I  was   present,  sir,  in   Syria,  at  a  little  prayer-meeting 


2.SS  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

over  which  the  American  Minister  presided  ;  and  if  you  could  have 
seen  those  men  bowing  in  supfjliance  in  a  heathen  land,  with  but 
one  petition,  but  one  prayer,  "  God  bless  our  country,''  you  would 
have  known  that  there  are  hearts  beating  for  us  and  with  us  far 
away  to-night. 

It  seems  to  me,  sir,  that  there  is  this  peculiarity  of  our  Govern- 
ment which  has  been  brought  out  more  clearly  in  this  crisis — the 
lack,  of  monuments.  We  are  very  poorly  off,  sir,  for  monuments. 
You  can  walk  through  the  cities  of  the  Old  World  and  be  fascinated 
by  the  crumbling  monuments  ;  or  you  can  stand  within  the  aisles  of 
Westminster  Abbey,  your  heart  and  mind  enchanted  with  its  won- 
drous beauty  and  solemnity  ;  or  you  can  gaze,  enraptured,  through 
the  cathedral-like,  palace-like,  church-like  ruins  of  Italy,  Greece, 
and  Egypt ;  and  you  can  ask  yourself,  sir,  as  many  a  traveler  does, 
why  with  all  this  education,  why  with  the  pyramids,  and  these 
Egyptian  ruins,  and  that  solitary  pyramid,  the  Heliopolis,  giving 
witness,  perhaps,  that  we  are  only  going  up  the  ladder  which  has 
been  traversed  before — and  yet,  sir,  the  question  comes  again  and 
again.  Why  has  Greece  fallen }  why  has  Rome  fallen  .-'  why  has 
Egypt  fallen  .^  And  upon  the  (irecian  ruins,  amid  the  ruins  of  the 
Acropolis,  upon  the  fallen  j)illars  of  Rome,  you  will  read  the 
answer  :  "  Their  people  wandered  far  away  from  their  God."  And 
among  the  ruins  of  Egypt  you  read  the  solemn  warning,  ''  The  cow 
and  wolf,  and  the  God-cursed  serpent  are  the  gods  of  the  Egyptian 
people."  And,  sir,  that  is  the  glory  of  America  to-day,  that  her 
people  are  coming  closer  to  God,  and  that,  as  my  brother  has  said 
to-night,  although  of  a  different  denomination  from  me,  the  sectarian 
walls  are  being  broken  down  as  far  as  it  is  right  to  break  them 
down  ;  and,  sir,  the  people  are  beginning  to  feel  that  a  preacher  of 
the  gospel  is  a  man  like  themselves,  and  that  he  is  beginning  to 
emerge  from  his  long  seclusion.  Where,  sir,  is  there  a  more  beau- 
tiful picture  than  an  American  student  to-day  as  he  walks  forth  from 
the  shadows  of  our  colleges,  with  his  conscience  unfettered,  with 
his  mind  opened  to  all  the  streams  of  learning  that  are  pouring  into 
his  soul;  with  his  heart  beating  with  a  patriotism,  a  love  of  country, 
that  he  never  thought  or  dreamed  of,  until  God  brought  this  blessed 
crisis  upon  us;  and,  sir,  with  the  dews  of  truth  upon  his  white 
brow,  and  it  seems  to  me  with  a  dove  resting  upon  his  head,  and  a 
voice  coming  through  the  open  lieavens,  "  That  is  my  dear  son  " — 
mind  open,  heart  open,  conscience  unshackled,  to  be  a  blessing  to 


APPENDIX.  289 

the  world  and  a  servant  of  man  !  Why,  sir,  has  there  ever  been  a 
more  sublime  picture  than  that  witnessed  ? 

I  think  it  was  in  the  city  of  Richmond,  when  that  younj^'  man 
from  one  of  our  colleges,  an  American,  a  Christian  young  man, 
taken  as  a  spy — and  I  knew  him  well — confined  in  that  low  and 
abominable  prison,  was  at  last  led  out  to  execution;  after  having 
written  a  letter — which  I  wish  I  had  with  me  to-night  that  I  might 
read  it  to  you — and  while  standing  on  that  ground  which  he  knew 
was  to  drink  his  blood,  and  from  home — only,  I  think,  eighteen 
years  of  age — and  with  as  much  love  for  life  as  have  you  or  I,  when 
asked  if  he  had  anything  to  say  before  he  passed  into  eternity,  he 
stopped,  looked  around  ujjon  that  mute  and  blinded  assembly,  and 
said:  ''I  have  one  thing  to  say:  Three  cheers  for  the  stars  and 
stripes  !  "  No  sooner,  sir,  had  he  uttered  it  than  he  fell,  pierced  by 
more  than  twenty  bullets.  Such  are  the  young  men  that  America 
has  produced,  and  over  whom  as  they  pass  out  to  the  battle  is 
spoken  the  blessing  of  the  minister  of  God.  And  religion,  sir,  is 
exalted  to-day  in  that  she  is  permitted  to  walk  through  the  fields  of 
blood,  and,  though  blood,  not  one  thread  of  her  garments,  is 
stained. 

Mr.  President,  I  have  been  with  you  in  this  State  but  a  little 
over  four  months.  I  listened  this  afternoon  with  intense  interest  to 
the  oration  by  him  whom  you  selected  to  re[)rcsent  you  on  this 
occasion.  Unknown  personally,  sir,  to  myself,  I  know  that  he  will 
take  whatever  I  say  only  as  the  utterances  of  a  heart  that  I  know 
is  true  to  our  country.  If  I  know  anything,  sir,  of  California,  if  I 
can  judge  anything,  sir,  from  the  beating  of  my  own  heart — a  heart 
that  is  telling  me  every  day  more  and  more  that  I  am  a  citizen 
among  you— California,  Mr.  President,  at  the  present  hour  has  no 
complaints  to  make  to  the  general  Government,  not  even  for  five 
per  cent  tax  upon  the  mines.  Mr.  President,  no !  Right  or 
wrong  as  is  the  measure  that  has  been  spoken  of,  never  in  an  hour 
like  this,  never  when  the  altars  of  the  general  Government  and  the 
great  national  altar  are  trembling  under  the  blows  of  treason,  never 
when  the  ocean  of  blood  has  nearly  overtopped  that  altar — that 
blood  of  our  own  sons  and  brothers — never  in  such  an  hour  would 
California,  can  she  go  to  the  Federal  Government  and  say  :  "There 
will  be  anarchy  if  you  do  not  attend  to  our  legislation.  We  don't 
care,  sir.  what  she  does  to  us,  if  she  saves  our  blessed  Union.'' 

19 


290  II r STORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORmA. 

Mr.  Chairman,  I  have  been  struck  with  the  fact  that  California,  sir, 
more  than  any  other  State,  but  San  Francisco  more  than  any  other 
city,  has  erected  on  her  houses  and  her  pubHc  buildings  the  staff 
upon  which  to  unfurl  the  national  banner;  and  anyone  visiting  this 
State  from  the  East  is  struck  with  the  fact.  And  I  feel  that  I  can 
appeal  safely  to  those  here  this  evening,  whether  it  is  not  true  that  as 
she  lifts  up  the  staff  and  unfurls  the  banner  over  thousands  of  houses 
in  her  golden  city,  so,  sir,  her  loyal  hearts  are  going  upwards  the 
way  that  staff  points;  and  to  our  brotlier  and  loving  friend  of  the 
Sanitary  Commission,  and  to  other  commissions,  she  is  showing  that 
she  loves  our  country,  by  pouring  out  from  her  loaded  stores  those 
blessed  little  mementoes,  not  only  of  California's  affection,  and  the 
blessed  soothers  of  soldiers'  sufferings,  and  telling  him  to-night  on 
the  field  of  battle  that  whatever  may  be  true  of  the  South,  the  far- 
thest State  in  our  Union — far  off  on  the  Pacific—  is  as  true,  as  noble, 
and  as  devoted  to  the  interests  of  country  as  my  own  Massachu- 
setts, as  our  brother's  of  New  York,  as  any  State  in  our  glorious 
Union. 

TnK  Pkksidknt. — The  Law;  a  sword  and  a  shield!  They  who 
wield  the  one  worthily,  will  never  fail  to  use  the  other  to  ward  off 
every  assault  of  i>ublic  treason  or  private  wrong.  Mr.  John  W .  Dwi- 
nellc  will  respond. 

Mr.  Dwinklle. — Mk.  Chairman:  I  have  had  process  served  on 
me  here  since  I  sat  at  this  table — what  we  lawyers  call  a  short  sum- 
mons. Now,  Mr.  Chairman,  do  you  think  that  is  fair?  You  call 
this  a  kind  of  "  free  collation  !  "  It  don't  cost  anything  !  Why,  sir^ 
did  you  ever  hear  of  an  Arab  trying  to  cut  the  throat  of  a  man  who 
had  eaten  his  salt.?  AVhy.the  meanest  Piute  Indian,  when  he  shared 
his  roasted  dog  with  a  white  man,  would  be  above  trying  to  roast  him 
alive.  A  free  collation  !  Next  time  I  hope  you  will  allow  me  to 
pay  for  my  ticket.  But  I  remember  when  I  was  in  college  they  used 
to  roast  Freshmen,  and  I  presume  that  trotting  out  an  old  fogy  is  a 
correlative  process.  Now,  I  came  here  to  speak  my  mind,  and  I  am 
going  to  do  it.  I  was  retained  on  the  "other  side,"  and  you  know 
we  have  always  to  speak  for  the  first  retainer.  Now,  I  came  here  to 
be  impressed  very  much  in  favor  of  this  College.  I  knew  some  of 
the  {professors,  all  of  them  gentlemen,  and  some  of  them  good-look- 
ing. Then  this  free  collation  rather  impressed  me  favorably.  1  like 
to  collate,  myself.      Very  favorably  impressed  1  was — asked  my  son 


APPEA'D/X.  ':>0I 

to  ijo  down  with  me  and  be  entertained.  The  music  was  good;  the 
oration  was  splendid;  the  poem  was  a  gem;  procession  large  and  fine; 
audience  numerous;  pretty  ladies  there  ;  grounds  looking  fine,  build- 
ings fine,  new  thing  apparently;  very  much  impressed;  collation  first- 
rate;  waiters  splendid.  But  it  happens  sometimes  to  a  traveler  that 
while  everything  looks  all  right  and  nice,  there  is  a  pistol  ready  to  be 
presented  at  his  head.  I  used  to  be  inspector  of  a  lunatic  asylum;  it 
was  in  first-rate  condition ;  everything  looked  in  perfect  order  when 
I  took  charge,  yet  it  was  not  always  safe  to  look  behind  the  beds  or 
into  the  closets.  But  there  is  another  thing  that  has  impressed  me 
very  much.  Look  at  that  picture  [pointing  to  a  large  painting  of  the 
State  arms] — a  picture  of  Eureka,  twice  as  large  as  life,  and  about  as 
natural,  too,  and  tending  bar  at  that !  I  think,  now,  for  the  honor  of 
the  College  with  which  the  future  of  California  is  so  much  interested 
and  involved,  that  we  ought  to  take  a  silent  vow  to  say  nothing  about 
it. 

It  is  very  hard  for  me  to  say  anything  under  these  circumstances, 
particularly  as  I  have  been  preceded  by  Judge  Haight  and  Chief 
Justice  Turner  on  the  subject  of  the  judiciary.  But  there  is  one 
thing  well  known  to  lawyers,  which  for  the  honor  of  the  clergy  we 
have  kept  secret,  but  which,  after  the  attack  made  on  the  profession 
by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Bellows,  I  am  not  going  to  keep  any  longer.  You 
are  all  aware  that  the  Saviour  denounced  lawyers — even  went  so  far 
as  to  say,  ''  Woe  unto  you  lawyers."  Now,  who  were  the  lawyers  of 
those  days?  Why,  they  occupied  the  very  position  that  the  clergy 
occupies  now.  There  were  no  lawyers  in  those  days  as  we  under- 
stand the  term.  There  was  a  class  of  men  that  expounded  the  law, 
but  they  were  the  clergy.  That  was  the  class  of  men  that  the  Sav- 
iour denounced,  and  you  know  what  a  catastrophe  they  brought  upon 
the  world  about  eighteen  hundred  years  ago.  We  had  nothing  to  do 
with  that.  It  was  that  profession  that  has  so  well  represented  itself 
here  to-night  at  both  ends  of  the  room.  They  took  us  by  the  beard, 
and  said,  "  How  is  it  with  you,  now?" 

I  regard  the  law,  Mr.  President,  as  one  of  the  noblest,  the  highest 
branches  of  knowledge.  What  is  the  Judge?  What  does  he  as- 
sume ?  Why  he  assumes  one  of  the  highest  attributes  of  Deity,  so 
far  as  man  can  assume  it.  He  assumes  to  sit  like  a  god  in  his  impar- 
tiality, in  his  inflexibility,  in  his  justice,  and  in  his  truth.  His  infalli- 
bility and  omniscience  man  cannot  assume;  but  he  swears  to  ass'ime 


292  /ffSTORV  OF  TIfE  COLTEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

those  other  qualities,  and   tliat  he  will  administer  justice  with  truth 
and  impartiality. 

A  man  who  is  a  lawyer  is  always  becoming  belter  or  growing  worse. 
The  discipline  of  his  ])rofession  is  such  that  he  cannot  stand  still. 
We  have  secrets  intrusted  to  us  such  as  clergymen  never  reach.  The 
lessons  of  life  come  home  to  us  in  such  a  way,  wickedness  is  so  sure 
to  get  its  reward,  immorality  is  so  sure  to  breed  vengeance,  I  hat  a 
man,  if  he  takes  that  discipline  to  his  heart,  is  always  becoming  bet- 
ter; and  the  man  who  deviates  from  his  oath  and  violates  the  confi- 
dence re[)Osed  in  him  is  becoming  worse. 

Dr.  Bellows  suggested  to  Judge  Turner  the  names  of  Hamilton 
and  Burr  as  examples  of  lawyers.  I'rom  the  time  that  Hamilton 
came  to  the  bar  until  he  committed  that  fatal  error  of  his  life,  he  was 
becoming  better;  and  from  the  time  that  Burr  came  to  the  bar  with 
his  inii)erfect  morality  until  the  time  he  sank  into  an  ignominious 
grave,  he  was  becoming  worse  and  worse,  and  he  became  so  bad  that 
his  character  stank  before  his  carcass  did. 

It  is  said  that  in  some  of  the  States — and  I  am  sorry  to  believe 
that  it  is  true,  for  I  went  home  once  with  all  the  fortune  I  wanted,  to 
settle  down  there  in  the  practice  of  the  law,  and  I  came  back  because 
I  believed  it — that  the  profession  is  broken  down.  And  I  will  tell 
you  why  it  is  broken  down.  It  is  because  of  those  changes  in  public 
sentiment  which  brought  about  the  elective  judiciary,  broke  down 
those  barriers,  those  credential  rules  that  required  that  lawyers  should 
be  educated  men — which  recjuired  students  to  be  in  the  otitice  of  re- 
spectable attorneys,  and  associated  with  them  for  a  certain  number 
of  years,  before  they  should  be  entitled  to  admission  to  the  bar,  in 
order  that  they  should  be  in  some  measure  competent  to  discharge 
the  high  and  honorable  duties  of  the  profession — until  their  character 
should  become  fixed,  their  morals  firmly  established.  In  many  of 
those  States  if  a  man  can  go  into  an  obscure  court  and  get  admission 
to  the  bar,  he  is  as  good  a  man  as  one  who  has  be-jn  matriculated 
and  got  his  degree.  Well,  such  men  come  to  the  bar  with  their  im- 
perfect training  and  imperfect  morals,  and  that  is  the  reason  why  the 
profession  is  broken  down  in  some  of  the  States,  and  probably  will 
be  broken  down  in  others  And,  therefore,  I  say  that  lawyers  are  as 
much  intere.sted  in  the  cause  of  education  as  any  class  of  people; 
and  for  my  part  I  am  willing  to  pledge  mystlf  to  devote  myself  to 
the  interests  of  this  institution,  and  of  kindred  institutions,  as  far  as 
1  shall  ever  be  able  to  do  so. 


APPENDIX.  293 

The  President. — We  have  heard  from  the  oldest  member  of  the 
profession  here.  I  think  that  the  younger  men  connected  with  the 
bar  should  have  a  word  to  say.  Will  Mr.  Blatchley  favor  us  with  a 
further  response  to  this  toast  1 

Mr.  Blatchley. — I  don't  know  as  I  can  avoid  accepting  your 
very  polite  invitation.  I  do  not  know  how  to  express  the  pleasure 
I  feel,  that  it  is  my  privilege  to  attend  the  first  Alumni  gathering  u])on 
the  Pacific  Coast,  under  the  auspices  of  this  institution,  in  which 
thousands  of  the  people  of  this  coast  have  an  interest.  I  trust,  Mr. 
President,  that  we  are  witnesses  of  the  inauguration,  as  it  were,  of 
an  institution  which,  one  of  these  years  (and  the  time  which  shall 
elapse,  I  think,  will  not  be  measured  by  centuries)  will  afford  means 
of  education  as  good;  which  will  afford  means  as  ample  for  prose- 
cuting studies  in  science,  in  literature,  and  in  art;  which  will  be  an 
institution  as  rich  and  as  proud — as  any  institution  anywhere  in  the 
land.  Certainly,  sir,  Eastern  institutions,  let  them  be  as  excellent  as 
they  may,  cannot  take  the  place  of  educational  institutions  in  Cali- 
fornia. The  Eastern-educated  gentleman  is  not  necessarily  just  like 
what  a  California-educated  gentleman  should  be.  I  take  it,  sir,  .that 
a  man  who  would  pass  muster  as  an  educated  gentleman  in  New 
England  might  not  be  qualified  to  discharge  the  duties  of  the  posi- 
tion of  a  trustee  of  a  mining  company.  Every  land,  sir,  has  its 
peculiarities  ;  California  has  her  peculiarities— her  peculiarities  of 
soil,  and  climate,  and  productions,  and  people — and  there  must  be 
corresponding  peculiarities  of  education.  He  cannot  be  considered 
a  well-informed  Californian  who  is  not  well  acquainted  with  matters 
peculiar  to  the  State — matters  which  cannot  be  as  well  learned  any- 
where else  as  in  this  State.  Our  mines,  sir,  are  certainly  peculiar, 
and  there  is  little  danger  that  anyone  thoroughly  acquainted  with 
all  matters  pertaining  to  them,  will  not  be  able  to  find  employment 
for  all  his  knowledge.  We  may  go  a  thousand  miles  in  any  direc- 
tion, and  not  go  beyond  mines  of  gold  and  silver,  which  send  for 
their  supplies  to  California.  The  people  of  this  coast  must  study 
mining,  sir — must  study  those  arts  and  sciences  immediately  con- 
nected with  mining.  The  educational  institutions  must  act  accord- 
ingly, and  there  is  ami)le  evidence  that  they  are  acting  accordingly. 

But  there  are  other  peculiarities  connected  with  this  coast.  One 
need  not  walk  a  great  way  in  any  of  our  principal  cities,  to  hear  at 
least  five    different    languages    spoken — English,    Cerujan,    French, 


294  JlJ6JORy  OJ-   'I HE  COLLEGE   UF  CALll'OKXfA. 

Spanish,  and  Chinese,  and,  probably,  Itahan  and  Danish.  Libraries, 
to  rei)resent  properly  the  literature  of  the  country,  would  have  to 
represent  some  half  a  dozen  languages.  It  seems  to  me,  therefore, 
that  the  study  of  the  languages  will  have  an  important  place  in  the 
education  of  this  country.  I  do  not  know,  sir,  admitting  that  we 
had  the  books  and  the  teachers,  of  any  city  in  this  country,  or  in 
the  world,  which  affords  facilities  for  the  study  of  the  modern  lan- 
guages equal  to  those  afforded  by  San  Francisco.  And  when  we 
recollect  that  the  living  languages  are  all,  to  some  extent,  connected 
with,  and  some  of  them  wholly  based  upon,  the  dead  languages,  I 
think  there  is  little  danger  that  we  shall  attempt  strictly  to  pursue  the 
study  of  living  languages,  merely  for  the  sake  of  expressing  in  dif- 
ferent ways  our  ideas,  rather  than  to  study  language  as  a  science — 
to  study  the  facts  for  the  sake  of  the  facts  as  truth. 

But,  Mr.  President,  I  believe  that  I  am  waxing  somewhat  didactic, 
so,  thanking  the  meeting  and  you,  Mr.  President,  for  the  honor  you 
have  conferred  upon  me  by  inviting  me  to  address  the  meeting,  1 
take  my  seat. 

Thk  Pkesidkni'. —  The  Medical  Profession;  sharers  in  earth's 
most  blessed  mission,  "  going  about  to  heal  the  sick."  The  educa- 
tion that  fits  them  for  their  work  is  but  the  prelude  to  that  higher 
culture  of  the  heart  that  adorns  and  crowns  it.  Dr.  Henry  Ciibbons 
will  respond. 

Dr.  Gibbons. — Fkiknds  .\nd  BkorHEKs:  I  believe  it  is,  I  know 
it  is  customary,  in  arranging  a  feast  or  a  meal,  to  deal  out  certain  sub- 
stantials — to  begin  with  such  as  meat,  and  bread,  and  ]jotatoes„^nd  to 
leave  the  tarts  and  dainties  until  the  appetite  is  somewhat  sated  with 
solid  food.  But  it  appears  to  me  that  the  order  of  things — so  far  as 
calling  upon  me  to  perform  my  part  in  this  intellectual  feast— the 
order  of  things  on  the  present  occasion  is  somewhat  reversed;  that, 
after  the  ruddy  dumplings,  and  the  luscious  tarls  and  sweetmeats, 
you  call  upon  me  to  distribute  a  few  cold  potatoes,  or  a  sort  of  din- 
ner-pill, after  eating  so  heartily,  or  a  dose  of  Seidlitz  powders  to 
carry  off  the  load. 

However,  without  any  further  preliminary  remarks,  I  will  proceed 
to  .say  what  little  I  have  to  say,  and  I  shall  make  but  a  very  small 
dose,  for  I  have  studied,  in  the  latter  i)art  of  my  career  as  a  physi- 
cian, to  put  the  medicine  in  as  small  a  dose  as  possible,  and  to  dis- 
guise it  with  as  much  sugar  as  possible. 


APPENDIX.  295 

1  was  very  near  committing  a  grievous  sin  to-day.  In  this  quiet 
place,  and  in  the  presence  of  so  many  clergymen,  I  am  permitted  to 
come  to  the  confessional,  particularly  as  I  didn't  commit  the  sin. 
I  was  very  near  it,  but  I  am  not  quite  guilty.  For  some  time  past 
I  have  had  my  mind  directed  toward  this  occasion,  or  toward  some 
occasion  in  the  future,  about  which  I  had  a  vague  idea,  but  in  refer- 
ence to  which  there  was  something  attractive.  I  had  been  over  on 
another  occasion  similar  to  this,  some  time  since,  when  we,  or  many 
of  us  that  are  here  assembled,  listened  to  the  silvery  tones  of  a  dear 
friend  now  no  more,  but  whose  memory  is  fresh  in  the  heart  of  every 
individual  present.  I  was,  I  say,  here  once,  on  an  occasion  similar  to 
this,  and  an  impression  was  left  on  my  mind  so  agreeable  that  I 
wanted  to  be  present  at  this.  But  I  have  got  so  in  the  habit  of  run- 
ning around  like  an  old  horse  in  a  bark-mill,  in  the  streets  of  San 
Francisco,  that,  although  I  wanted  to  come,  I  could  not  make  up  my 
mind  to  break  through  the  fence  of  habit.  There  I  was,  thinking 
whether  I  would  come  or  not.  I  felt  the  responsibility  of  the  du- 
ties of  a  medical  man;  I  thought  I  was  under  obligation  to  those 
who  depended  upon  me  for  professional  aid — that  it  was  not  right  to 
be  running  away  from  the  po.st  of  duty,  and  all  that.  Well,  this 
kind  of  idea,  dictated  by  habit  more  than  anything  else,  by  and  by 
was  encountered  by  the  opposite  sentiment,  a  sentiment  which  is  rep- 
resented in  this  toast — the  part  which  refers  to  the  higher  culture. 
[Looking  at  a  slip  of  paper,  as  if  reading.]  I  have  the  advantage  of 
my  friend.  Judge  Haight,  who,  although  he  quoted  Scripture  and 
compared  himself  to  Moses,  in  reference  to  his  vision,  had  to  take 
out  his  glasses  in  order  to  read  his  "  summons."  Now,  my  eyes  are 
good  yet — they  arc  actually  improving.  A  few  years  ago,  when  I 
wanted  to  read  a  paper  like  that,  I  was  under  the  necessity  of  holding 
it  at  about  that  distance  [holding  the  paper  near  his  eyes].  Now  I 
can  see  a  great  denl  better  when  I  hold  it  off  there  at  arm's  length. 
This  is  a  fact  of  science  which  I  announce  for  the  benefit  of  stu- 
dents in  this  college.  The  idea  of  the  "higher  culture"  struck  my 
mind,  and  I  felt  that  whatever  the  duties  of  a  physician  were,  bind- 
ing him  to  his  home — to  the  rounds  of  his  profession — there  were 
higher  duties  requiring  his  attention  at  times.  This  view  of  the  case 
crept  over  my  mind,  until  I  concluded  I  could  come  and  would 
come.  I  had  no  e.xpectation  of  being  able  to  throw  any  of  my  light 
to  aid  proceedings  in  any    way.      I  came   with   the  selfish   feeling 


296  HISTOR  y  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

of  benefiting  myself — of  cultivating  those  higher  motives,  those 
better  feelings — taking  advantage  of  that  culture  which  we  al- 
ways derive  from  personal  intercourse.  And  I  came;  but,  gen- 
tlemen, I  was  so  honored  in  coming  that  I  trembled  almost  at  the 
very  idea  of  almost  having  committed  that  sin,  and  I  hope  that  it 
will  be  voted  a  sin  hereafter,  not  to  come  to  meetings  of  this  kind. 
Why,  look  at  the  advantage  that  we  derive  from  it.  Who  is  there 
in  this  room  that  has  not  enjoyed  himself  on  the  present  occasion  ? 
and  who  is  there  here  that  does  not  feel  that  there  is  enough  in  the 
human  mind  and  brain  from  which  to  derive  enjoyment,  without  re- 
sorting to  any  factitious  source  ?  Was  there  ever,  where  the  tables 
groan  beneath  the  weight  of  other  articles  than  we  find  here — 
stimulating  drinks,  and  so  forth — was  there  ever  an  occasion  in 
which  there  was  more  social,  and  pure,  and  sound  enjoyment  than 
we  have  had  here  to-night?  Would  it  be  possible  to  aid  by  any 
artificial  means  the  rich  feast  that  everyone  here  has  imbibed  this 
evening — the  rich  intellectual  least  imbibed  from  all  sources,  and 
all  professions. 

A  word  in  regard  to  the  list,  which  was  deemed  interminable  by 
some  of  our  friends.  It  is  a  long  list,  but  it  is  still  not  large 
enough.  Some  of  the  names  even  are  not  sufficiently  multiplied  ; 
and  I  wish  to  make  a  complaint  in  regard  to  my  own  name,  which 
occurs  on  that  list  three  times  only.  I  protest  against  that ;  it 
ought  to  appear  there  four  times — for  there  is  another  graduate  of 
a  California  school,  whose  name  should  have  been  there.  I  am 
proud  to  mention  the  name — indulge  me  in  a  little  paternal  vanity 
—  Henry  Gibbons,  Jr.,  M.  1).,  a  graduate  of  the  Medical  Depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  the  Pacific  in  1863;  not  present,  nor 
having  it  in  his  power  to  be  present,  because,  I  presume,  at  this 
very  moment  he  is  occupied  in  the  Douglas  Hospital  at  Washing- 
ton. And  there  are  more  to  come.  And  within  these  walls  there 
is  another  one  of  the  tribe,  who,  in  the  course  of  three  years,  will 
have  his  name  down  on  that  list.  Then  I  will  be  proud  to  say  there 
are  five  of  them — representatives,  too,  of  the  littlest  State  in  the 
Union,  Delaware.  South  of  thai  wonderful  line,  it  is  true  ;  but 
true  and  loyal  to  the  core. 

Now,  since  I  have  been  here,  looking  around  and  thinking,  I 
have  reflected  upon  what  a  motley  crowd  we  have  got  here,  and 
what  occasion  there  can   be  or  could  be,  to  bring  together  such  a 


APPENDIX.  -2^17 

hcteroi^eneous  mass  ot  people — military  men  and  (Quakers,  lo  some 
extent  antipodes  everywhere  else.  Here  is  my  friend,  General 
Wright  ;  we  never,  I  believe,  stuck  together,  except  when  we  used 
to  play  chess  together  in  Philadelphia;  I  think  I  beat  you,  General, 
then,  if  I  mistake  not. 

The  President. — I  would  suggest,  Doctor,  that  the  General 
belongs  to  an  army  that  never  knows  when  it  is  beaten. 

Dr.  Gibbons. — Well,  it  is  a  good  thing  that  such  opposite  mate- 
rial should  be  thus  brought  together.  What  is  there  on  earth, 
except  an  occasion  of  this  sort,  that  could  bring  together  such  a 
heterogeneous  mass,  unless  it  be — and  I  do  hope  that  the  spirit  of 
patriotism  and  loyal  devotion  to  the  stars  and  stripes  might  do  it. 
In  every  other  pursuit  of  life  we  are  antipodal,  many  of  us ;  but 
here  can  be  brought  together  the  entire  head  and  brains  of  the 
entire  community,  for  there  never  was  before,  I  suppose,  on  this 
Western  coast,  such  an  amount  of  human  brains  in  a  room  twenty 
by  forty.  W'hy,  gentlemen,  here  is  a  mighty  power  in  this  room  at 
the  present  moment — a  mighty  power — a  power  capable  of  wielding, 
and  which  will,  to  a  great  extent,  wield  the  destinies  of  California. 
Never  before  was  congregated  on  this  copst  the  means  of  accom- 
plishing so  much  good  in  one  small  room  as  now  in  this  room.  Let 
the  programme  be  carried  out  that  has  been  read  by  the  Chairman ; 
let  this  thing  be  repeated — repeated  with  additions  year  by  year. 
Let  it  go  on  in  arithmetical,  if  not  geometrical,  progression.  Let  us 
a  year  hence  have  another  gathering  of  this  kind,  but  of  necessity 
in  a  larger  room.  Let  the  brains  of  California  and  of  this  Western 
coast  congregate  here.  Let  them  call  each  other  by  that  blessed 
and  endearing  title  with  which  the  Chairman  commenced  his 
address,  "Friends  and  brothers."  Let  occasions  of  this  kind,  my 
friends  and  brothers,  never  be  allowed  to  fail;  and  depend  upon  it, 
we  shall  in  the  end  have  accomplished  more  for  the  good  of  Cali- 
fornia than  by  any  labor  that  can  be  performed  under  sordid  mo- 
tives in  connection  with  our  business,  our  trade,  our  occupations,  or 
any  other  means  whatever. 

The  President. — The  Press;  the  great  educated  and  the  great 
educator;  all  colleges  have  helped  to  make  it  what  it  is,  that  it  may 
help  to  make  all  colleges  what  they  should  be  hereafter.  Dr.  Tut- 
hill  will  respond. 

Dr.  Tuthill. — Mr.  President  and  Brethren  :    It  is  eminently 


\\    ._ 


298  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

proper,  of  course,  that  if  a  poiver  is  talked  about  you  should  put 
the  press  on.  It  is  not  quite  so  certain,  however,  that  I  should  be 
called  on  to  speak  for  the  press,  especially  as  there  are  members  of 
the  press  present  who  must  be  a  great  deal  older  than  I  am, 
though  they  may  use  more  hair-dye.  I  have  seen  a  miracle  wrought 
here  to-night — no  reference  to  the  sudden  disappearance  of  the 
edibles  that  lately  loaded  these  tables — but  I  entered  this  room  a 
youth,  and  now  I  discover  that  I  am  old.  Thanks  to  Judge  Haight, 
personal  thanks  to  General  Wright  and  our  venerable  friend  Mr. 
Sessions,  who  confess  that  their  college  age  is  greater  even  than 
mine. 

This  is  a  splendid  toast.  I  remember  the  beginning  of  it  per- 
fectly. It  starts  off  with  "  The  Press,"  and  then  it  states  something 
about  the  "great  educated  "  and  the  "great  educator."  Now,  if  I 
understand  the  toast,  it  means  this :  Whereas  the  press  is  an 
engine  of  tremendous  suction  power,  it  is  equally  remarkable  for  the 
force  with  which  it  returns  to  the  public  all  that  it  receives  ;  and, 
whereas,  it  was  once  in  leading-strings  and  went  to  school  and  got 
birched  by  libel  suits,  now  it  has  become  its  own  master  and  plays 
the  birch  itself  and  teaches  manners  and  morals.  It  more  than 
intimates  that  the  colleges  have  made  the  press  the  great  institution 
that  it  is — that  it  speaks  for  itself  and  don't  have  to  pitch  into  the 
clergy  to  protect  its  merits  from  depreciation.  That  may  be  true  ; 
first,  there  is  a  large  number  of  college  men  who  are  controlling  the 
press  as  editors,  though  it  still  remains  that  there  is  a  great  quantity 
of  old  brains  editorially  employed  that  never  were  bred  in  college ; 
but  the  length  of  that  list  of  Alumni  on  the  Pacific  Coast  suggests 
another  way  that  the  colleges  have  affected  the  press — the  mixing  of 
so  many  educated,  cultivated  men  in  with  the  reading  community 
has  compelled  a  better  taste  to  guide  and  supervise  its  issues. 

Mr.  President,  as  I  perceive  that  I  am  unable  to  remember  the 
balance  of  the  toast,  and  as  it  is  so  excellent,  I  shall  have  to  treat 
it  as  (leneral  Lee  w'as  treated  when  he  got  in  between  the  two 
Annas.  When  CJeneral  CJrant  came  down  and  saw  what  a  fine 
position  Lee  was  in.  he  said,  "  Let  him  alone,"  and  Hanked  him  and 
went  around  him.  Will  you  permit  me,  sir,  to  Hank  that  toast  and 
go  around  it  }  You  intended  it  as  a  compliment — you  compliment 
your  own  taste  by  the  intention.  It  is  a  handsome  compliment  to 
our  profession,  that  every  other  profession;  while  thinking  its  own 


APPENDIX.  299 

the  clenched  nail  and  glue  that  holds  society  together,  gives  ours 
the  second  place.  If  it  were  not  for  this  self-satisfaction  of  every 
other  profession,  what  would  become  of  ours  I  What  a  rush  there 
would  be  to  it  of  briefless  lawyers,  of  clergymen  with  harrowed 
throats,  of  physicians  chagrined  at  seeing  patients  slip  through  their 
hands  into  health — or  the  hearse  !  In  consideration  for  the  press, 
a  kind  Providence  has  ordained  that  when  a  little  removed  from  the 
l>etty  annoyances  of  their  daily  business,  the  members  of  these 
other  professions  should  fancy  their  own  more  important  and  de- 
sirable even  than  ours.  But  being  the  second  choice  of  all  out  of  it, 
and  first  in  our  own  conceit,  is  it  not  proven  that  the  first  and  most 
potent  of  modern  professions  is  the  press  ?  You  all  have  your  little 
jealousies  of  us,  of  course.  The  doctor  is  naturally  annoyed  to  see 
the  quack  advertising  himself  into  a  practice  and  wealth.  Many  a 
lawyer  curls  his  lip  with  scorn  at  the  mention  of  a  newspaper,  yet 
when  he  is  going  to  defend  a  particularly  hard  case,  he  will  tempt 
and  egg  on  the  honest,  unsuspicious  press  to  flame  with  indignation, 
and  denounce  his  client,  for  the  sake  of  getting  the  whole  commu- 
nity so  down  on  him  that  it  will  be  impossible  to  select  an  unbiased 
jury  to  try  him  in  the  county.  The  clergy  believe  in  us.  They 
know  what  helps  we  are  to  forward  every  good  work,  and  yet  I  am 
not  amazed  that  they  do  not  on  every  Sunday  advise  their  people 
to  subscribe  to  all  the  papers.  It  must  abate  somewhat  from  the  pure 
pleasure  with  which  they  look  upon  some  eloquent  sermon  of  theirs 
faithfully  reported  in  their  favorite  newspai)er,  to  see  it  flanked  in 
one  adjoining  column  by  a  brilliant  sketch  of  a  horse-race,  and  in 
another  by  the  charming  details  of  the  last  prize-fight.  Such  things 
will  happen  sometimes. 

It  cannot  be  denied  that  public  speakers  do  sometimes  suffer  at 
the  hands  of  persons  who,  mistaking  themselves  as  reporters,  are 
not  even  fair  porters.  I  remember  the  horrified  aspect  of  a  distin- 
guished clergyman  at  a  great  public  meeting  where,  because  the 
press  had  not  been  invited,  the  orators  had  presumed  they  were  to 
have  it  all  their  own  way.  He  entered,  walked  forward  upon  the 
platform,  shook  hands  with  his  brethren,  then  peering  over  the  altar 
rails  caught  sight  of  the  table  where  sat  the  representatives  of  the 
entire  daily  press  of  New  York.  He  smote  his  hands  together,  and 
exclaimed  :  '•  Is  it  possible  that  we  are  at  the  mercy  of  these  men  !" 
They  had  dropped  a  comma  out  of  one  of  his  previous  speeches  in 


300  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  Of  CALIFOKNLA. 

reporting  him,  and  made  him  a  heretic  by  omitting  a  "  not  "  in  the 
rendering  of  his  faith  on  a  deUcate  point.  I  am  going  to  get  through 
in  a  moment. 

Voices  — Go  on,  go  on. 

Dr.  Tuthill. — In  honor  of  Uncle  Abraham,  then,  may  I  tell 
you  a  story  ?  It  is  a  very  little  one.  It  shows  how  the  common 
mind  is  above  the  jealousies  of  the  members  of  the  learned  profes- 
sions. After  one  of  the  naval  conflicts  of  this  war,  as  t'.iey  were 
clearing  up  the  ship's  decks,  and  the  doctor  had  passed  along  and 
pointed  out  those  who  were  dead  and  those  at  whom  he  would  have 
to  take  another  turn  in  the  hospital,  they  came  to  one  poor  fellow 
who,  though  numbered  among  the  dead,  showed  such  resistance  as 
only  a  live  man  makes.  "  What  are  you  up  to  ?  "  asked  Jack,  with 
a  growl.  "  We  are  going  to  put  you  in  a  sack  and  bury  you,"  they 
replied.  "But  I'm  not  dead,"  exclaimed  Jack.  "Can't  help  that," 
answered  his  companions,  "  the  doctor  said  you  were  dead,  and  our 
orders  are  to  bury  you."  "Is  that  so  ?  Did  the  doctor  say  I  was 
dead  ?  Then  I  am  dead  ;  the  doctor  knows  what  he's  about,  but 
hang  me  if  I  knov/  myself,  so  pitch  me  overboard."  He  had  faith 
— he  believed  in  the  regular  doctor ;  and  what  the  doctor  was  to 
Jack,  the  press  is  to  the  jjeople.  'J'hey  believe  in  the  newspapers. 
The  press  is  expected  to  tell  a  man  all  that  he  knows  and  that  he 
wants  to  know.  I  would  like  to  have  you  consider  what  a  fix  you 
would  be  in  to-night,  if  it  were  not  for  the  press.  How  would  you 
be  situated  to-morrow,  if  the  press  should  omit  to  make  mention  of 
this  collation  ?  How  could  you  prove  al  home  tliat  you  had  not 
been  at  your  club  as  usual  .-*  How  could  any  one  of  these  gentle- 
men face  his  cara  sposa  or  his  Alma  Mater  with  his  own  testimony, 
unaided  by  the  ever-faithful  press  ?  Then,  again,  1  hope  we  all 
understand  how  nobly  the  press  treats  us  when  it  refrains  from  tell- 
ing all  it  knows — when  it  doesn't  take  down  speeches  that  it  might 
report  if  it  chose. 

Nothing  seems  more  ephemeral  than  the  daily  paper.  It  is  old 
before  it  is  fairly  dry  ;  stale  the  hour  it  is  read.  If  you  have  ever 
read,  sir.  you  cannot  have  forgotten  Hugh  Miller's  magnificent 
sketch  of  a  tertiary  landscape  in  Scotland.  On  the  bank  of  a  river, 
burrowing  its  roots  among  the  already  crumbling  old  red  sandstone, 
stood  a  stately  pine  of  a  species  now  extinct,  which,  when  touched 
with  slight  decay,  bled  amber.     The  golden  gum  trickling  from  its 


APPENDIX.  301 

side  attracted  myriads  of  insects,  arrested  the  leaves  of  ferns,  bits 
of  shrubs  upturned  mosses  that  the  wind  wafted  near,  pieces  of 
bark,  and  cones,  and  spikes  dropping  from  its  parent  tree,  and  the 
shed  scales  of  rei)tiles.  Whatever  touched  it  adhered  and  was 
embahned.  So  that  now.  after  clusters  of  centuries  have  passed, 
after  the  solemn  procession  of  icebergs  over  the  submerged  land 
has  ceased,  and  the  island  rising  again  has  parted  with  its  last  gla 
cier  :  after  coast  lines  have  been  raised  again  and  again,  and  the 
last  formed  rocks  are  crumbling  into  soil,  the  amber  still  remains, 
preserving  its  burden  of  ephemera  and  extinct  species.  The  amber 
pine  of  the  Historic  Era  is  the  press.  Its  attractive  issue  draws  to 
it  and  embalms  all  passing  news — all  current  events.  A  great  deal 
of  what  it  embalms  is  trash,  I  admit.  Every  one  of  you  has  con- 
tributed to  the  press.  Much  of  it  will  never  see  the  light  again,  yet 
out  of  the  stratified  collections  of  libraries — out  from  under  corner- 
stones, and  from  the  rubbish  of  antiquarian  museums,  historians 
will  exhume  some  of  them,  and  with  them  unearth  the  only  memo- 
rials of  a  thousand  events  that  have  greatly  stirred  us  in  their  day. 
The  most  hastily-jotted  paragraph  may  be  the  sole  authority  to  settle 
tjuestions  centuries  hence,  of  which  only  the  seeds  arc  in  our  time. 
Mr.  President,  remembering  what  has  been  said  to-day,  let  me 
state  that  information  has  just  been  received  by  telegraph  that  the 
five  per  cent  mining  tax  which  was  going  to  ruin  California — and 
I  believe  myself  that  it  would  have  been  playing  it  down  jiretty  low 
on  us,  though  our  patriotism  is  not  to  be  measured  by  any  tax — tax 
us  to  the  utmost  that  the  Union  requires,  is  our  doctrine — is  not  to 
be  levied  after  all.  The  United  States  Senate,  yesterday,  finding 
how  California  felt  about  it,  waived  its  un(]uestionable  privilege,  and 
agreed  to  tax  the  gold  product  but  one-half  of  one  per  cent ! — just 
one-tenth  of  the  figure  originally  proposed  !  There  is  an  Alma 
Mater  for  you  !  And  now,  sir,  let  me  give  you  a  toast — not  that 
it  concerns  my  subject  at  all,  but  because  one  must  conclude  with 
something.  While  we  have  been  silting  here,  our  thoughts  have 
wandered  back  to  college  groves  and  old  homes,  and  not  seldom 
have  turned  to  our  brethren  who  in  \irginia  are  struggling  to 
bring  this  infamous  Rebellion  to  an  end.  Let  me  give  you  a  senti- 
ment which  I  know  you  will  all  respond  to  in  every  struggle  for  the 
right,  especially  in  this  Virginia  campaign  :  (iod — Grant — Vic- 
tor)'. 


302  HISTORY  OF  THF.   COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

The  President.— We  cannot  let  the  j^ress  off  so.  Mr.  Living- 
ston is  here. 

Mr.  H.  B.  Livingston. — Mr  President  :  This  is  hardly  fair. 
F^veryone  else  here  has  had  either  a  long  or  a  short  summons  ; 
but,  with  me,  the  summons  and  response  are  simultaneous.  I  call 
that  rather  severe  on  the  junior  member  of  the  profession. 

As  an  humble  member  of  the  press,  however,  I  am  exceedingly 
happy  to  respond  to  this  toast.  As  one  of  the  earlier,  if  not  the 
oldest  member  now  in  this  State,  1  feel  grateful  for  the  privilege  of 
responding  to  the  sentiment  :  and  particularly  in  behalf  of  the 
cause  of  education,  ^^'hen  first  I  landed  on  these  shores — without 
the  pale  of  San  Francisco,  and  north  of  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco 
— I  think  there  was  not  a  single  log  cabin  or  tenement  that  was 
used  as  a  school-house  ;  not  even  a  tent,  not  a  collection  of  chil- 
dren to  receive  education,  from  Shasta  to  the  mouth  of  the  Sacra- 
mento River.  By  degrees  the  immigrants  came  in  across  the  plains; 
in  the  month  of  July  or  August,  I  think,  the  first  came  in,  who 
settled  in  the  upper  country.  As  early  as  July,  there  was  a  little 
school  established  in  Sacramento,  and  afterwards  one  at  Marysville 

A  Voice. — What  year  ? 

Mr.  Livingston. — 1849.  At  all  events  there  were  very  few 
common  schools  in  existence  before  the  spring  of  1850.  Since 
then,  I  have  .seen  the  common-school  system  established  and  put 
into  operation,  which  is  the  glory  and  honor  of  our  State.  I  have 
seen  the  preliminary  preparations  for  the  establishment  of  this 
College,  now  confirmed  as  one  of  the  institutions  of  this  coast. 
I  have  marked  the  progress  of  the  graduates  who  are  to  leave, 
to-morrow.  I  had  the  pleasure  of  being  present  at  the  time  they 
entered  the  institution  ;  I  have  been  present  at  all  their  examina- 
tions since  ;  and  I  think  I  can  safely  say,  that  they  go  forward 
to-morrow  to  mingle  in  the  battles  of  the  "world,  as  well  prepared  and 
as  thoroughly  educated  as  are  a  great  majority  of  the  students  who 
graduate  at  our  colleges  in  the  East. 

Mr.  President,  before  I  take  my  seat,  I  wish  to  say  a  word  in  de- 
fense of  the  (lovernor.  I  thought  there  was  a  sinister  smile  playin;^ 
upon  your  countenance,  when  you  said  thai  my  worthy  friend,  who 
sits  at  the  end  of  your  table,  the  Mayor  of  San  Francisco,  was  the 
next  in  lii lenity  \.u  the  ( lOvernor  of  the  State.  I  don't  think  the 
(iovernor  is  much  of  an  "indignity;"  and  if  he  is,  is  the   Mayor  of 


Arrr.A'/ux.  ms 

.San  I-rancisco  one  also?  He  and  I  were  in  the  same  class  in  "Old 
\\'illiams,"  and  he  was  never  considered  an  "  indignity"  there. 

Mr.  President,  is  it  fair  or  honorable  to  call  upon  the  bachelors 
tills  evening  to  state  the  dates  at  which  they  graduated.^  I  saw  then 
a  smirk  or  a  smile  upon  your  countenance,  and  a  frown  upon  many 
around — some  whose  years  are  even  fewer  than  mine.  1  believe  that 
about  one-third  of  those  here  are  in  the  happy  condition  in  which  I 
am  myself  In  conclusion,  let  me  propose  as  a  sentiment:  The 
Harvard  of  the  Pacific;  may  these  first  graduates  present  be  spared 
to  attend  the  first  semi-centennial  anniversary  celebration  of  their 
institution,  and  witness  it  then  in  as  flourishing  a  condition  as  is 
now  the  parent  university  of  the  Union,  on  the  shores  of  the  Atlan- 
tic Coast ! 

TnK  pRKsiDKNT. — Comuion  Schools;  the  nurseries  of  the  colleges; 
may  they  speedily  become  as  free  as  the  air,  and  as  universal  as  the 
race. 

Mr.  Swetl,  the  State  Superintendent,  will  respond. 

Mr.  Swki'I'. — Mr.  President:  After  some  little  experience  in 
keeping  school,  I  have  learned  to  know  when  the  boys  get  uneasy, 
and  when  they  think  it  is  about  time  that  school  should  "let  out." 
I  think  it  is  now  about  time  that  the  boys  here  should  be  let  out,  for 
they  seem  to  be  getting  somewhat  tired,  and  even  my  excellent  friend, 
Rev.  J.  E.  Benton — who,  the  politicians  allow,  is  a  first-rate  boy — is 
getting  uneasy  and  playing  under  the  table.  Therefore  I  shall  make 
my  remarks  very  brief. 

If  it  is  true  that  the  public  schools  are  the  nurseries  of  colleges,  I 
hardly  need  invoke  the  aid  of  all  the  graduates  of  colleges  and  uni- 
versities here  in  behalf  of  the  public  schools  of  our  State.  The  best 
and  shortest  way  in  which  to  make  this  college  worthy  of  the  State, 
is  to  foster  the  ])ublic  schools  which  must  develop  the  minds  that  are 
to  come  here  to  be  polished  off.  I  think  that  it  is  an  indisputable 
fact,  that  in  those  States  where  the  public  schools  are  the  best  sus- 
tained, the  most  students  come  forward  to  fill  the  colleges.  And 
while  money  is  needed  to  organize,  and  support,  and  sustain  this  in- 
stitution, it  needs  no  less  talent,  and  mind,  and  brain,  and  heart,  and 
soul  to  fill  these  walls  and  to  build  up  a  model  university.  And  I 
say  that  can  only  be  gained  by  develoi)ing  the  great  mass  of  mind 
through  the  public  schools.  In  this  State  heretofore  it  has  been  too 
much   the  custom  of   those  who  are   founding  our  institutions  of 


304  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

learning,  to  build  up  a  wall  of  exclusiveness  and  to  turn  the  cold 
shoulder  against  our  public  schools,  and  against  anything  which 
would  aid  and  strengthen  them.  I  am  aware  that  it  never  has  been 
said,  cannot  be  said,  of  the  men  who  are  interested  in  this  institution; 
for  the  Vice-President  and  the  teachers  are  all  men  who  have  cheer- 
fully given  their  aid  and  countenance  to  any  and  every  measure  for 
the  maintenance  and  support  of  the  public  schools.  Therefore  let 
me  invoke  you  as  men  who  can  look  abroad  over  the  public  in  this 
State,  and  can  comprehend  in  some  measure  the  interests  of  the 
State  in  supporting  and  maintaining  the  public  schools.  Let  me  in- 
voke you,  wherever  you  are,  to  give  your  aid  and  your  influence.  It 
is  needed  here.  We  have  in  every  part  of  the  State  hundreds  and 
hundreds  of  children  who  are  not  educated  at  all;  and  we  have 
thousands  more  that  only  receive  a  miserable  apology  for  an  educa- 
tion. And  we  need  the  aid — not  the  mere  sentiment  of  men,  not 
the  mere  sentiment  of  the  tongue — that  the  people  should  be  edu- 
cated. We  need  the  living  faith  of  educated  men,  and  of  the  gradu- 
ates of  universities,  in  public  schools;  not  only  as  the  nurseries  of 
colleges,  but  as  the  nurseries  of  men.  And  let  me  remind  you  here, 
gentlemen,  that  the  public  schools  sometimes  give  to  the  boys  who 
attend  them  the  right  to  issue  their  own  diplomas  by  their  acts  in  the 
great  battle  of  life. 

Let  me  remind  you  that  our  State  of  California  is  represented  in 
the  Senate  of  the  United  States  by  a  poor  boy,  who  came  from  Ire- 
land and  entered  a  little  public  school  in  New  York;  and  we  owe  it 
to  that  public  school  that  we  are  represented  to-day  by  a  man  whose 
loyalty  and  devotion  to  the  Union  is  exceeded  by  none,  and  whose 
character  in  all  that  constitutes  manhood  is  equaled  by  few.  And 
we  may  bear  in  mind  here,  that  one  whose  voice  was  the  first  to  be 
heard  for  freedom  in  this  our  golden  State — whose  voice  was  heard 
in  the  canons  and  on  the  mountain-tops — he,  too,  was  indebted  to 
the  public  schools  for  his  education.  And  further,  we  might  remem- 
ber that  the  man  to  whom  it  was  given  first  in  this  State  to  strike 
down  the  influences  which  might  have  driven  us  out  of  the  Union 
before  this  day,  was  not  a  man  bred  in  the  polishing  schools.  It  was 
not  given  to  the  polished  blade,  flashing  in  the  sunlight,  but  to  the 
mighty  sledge-hammer  which  ground  the  power  into  the  dust — ground 
it  down  as  the  stone-cutter's  hammer  breaks  the  massive  granite.  I 
refer  to  David  C.   Broderick.     I   beg  pardon   for  alluding  to  those 


APPENDIX.  305 

names  and  those  instances  here;  but  I  only  name  them  to  show  that 
it  is  the  duty  of  educated  men,  of  professional  men,  to  sustain,  and 
foster,  and  protect  the  public  schools — not  only  as  the  nurseries  of 
colleges,  but  as  the  nurseries  of  men. 

The  President. — Mr.  Swett  wondered  what  brother  Benton  was 
doing  under  the  table.  I  can  tell  him.  He  was  stirring  up  that 
speech  that  is  in  him,  and  that  he  was  afraid  would  not  keep  much 
longer.  I  have  got  a  sentiment  here  that  will  bring  it  out:  Our  Best 
Teachers;  our  mothers,  our  sweethearts,  and  our  wives. 

Rev.  J.  E.  Benton. — Mr.  President:  If  there  is  any  sentiment 
in  a  man,  a  mother,  a  wife,  or  a  sweetheart  will  be  sure  to  bring  it 
out  of  him.  But,  sir,  I  have  no  sentiment  in  me,  notwithstanding 
all  that  has  been  said;  and  I  doubt  whether  you  can  bring  any  out 
of  me  at  this  stage  of  the  meeting.  My  feelings  were  hurt,  however, 
by  the  allusion  of  the  School-master  General,  and  I  must  explain  to 
you.  I  saw  him  with  a  lean  and  hungry  look  in  the  hall  a  short  dis- 
tance from  me,  and  I  passed  him  over  a  couple  of  quarts  of  straw- 
berries, and  that  is  the  pay  he  gave  me  for  them.  He  called  it 
•''  playing  under  the  table  !  "  And  then,  sir,  he  alluded  to  me  as  ■  a 
boy,  and  he  allowed  that  the  politicians  regarded  me  as  considerable  of 
a  boy — and  that  brings  me  to  our  Alma  Maters  and  to  the  subject  of 
boys.  He  has  found,  and  so  have  all  his  friends,  the  politicians, 
that  the  boys  of  California  are  able  to  clean  out  the  men  every  time; 
and  he  will  find  that  it  is  not  only  true  of  political,  but  also  of  edu- 
cational matters  all  over  the  United  States.  Why,  sir,  I  can't  attend 
even  an  examination  of  a  high  school,  nor  can  I  even  go  into  one  of 
our  public  schools  here  in  California,  without  finding  that  not  only  is 
the  boy  father  to  the  man,  but  that  the  boys  are  becoming  the  fathers 
of  the  men.  Some  of  you  were  trying  to  play  smart  about  the  time 
when  you  graduated,  and  all  of  you  were  pretending  that  you  were 
not  fogies.  You  are  fogies,  and  the  boys  have  got  you.  You  may 
just  as  well  surrender,  and  the  only  business  that  you  have  got  now 
to  attend  to  is  to  see  that  these  boys  have  a  fair  start,  and  you  have 
got  to  clear  yourselves  out  of  the  way.  Give  up  what  you  have  got 
in  your  pockets — give  up  what  you  have  got  anywhere,  and  make 
way  for  the  boys  as  soon  as  possible.  There  is  no  other  way  to 
do  it. 

Now  you  think  you  are  smart,  and  that  your  old  Alma  Maters 
trained  you  well  and  cultured  you;  but  I  tell  you  that  there  are  men 


306  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

here  that  I  see  that  don't  know  as  much  as  they  knew  when  they 
graduated — as  much  as  would  let  them  into  the  College  of  Califor- 
nia. Oh,  you  needn't  laugh;  it  is  the  honest  truth,  and  I  will  take 
you  and  turn  you  over  to-morrow  for  examination,  and  you  can't  get 
into  the  College  of  California  !  "Why,  now,  look  at  it!  Why — I  am 
going  to  tell  you  a  secret  now — ihe  boys  of  Yale  College  have  taken 
that  old  Faculty,  and  that  set  of  old  fogies,  and  they  have  absolutely 
run  'em  out.  What  have  they  done  in  New  Haven.?  You  talk 
about  boys  !  They  have  got  a  ten-pin  alley  in  New  Haven.  I  tell 
you  the  boys  have  got  possession.  What's  the  use  of  fighting? 
They  are  bound  to  have  possession  of  the  college,  and  the  only  re- 
sponsibility we  have  is  to  clear  the  way  and  sliow  them  what  there  is 
to  learn. 

Now,  one  man  speaking  of  the  kind  of  men  that  ought  to  come 
out  of  our  California  colleges,  says  it  is  perfectly  indispensable  that 
we  should  raise  up  a  set  of  civil  engineers.  Felton,  the  orator  of 
the  day,  tells  us  that  the  miner  of  California  is  to  develop  the  sinews 
of  war,  that  shall  save  this  great  nation.  Day,  the  superintendent 
of  the  Almaden  Mine,  tells  us  that  the  only  way  we  can  get  out  this 
gold  that  is  contained  in  our  veins,  is  to  raise  up  a  race  of  geologists 
and  mineralogists — young  men  with  wives  and  children,  etc.  Dr. 
Tuthill  undertakes  to  tell  about  what  Hugh  Miller  found  in  the  re- 
mains of  An  old  Scotch  forest;  and  then  he  tries  to  ring  in  the  press 
as  the  amber  drops  that  can  save  for  future  ages  the  foot-prints  of 
the  ephemeral  beings  of  the  times.  Let  Dr.  Tuthill  go  home  and 
undertake  to  give  a  description  in  the  Bulletin  of  the  kind  of  men 
that  ought  to  grow  up  in  California.  Talk  about  his  describing  them  ! 
He  can't  draw  a  charcoal  sketch  of  the  first  graduate  of  a  California 
College.  Why,  he  and  Hugh  Miller  may  dig  up  all  the  amber  chock 
down  to  the  old  red  sandstone;  Day,  of  the  Almaden,  Whitney,  the 
State  Oeologist,  Earl,  the  President  of  the  Gould  &  Curry,  may  go 
through  all  the  mines  they  have  got,  and  what  do  they  know  about 
it !  They  all  come  out  acknowledging  that  there  isn't  a  man  on  this 
coast  that  knows  anything  about  the  mines.  And  that  blundering 
old  Butternut,  who,  when  he  went  to  some  boys  camped  up  there  on 
the  river,  and  asked  them  where  was  a  good  place  to  mine,  was  told 
by  them  for  a  joke  that  there  was  a  good  place  right  across  the  river, 
where  they  supposed  there  wasn't  anything,  and  went  over  and  dug 
out  an  eight-pound  lump  of  gold — puts  them  all  to  shame.     They 


APPENDIX.  307 

don't  know  anything.  Now,  up  in  the  little  mountain  town  of  Fol- 
som,  where  I  live,  I  can  fairly  hear  the  electricity  passing  down  from 
the  North  Pole,  cutting  into  the  veins  of  gold,  and  copper,  and  iron, 
and  criss-crossing  into  silver  veins,  and  then  it  gets  into  the  air,  and 
it  spreads  out  the  horses'  tails;  and  I  get  up  in  the  morning  and 
comb  out  my  whiskers,  and  it  cra-a-a-cks  !  Why,  it  is  an  absolute 
fact.  I  mean  it.  I  can  comb  the  fire  out  of  my  whiskers  every 
morning;  and  there  is  not  a  man  on  this  coast  that  knows  anything 
about  the  electrical  currents  and  their  connections  with  mineral  veins. 
And  who  is  going  to  tell  about  that?  Dr.  Tuthill,  come,  and  Hugh 
Miller,  and  tell  us — all  you  graduates  of  colleges,  that  think  you  have 
exhausted  the  wisdom  of  the  world.  There's  Dr.  Coon  says  when 
he  graduated  he  thought  he  could  respond  to  a  toast  for  any  Gov- 
ernor, and  now  he  has  found  out  he  don't  know  anything.  And 
there's  General  Wright,  who  graduated  in  1822,  when  I  was  about 
two  years  old,  thinks  he  knows  how  to  fight !  Why,  little  Ellsworth 
could  teach  him  more  somersaults,  more  falling  down,  rolling  over, 
more  lying  on  his  back,  more  uses  of  the  bayonet,  more  running  here 
and  there,  than  he  ever  knew  !  These  boys  are  the  men  now.  We 
have  got  to  retire.  But  there  is  one  thing  that  we  have  got  to  do 
before  we  retire,  and  that  is,  we  have  got  to  lay  out  the  field  of 
knowledge,  and  we  have  got  to  come  out  with  the  spondulics  to  build 
up  the  College  of  California.     Good-by  ! 

The  President. — I  told  you  that  speech  would  not  keep  any 
longer.  The  poet  of  the  day  has  sent  up  a  sentiment,  and  with  it 
the  name  of  a  gentleman  to  respond:  The  Roger  AVilliams  College; 
Providence  gave  it  to  New  England.     Toast  it  brown.     Mr.  J'Yench. 

Mr.  J.  E.  Benton. — French  is  a  feeble  young  man. 

Mr.  French. — Mr.  President  :  In  view  of  the  long-continued 
time  that  these  exercises  have  lasted,  it  seems  to  me  that  I  shall  serve 
the  company  best  by  declining  to  speak  further  this  evening;  and  I 
hope  that  you,  sir,  will  excuse  me. 

The  President. — Gentlemen  have  been  twining  wreaths,  each 
for  his  own  loved  profession,  to-night;  we  would  all  be  glad  if  the 
Rev.  Mr.  Twining  would  add  another  to  the  chaplets  that  have  been 
woven. 

Mr.  Twining. — Mr.  President  :  I  cannot  but  express  my  deep  sat- 
isfaction and  very  great  pleasure  in  what  I  have  enjoyed  and  what  I 
have  seen  to-  night.     I  must  say,  however,  that  a  very  large  part  of 


308  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

my  enjoyment  has  come  from  the  feeling  that  I  had  from  the  first, 
that  I  would  not  be  called  upon  to  make  a  speech.  I  have  in  my 
mind  the  same  feeling  expressed  by  Mr.  French,  that  this  meeting 
has  been  prolonged  long  enough  already.  I  feel  that  we  have  got 
ready  to  go  home. 

I  should  like,  however,  to  express  the  hope  that  if  I  am  in  this 
country  next  year  at  this  time,  I  shall  be  able  to  meet  with  those  who 
are  here  to-night,  and  as  many  others  as  can  be  assembled  at  that 
time,  in  the  repetition  of  this  meeting.  As  I  was  coming  in  here  this 
evening,  and,  indeed,  while  we  were  crossing  the  bay,  a  number  of 
persons  suggested  the  idea  that  an  association  should  be  formed  for 
that  purpose,  and  that  steps  should  be  taken  to  secure  the  regular 
attendance  of  college  graduates  at  these  Commencement  occasions. 
I  hope  this  will  not  be  neglected.  I  hope  that  those  present  here 
this  evening  will  make  it  a  point  to  carry  the  meeting  in  their  minds, 
and  that  we  may  have  next  year  as  full  and  happy  a  meeting  as  we 
have  had  this.  It  reminds  me  of  the  happy  times  I  have  had  in  my 
own  college.  It  makes  me  feel  that  California  is  going  to  produce 
here  a  race  of  educated  men  to  shape  her  destinies  for  her.  I  feel 
very  sorry  that  the  orator  of  the  day  did  not  deal  more  at  length  with 
the  subject  he  announced  in  the  beginning  of  his  oration,  and  show, 
as  he  might  have  done,  the  great  power  and  influence  which  the  edu- 
cated men  of  this  State  must  have  in  developing  the  civilization  of 
the  State.  What  is  needed  here  in  California  is  educated  men — men 
who  are  acquainted  with  the  world  and  the  history  of  the  world.  We 
need  not  merely  energetic,  active  men,  but  we  need  wise  men — men 
who  know  what  they  are  about,  and  who  can  give  a  permanent  char- 
acter to  this  civilization,  and  guide  it  in  the  right  direction. 

In  conclusion,  I  would  express  the  hope  that  this  College  will  de- 
velop in  the  minds  of  its  graduates  that  same  feeling  that  has  been 
spoken  of  here  to-night — that  clannishness,  if  you  choose  to  call  it 
so — which  will  adhere  to  them,  as  my  feeling  for  my  Alma  IVIater, 
Yale,  adheres  to  me;  and  that  those  graduates,  in  whatever  part  of 
the  world  they  are  called  to  serve  God  and  man,  will  look  to  this^ 
their  Alma  Mater,  with  that  peculiar  feeling  which  is  developed  in 
them  by  a  long  and  peculiar  discipline  of  college  life;  and  that  that 
feeling  may  all  their  life  long  be  a  bond  strong  as  life  itself,  of  con- 
nection with  this,  their  Alma  Mater. 

The  President. — We  have  heard  from  quite  a  number  of  our 


APPENDIX.  309 

clerical  brothers  to-night,   and    yet    I   think   we   all  want  to   hear 
"  Mooar." 

Rev.  Mr.  Mooar. — I  am  quite  sure  that  the  President  of  this 
meeting  is  wrong ;  I  do  not  believe  that  there  are  any  persons  here 
that  want  to  hear  more.  But  I  wisli  to  express  one  practical  thought 
that  has  followed  me  through  the  exercises  of  this  evening,  and  that 
is,  that  this  general  Alumni  gathering  ought  to  have  some  practical 
fruits  visible.  It  has  been  always  true  of  the  Alumni  meetings  of 
my  Alma  Mater  at  Williamstown,  that  on  almost  every  occasion 
some  person  has  brought  forward  some  practical  suggestion  with 
reference  to  the  increase  of  the  endowment  of  the  institution.  If  I 
were  a  moneyed  man,  I  should  know  how  to  do  that  for  this  College 
to-night.  As  it  is,  I  can  only  hope  that  somebody  will  do  it  for  me. 
Perhaps  one  way  of  organizing  these  Alumni  meetings  so  that  they 
shall  be  permanently  connected  with  the  institution,  would  be  for  all 
of  us  who  are  Bachelors  of  Art,  to  enter  ad  eundeni — to  take  the  ad 
eundem  degree,  and  pay  for  the  privilege  our  five  dollars,  which  per- 
haps in  this  State  would  be  twenty. 

The  President. — Education  has  had  no  better  friend  in  this  State 
than  the  Rev.  Mr.  Walsworth.     Let  us  hear  from  him. 

Rev.  Mr.  Walsworth. — As  I  was  not  down  on  the  "  slate,"  and 
as  it  is  so  very  late,  I  hoped  I  should  escape  altogether;  and  now  I 
can  say  but  a  word. 

You  have  called  me  up  on  the  subject  of  education.  I  suppose 
you  mean  by  that  to  refer  to  this  College,  and  what  has  been  done  in 
relation  to  it.  A  little  knot  of  us  met  together  twelve  years  ago  on 
the  twenty-seventh  of  this  month,  and  talked  over  the  necessity 
which  existed  for  the  establishment  of  some  such  institution  as  this ; 
and  at  that  time  a  committee  was  appointed  to  devise  ways  and 
means.  As  a  result  of  that  meeting  we  have  what  you  have  seen 
to-day,  or  what  you  can  see  here  on  the  grounds  where  we  are  assem- 
bled. First  we  bought  these  blocks,  getting  the  squatters'  right; 
then,  next,  the  right  of  the  Peraltas.  Then  after  that  there  was  a 
decision  of  the  Supreme  Court  which  seemed  to  throw  everything 
open  again,  and  we  were  threatened  with  the  loss  of  the  whole  by 
squatters,  so  we  took  the  money  that  we  had  raised  and  built  the 
fence  around  it,  and  in  that  way  we  saved  it.  Since  then  we  have 
gone  on  building — first  one,  and  then  another,  and  then  another, 


310  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

and  then  another,  and  this  is  now  the  crowning  glory;  and  we  are 
to-morrow  to  send  forth  our  first  class — those  of  whom  we  are  proud, 
whose  training  thus  far  we  have  watched  with  all  the  interest  with 
which  a  parent  would  watch  the  growth  and  education  of  a  child. 
And  they  are  worthy  of  the  institution.  We  believe  they  will  go  forth 
and  bear  throughout  their  lives  the  banners  that  we  have  put  into 
their  hands. 

But,  Mr.  Chairman,  while  I  have  tried  to  do,  in  my  humble 
sphere,  all  that  I  could  for  this  institution,  I  have  always  felt'  that 
there  was  one  thing  more  that  ought  to  be  done,  and  the  past  year 
my  thoughts  have  rather  turned  into  that  direction.  I  have  thought 
that  some  provision  should  be  made  for  the  education  of  the  women 
of  California,  more  than  is  at  present  afforded;  and  out  of  that 
thought  has  come  the  female  college  that  crowns  the  first  hill  as  you 
go  north  from  Oakland — the  building  of  which  is  now  done — com- 
pleted this  week  at  a  cost  of  about  $30,000,  and  will  be  opened 
about  the  first  of  July  with  accommodations  for  one  hundred  and 
twenty-five  young  ladies.  Now,  in  this  endeavor  we  seek  to  do  for 
the  Alumni  of  this  institution  what  this  College  cannot  do.  You 
perhaps  know  what  I  mean.  We  want  to  place  upon  their  heads  a 
crown  that  this  College  cannot  supply.  This  is  their  Alma  Mater, 
but  we  want  to  give  them  also  their  cara  sposa.  We  want  to  give 
each  of  the  Alumni  of  this  College  an  educated,  polished  female 
mind,  to  give  intensity,  and  worth,  and  brilliancy,  and  power  to  the 
brains  that  the  young  men  are  getting  here.  If  it  were  not  so  late  I 
would  talk  more. 

The  President. — There  is  one  source  from  which  we  have  heard 
nothing.  We  can  all  understand  that  within  a  very  small  circuit  here 
there  are  at  least  four  anxious  individuals;  and  there  are  the  Faculty 
and  the  Trustees  of  the  College  of  California,  who  are  listening  with 
all  their  ears  to  the  picking  against  the  shell  of  the  four  fledgelings 
that  are  to  spread  their  wings  to-morrow.  I  think  that  we  should 
hear  from  somebody  on  behalf  of  those  Trustees,  and  I  will  call  on 
Mr.  Rankin. 

Mr.  Rankin. — Mr.  President  :  This  audience  cannot  desire  a 
speech  from  me  at  this  late  hour  of  the  evening,  nor  am  I  disposed 
to  try  their  patience  by  any  prolonged  remarks.  I  cannot,  however, 
refuse  to  say  a  few  words  in  response  to  your  call  upon  me  as  one 
of  the  Trustees  of  the  College  of  California.     In  behalf  of  this  insti- 


APPENDIX.  311 

tution  I  am  always  willing  to  do  what  1  can.  My  interest  in  it  is  only 
what  should  be  the  interest  of  every  good  citizen  of  this  State — 
every  friend  of  good  morals,  education,  and  religion.  But  possibly, 
from  the  fact  that  for  several  years  I  have  been  connected  with  it  in 
the  capacity  in  which  you  have  called  upon  me,  I  do  feci  an  interest 
in  its  prosperity  and  success  so  deep  and  intense  that  I  would  gladly 
communicate  it,  if  I  could,  to  others. 

In  a  new  State  like  California,  Mr.  President,  with  a  population 
active,  energetic,  and  impulsive — with  society  and  institutions  only 
partially  formed  and  consolidated — with  a  civilization,  though  vigor- 
ous and  progressive,  as  yet  in  the  rough;  in  a  community  like  this, 
beyond  most  others,  is  there  a  most  urgent  necessity  for  precisely 
that  influence  and  culture  which  flow  from  well-organized  and  well- 
endowed  institutions,  capable  of  laying  the  foundations  of  a  liberal 
education. 

If  ever  I  feel  disposed  to  envy  rich  men,  it  is  in  view  of  both  the 
pleasure  and  the  power  for  usefulness  which  they  have  at  their  com- 
mand in  the  ability  to  build  up  and  endow  institutions  like  this. 
And,  sir,  if  men  would  do  good  from  lower  considerations  than  those 
of  duty  and  beneficence,  why  does  it  not  occur  to  our  rich  men  that 
there  is  no  such  sure  way  to  secure  immortality  as  by  liberal 
educational  benefactions.  A  donation  of  $25,000  to  this  Col- 
lege for  the  endowment  of  a  professorship,  which  I  will  en- 
gage shall  be  called  by  the  name  of  the  founder,  would  keep  a 
memory  fresh  for  ages,  which  otherwise  would  in  a  few  years  be 
utterly  lost.  Let  one  rich  man  think  of  these  things,  and  though 
there  may  not  be  many  here  present  who  are  able  to  do  the  large 
tilings  to  which  I  have  referred,  all  can  do  something.  You  can  give 
some  money,  and  you  can  give  us,  what  in  behalf  of  the  College  I 
most  earnestly  ask  of  all  of  you,  your  sympathies,  your  influence, 
your  good  wishes,  and  your  prayers. 

It  was  now  time  for  the  San  Francisco  train  to  leave,  and 
the  assembly  reluctantly  broke  up.  Necessity  alone  prevented 
another  four  hours  of  speaking  as  good  as  that  which  had 
been  enjoyed.  The  President  of  the  evening  had  not  nearly 
gone  through  the  list  of  such  as  "  imist  be  called  out."  Those 
whose  lips  inexorable  time  kept  sealed  must  wait  their  oppor- 
tunity;   they  shall  have  it  another  year. 


312  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

The  meeting  adjourned  after  singing  "Gaudeamus"  and 
"  Auld  Lang  Syne,"  and  left  the  hall  marching  to  the  song  of 
the  "Battle  Cry  of  Freedom." 

The  Faculty  of  the  College  were  not  represented  among 
the  speakers  of  the  evening,  and  did  not  care  to  be.  They 
had  done  their  part  in  preparing  the  way  for  so  pleasant  a 
reunion.  Delighted  to  see  their  guests  so  happy,  they  much 
preferred  to  have  them  fill  up  the  speeding  hours.  And  in 
closing  this  account  of  the  gathering,  they  have  only  to  say 
that  they  were  more  than  satisfied  with  the  success  of  what 
had  seemed  a  doubtful  experiment.  It  is  now  certain  that 
the  liberally-educated  men  of  California  remember  the  ties  of 
their  common  brotherhood,  and  have  not  lost  the  relish  for 
the  sweetest  and  purest  literary  enjoyments.  The  Faculty 
will  be  most  happy  to  welcome  them  all  another  year. 

This  occasion,  moreover,  elicited  written  responses  from  the 
gentlemen  named  in  the  following  list: — 

Name.  Residence.  College.  Year. 

His  Excellency  Gov.  F.  F.  Low 

Ch.  Justices.  W.  Sanderson  Placerville 

Gen.  L.  H.  Allen San  Francisco 

Pres.  W.  E.  Barnard Seattle,  W.  T Dartmouth 1856 

William  D.  Bliss Petaluma Harvard 

Rev.  J.  H.  Brodt Marysville Rensselaer  Institute . . . 

Dr.  Benjamin  Cory San  Jose Miami  University 

Ex-President  Jeremiah  Day  New  Haven 

Rev.  I.  E.  Dwinell Sacramento University  Vermont. .  .  1S43 

Rt.  Rev.  W.  I.  Kip,  D.  D San  Francisco Vale 1831 

Rev.  Prk.s.  S.  H.  Marsh Forest  Grove,  Or. .  .University  V^ermont. . . 

Rev.  W.  M.  Martin Columbia University  N.  Y.  City.  1837 

Rev.  W.  W.  Martin Sonora Yale 1S60 

Rev.  W.  C.  Pond Downieville Bowdoin 1848 

Rev.  F.  S.  Rising Virginia  City N.  V.  Free  Academy. . 

D.  R.  Sample Marysville University  Michigan. . . 

Prof.  E.  D.  Sanborn Hanover,  N.  H Dartmouth 1832 

Rev.  H.  a.  Sawtelle San  Francisco Waterville 1854 

Dr.  a.  F.  Sawyer San  Francisco Harvard 

Wm.  H.  Scott Grass  Valley Oberlin 

Prof.  B.  Sii.liman,  Jk Yale 1837 

D.  C.  Stone Marysville Marietta 

Prof.  H.  B.  Smith New  York 

Pres.  J.  M.  Sturtevan  r 


APPENDIX. 

Name.  Residence.  College. 

Jackson  Temple Santa  Rosa Williams 1851 

Edwin  Tyler Michigan  Bluff Vale 1848 

Rev.  D.  E.  Willes Marysville Yale 1S50 

Hon.  James  Wilson San  Francisco Middlebury 

J.  W.  WiNANS San  Francisco Columbia 

Of  these  letters  a  few  arc  here  reproduced: — 

New  Haven,  Conn.,  April  30,  1864. 

Rev.  Henrv  Durant — Dear  Sir:  I  have  been  requested  to 
write  a  letter  to  the  Alumni  of  different  colleges  who  may  meet  at 
Oakland  on  the  first  of  June.  The  notice  is  so  late  that  my  com- 
munication must  be  very  brief.  This  is  of  no  consequence,  as  men 
in  middle  life  are  in  a  better  condition  to  aid  in  laying  the  foundation 
of  a  new  college  than  those  who  are  more  than  ninety  years  of  age. 
A  college  cannot  be  got  up  at  once  io  order^  as  may  a  steamboat  or 
railroad  car.  It  must  have  time  to  grow.  Yale  College,  though  it 
began  on  a  small  scale,  has  been  growing  for  more  than  a  century 
and  a  half,  is  now  very  prosperous,  and  its  course  of  instruction,  in 
its  various  departments,  is  more  thorough  than  ever.  Its  graduates 
disperse  throughout  the  United  States  of  America,  and  throughout 
the  w^rld.  Wherever  they  go  I  hope  they  will  be  zealous  in  pro- 
moting sound  learning  and  elevated  education. 

I  am  gratified  to  learn  that  the  Alumni  of  different  colleges  pro- 
pose to  assemble  at  Oakland.  They  may  throw  light  upon  a  com- 
mon cause  by  bringing  forward  the  peculiar  features  of  their  various 
institutions.  I  hope  they  will  unite  in  recommending  measures  for 
laying  a  solid  basis  for  a  college  in  California ;  such  a  basis  as  will 
favor  a  long-continued  growth  in  superior  excellence.  To  obtain  a 
goodly  number  of  pupils,  it  ought  to  furnish  such  facilities  of  educa- 
tion as  will  be  attractive  even  to  young  men  who,  in  so  new  a 
country,  have  strong  inducements  to  enter  early  into  the  active  busi- 
ness of  life.  A  general  diffusion  of  knowledge  is  necessary  to  the 
preservation  of  republican  forms  of  government.  The  education  in 
our  common  schools  will  be  under  the  infiuence  of  our  higher  sem- 
inaries of  learning.  With  high  regard,  affectionately  yours, 

Jeremiah  Day. 

Illinois  College,  May  11,  1864. 
Rev.   Henry  Durant — My  Dear  Sir:  Your  esteemed  favor  of 
the  thirtieth  of  March  postmarked  April  5,  did  not  reach  me  till 


314  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

May  5.  As  your  "good  time  coming"  is  to  be  on  the  thirty-first 
inst.,  there  is  no  hope  that  this  letter  can  arrive  in  time  to  represent 
me  on  that  occasion.  If  you  say  I  have  delayed  the  answer  for  six 
days,  I  reply  that  a  prompt  answer  could  hardly  have  been  in  time, 
and  I  have  been  so  busy  during  those  six  days  in  duties  growing  out 
of  sending  off  to  the  war  one  of  our  professors  and  a  large  portion 
of  our  students,  that  I  could  not  give  earlier  attention  to  your  much 
esteemed  letter. 

My  heart  sends  an  earnest  greeting  to  the  college  Alumni  who 
are  about  to  enjoy  a  reunion  on  the  shores  of  the  Pacific.  Breth- 
ren, we  are  just  beginning  to  value  and  love  our  country  as  we 
ought.  America  has  long  been  known  as  the  "  New  World,"  but  the 
events  of  the  last  three  years,  and  a  brief  sojourn  during  last  year 
on  the  other  side  of  the  Atlantic,  have  taught  me  that  it  is  the  "  New 
World  "  in  a  sense  much  more  comprehensive  and  important  than  I 
have  been  accustomed  to  think; — new  not  merely  in  the  fact  of  its 
recent  discovery,  but  still  more  new  politically,  socially,  and  morally. 
God  grant  that  our  American  colleges  may  do  their  whole  duty  to 
the  youth  of  our  country,  in  teaching  them  to  love  and  cherish  as 
they  ought,  a  great  American  Republic — bounded  only  by  the 
oceans,  founded  on  a  full,  practical  recognition  of  the  equal  rights  of 
all  men.  This  should  have  been  my  sentiment  if  my  letter  could 
have  reached  you  in  time. 

And  never  was  there  a  better  time  for  such  a  sentiment.  We  are 
living  in  hourly  hope  of  hearing  that  "  Ceast  "  Butler  has  marched 
into  Richmond  at  the  head  of  his  victorious  negro  army.  Gou  grant 
it.  I  am  sure  that  liberty,  true  Christian  liberty,  is  to  have  a  hoine 
on  earth,  and  that  home  is  to  be  North  America;  and  if  our  schools, 
colleges,  and  churches  are  true  to  their  trust,  a  magnificent  home  it 
will  be. 

My  thoughts  are  often  on  the  shores  of  the  Pacific,  and  I  have  a 
strong  desire  to  stand  there  and  look  out  on  its  waters  before  I  die. 
I  am  sure  that  land  is  a  part  of  the  promised  inheritance  of  Chris- 
tian freedom,  and  no  schemes  of  a  French  despot,  an  English  aris- 
tocracy, or  an  American  slavocracy  shall  be  able  to  alienate  any  part 
of  that  inheritance.  Yours  very  truly  and  affectionately, 

J.  M.  Sturtevant. 

Hanover,.  N.  H.,  May  5,  1S64. 
Rev.   S.    it.    Wii.i.kv — Dear  Sir:  Your  letter  reached  me  on  the 


APPENDIX.  315 

first  instant,  having  been  a  month  on  the  way.  This  leads  me  to 
doubt  whether  a  reply  will  reach  you  in  season  for  your  festival.  I 
will,  however,  write  a  few  words  for  your  own  eye.  Since  the  com- 
mencement of  the  civil  war  I  have  often  thought  of  the  comparative 
(]uiet  which  California  enjoys,  and  in  attempting  to  form  some  idea 
of  the  future  greatness  of  our  country,  the  conviction  has  never  de- 
serted me  that  the  territory  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  is  destined 
to  be  the  richest  portion  of  this  continent.  Its  soil,  climate,  and 
mineral  resources  make  it  a  very  desirable  place  of  residence.  There 
is  no  gi-eat  "  West "  beyond  it.  Here  the  old  and  the  new  civiliza- 
tions meet.  In  its  ports  will  be  moored  the  ships  of  all  nations. 
The  commerce  of  the  world  will  ultimately  center  here.  Those  vast 
mountain  ranges,  which  were  once  regarded  with  terror  and  awe,  are 
now  supporting  large  inland  cities,  and  yielding  up  their  "  un-sunned 
treasures  "  to  stimulate  the  enterprise  of  the  civilized  world.  The 
institutions  which  the  pioneer  settlers  of  this  territory  establish  will, 
hereafter,  determine  the  happiness  and  destiny  of  the  coming  mill- 
ions. It  is  a  delightful  thought  that  the  educational  interests  of  Cali- 
fornia have  not  been  overlooked;  that  wise  master-builders  have  been 
laying,  strong  and  deep,  the  foundations  of  a  college  which  will  yet 
prove  a  Pharos  to  the  shores  of  the  Pacific  seas.  It  was  only  about 
ten  years  after  the  arrival  of  the  Massachusetts  Bay  colonists  before 
they  founded  Harvard  College.  The  same  spirit,  in  about  the  same 
time,  has  established  the  College  of  California.  Its  plan  is  all  that 
could  be  desired.  A  liberal  platform  is  laid;  literature  and  science 
here  find  a  congenial  home,  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  '•'■  commimc 
vmcuhiniy^  which  Cicero  speaks  of,  will  forever  unite  them  in  fraternal 
bonds.  You  can  hardly  expect  too  much  from  this  infant  college.  It 
must  become  one  of  the  great  lights  of  this  western  continent.  You 
may  not  live  to  witness  its  complete  growth,  but  its  progress,  it  seems 
to  me,  is  among  the  certainties  of  the  future.  I  rejoice  in  your  suc- 
cess. May  God  prosper  you  and  all  the  friends  of  sound  learning 
in  your  new  land  of  promise.  "  In  due  season  ye  shall  reap,  if  ye 
faint  not."  Yours  very  truly,         E.  D.  Sanborn. 

Union  Theological  Seminary,  New  York,  May  3,  1864. 

My  Dear   Professor:  I  am  honored  by  your  kind  request  to 

send  you  a  word  of  greeting  for  your  first  College  Commencement. 

Several  of  my  former  pupils  are  now  among  the  honored  names  of 

your  new  and  prosperous  State.     We  feel  a  just  pride  in  them  as  the 


316  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

representatives  of  our  Seminary,  and  cordially  bid  them  godspeed 
in  the  great  work  they  have  in  hand. 

Your  very  name — The  College  of  California — stirs  the  pulse  of 
every  Christian  scholar.  It  is  a  most  auspicious  omen  for  the  future 
of  our  country  that  there  should  be  such  a  college,  modeled,  as  your 
excellent  catalogue  shows,  after  the  best  institutions  of  our  Eastern 
States,  and  firmly  planted  on  the  western  slope  of  this  magnificent 
continent.  By  such  institutions,  established  for  classical  culture  on 
a  generous  Christian  basis,  the  East  and  the  farthest  West  will  be 
more  closely  bound  together  than  even  by  the  telegraph  or  the  rail- 
road, for  these  are  but  the  arteries — the  life-blood  of  union  must  be 
moral  and  spiritual. 

I  have  often  imagined  the  feelings  with  which  some  of  the  noble 
Englishmen  who  early  foresaw  the  future  expansion  and  culture  of 
this  land,  would  look  upon  our  present  unequaled  growth.  The  well- 
known  lines  of  the  great  and  good  Bishop  Berkeley  come  to  all  our 
minds,  though  I  hope  none  of  you  will  cite  them  as  they  were  once 
repeated  at  a  meeting  of  one  of  our  historical  societies,  thus: 

"  Westward  the  course  of  Empire  takes  its  way^ 
Time's  latest  offspring  is  its  last." 

George  Herbert,  the  dearest  and  best  of  all  the  old  church  poets 
of  England,  in  his  Church  Militant  has  the  noted  lines : 

"  Religion  stands  a  tiptoe  in  our  land, 
Ready  to  pass  to  the  American  strand." 

It  is  said  that  when  the  devout  Mr.  Ferrar  sent  the  book  contain- 
ing this  (it  was  a  posthumous  publication)  to  Cambridge  to  be 
licensed  for  the  press,  that  the  Vice-Chancellor,  Doctor  Laney, 
would  by  no  means  allow  these  verses  to  be  printed,  and  Mr.  Ferrar 
"  would  by  no  means  allow  the  book  to  be  printed  and  want  them." 
But  after  some  time  the  Vice-Chancellor  said:  "I  knew  Mr.  Her- 
bert well;  and  know  that  he  had  many  heavenly  speculations,  and 
was  a  divine  poet,  but  I  hope  the  world  will  not  take  him  to  be  an 
inspired  prophet,  and  therefore  I  license  the  whole  book."  What 
would  the  Vice-Chancellor  now  say  to  see  religion  "  standing  a  tip- 
toe "  on  the  weslirn  shores  of  this  continent,  ready  to  pass  on,  as  its 
divine  mission, 

"To  unpathed  waters,  undreamed  shores." 

We  at  the  East,  in  our  most  thoughtful  moods,  are  almost  inclined 


APPENDIX.  317 

to  envy  you — so  far  distant,  yet  so  near  in  heart — your  great  privi- 
lege and  opportunity.  You  are  truly  laying  the  foundations  of  em- 
pire. All  that  the  old  civilization  can  give  you  is  now,  or  will  soon 
be,  at  your  feet.  May  you  appropriate  whatever  is  excellent,  and 
know  how  to  reject  what  is  noxious.  Tacitus  gives  us  the  secret  of 
Rome's  hold  over  the  nations  it  subdued — that  it  was  :  Transferendo 
hue  quod  usquam  egregium  fuit.  Here,  too,  under  Providence,  is  the 
secret  of  the  real  progress  of  mankind  as  it  passes  round  from  East 
to  West,  in  its  unfaltering  course,  subduing  it  in  the  name  of  civil- 
ization and  Christianity.  In  that  progress  your  State  and  your  Col- 
lege may  have  no  insignificant  work  to  do. 

Let  me  greet  you,  too,  not  only  in  the  name  of  good  learning,  and 
of  Christian  brotherhood,  but  also  in  the  name  of  our  common  Re- 
public— one  and  indivisible.  Your  State  has  done  nobly  for  that 
Union  which  we  have  all  learned  to  love  and  honor  more  deeply  in 
the  hours  of  its  adversity  than  we  ever  did  in  the  pride  of  its  pros- 
perity. Our  great  conflict  with  this  terrible  Rebellion  approaches  its 
crisis.  The  news  from  our  Potomac  army  is  most  encouraging; 
never  has  it  been  in  so  high  a  state  of  vigor,  and  discipline,  and  unity. 
We  hope  and  pray  for  its  success  in  the  imminent  struggle,  because — 
as  an  officer  of  the  army  said  to  me — "  because  we  believe  in  God." 
Our  national  cause  is  identified  with  the  principles  of  republican 
government,  of  civil  liberty,  and  of  human  freedom;  and  so,  too, 
with  the  progress  of  civilization  and  Christianity.  And  when  this 
cause  shall  triumph,  then  the  Atlantic  States  and  the  Pacific  States 
will  clasp  inseparable  hands. 

May  the  College  of  California  help  to  bind  these  States  together 
in  the  name  of  good  letters  and  of  one  common  Christian  faith. 
Yours  most  truly,  Henry  B.  Smith. 

Prof.  Martin  Kellogg. 

Bear  Valley,  Cal.,  May  i8,  1864. 

My  Dear  Sir  :  I  do  not  see  that  it  is  possible  for  me  to  discharge 
my  obligations  to  Mr.  O.  and  return  to  San  Francisco  in  season  for 
the  festival  at  Oakland.  Do  tell  Mr.  A\'illey  how  willingly  I  would 
make  the  journey,  seeing  how  much  (too  much)  importance  he  at- 
taches to  my  being  there,  if  it  were  possible  for  me  to  do  so.  Your 
poem  would  be  to  me  the  strong  inducement  on  the  occasion.  I 
might,  perhaps,  tell  them  how  we  have  watered,  and  sowed  seed,  and 
waited  until  the  time  of  germination,  which  story  has  a  moral,  viz  : 
Labor  and  wait;  patience,  there's  a  good  time  coming.     I  hardly  dare 


318  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

hold  out  the  faintest  hope  of  my  being  there.  If  by  any  means  I 
can  squeeze  out  the  days  needed  to  reach  San  Francisco,  I  will  do 
so  you  may  be  sure;  but  I  despair  of  doing  so. 

Yours  truly,  B.  Silliman,  Jr. 

C.  T.  H.  Palmer,  Esq. 

San  Francisco,  May  27,  1864. 

Rev.  Mr.  Willey — Dear  Sir:  I  received  your  note  this  morning, 
and  doubly  regret  that  I  shall  not  be  able  to  be  at  Oakland  next 
Tuesday.  I  have  an  old  engagement  on  hand  to  give  the  diplomas, 
etc.,  at  the  Benicia  Seminary  (as  you  did  last  year),  and  I  find  that 
the  time  is  the  same  as  that  of  your  festival. 

I  wrote  up  a  few  days  ago  to  be  released  from  my  engagement, 
not  with  any  reference  to  your  Commencement,  but  because  I  have 
been  so  ill,  lately,  that  I  do  not  want  to  leave  home.  I  received, 
however,  such  a  protest  against  it  that  I  feel  bound  in  honor  not  to 
disappoint  them,  but  to  keep  my  original  engagement;  of  course  I 
cannot  be  at  Oakland. 

It  is,  I  assure  you,  a  great  disappointment  to  me,  but  I  must  ask 
you  to  make  my  apologies  to  your  gathering. 

Yours  faithfully,  Wm.  Ingraham  Kip, 

Bishop  of  California. 

Seattle,  \\.  T.,  May  24,  1864. 
Rev.  S.  \\.  NVn.LEV,  A.  M. — Dear  Sir:  I  am  happy  to  acknowl- 
edge the  circular  addressed  to  college  graduates,  inviting  their  at- 
tendance at  a  general  Alumni  meeting  to  be  held  at  Oakland  May  31. 
It  would  afford  me  great  jjleasure  to  share  in  the  festivities  of  that 
occasion,  and  by  my  presence  add  one  to  the  throng  of  the  many 
graduates  who  on  that  day  shall  assemble  to  do  honor  to  their  re- 
spective Alma  Maters,  but  owing  to  the  pressure  of  my  official  du- 
ties just  at  this  particular  season,  I  can  only  send  my  cordial  greeting 
to  the  common  brotherhood,  while  my  heart  throbs  with  especial 
yearnings  toward  the  honored  sons  of  "Old  Dartmouth,"  who  shall 
on  that  occasion,  in  common  with  the  sons  of  Harvard,  Yale,  and 
other  institutions,  less  venerable  but  none  the  less  honored,  hasten 
to  this  new  shrine  erected  on  the  Pacific,  to  pay  their  vows  and  offer 
their  oblations.  Let  us  ever  cherish  with  fondness  and  alTection  the 
memory  of  our  respective  Alma  Maters,  under  whose  fostering  care 
the  early  years  of  opening  manhood  were  so  pleasantly  spent,  and 
manifest  our  devotion  by  being  ever  found  doing  faithful  service  in 
the  cause  of  sound  learning,  religion,  and  progress,  and  hearty  sup- 


APPENDIX.  311) 

porters  of  the  general  Government,  so  that  our  mothers — both  marital 
and  educational — may,  with  pride  and  exaltation,  say  of  us  as  did 
the  Roman  matron.  "These  are  my  jewels." 

Hoping  that  at  some  future  reunion  I  may  be  permitted  to  enjoy 
what  on  this  occasion  I  so  much  regret  to  lose,  I  will  close  this  com- 
munication, expressing  the  desire  and  hope  that  I  may  be  privileged 
to  welcome  at  the  University  of  Washington  Territory  some,  if  not 
all,  of  the  college  "boys,"  of  whatever  name,  that  shall  assemble  on 
the  thirty-first.  May  none  of  them  ever  grow  old,  but  annually 
plunge  into  this  fountain  of  youth,  which,  not  like  that  myth  of  Ponce 
de  Leon,  shall  ever  renew  their  youth. 

Trusting  that  I  may  hear  the  result  of  this  first,  but  ever-to-be-con- 
tinued meeting  of  Alumni  on  the  Pacific, 

I  remain  very  respectfully,  W.  E.  Barnard, 

Pres.    University  of  W.   T. 

The  Grove,  Oregon,  May  lo,  1864. 

Rev.  Samuel  H.  Willev — Dear  Sir:  I  have  received  an  invita- 
tion to  attend  the  first  Commencement  of  the  College  of  California 
on  the  thirty- first  inst.  It  would  give  me  great  pleasure  to  do  so.  I 
think  I  could  sympathize  with  the  joy  that  you  will  all  feel  on  that 
occasion.  I  know  the  thankfulness  that  you  all  feel  for  the  success 
that  has  so  far  crowned  your  efforts  in  so  great  and  noble  an  enter- 
prise. None  of  you  even  would  be  disposed  to  more  magnify,  in 
thought  and  speech,  the  far-reaching  importance  of  these  colleges, 
which,  amid  all  kinds  of  discouragements,  we  are  trying  to  found 
upon  this  coast. 

You  could  have  no  guest  more  heartily  in  sympathy  with  the  oc- 
casion, if  I  could  attend,  but  it  is  impossible  for  me  to  take  such  a 
journey  this  summer. 

I  should  like  much  to  represent  in  person  our  college  among  you, 
and  claim  fraternity  in  ai/iis  and  labors,  for  I  should  feel  that  we  were 
actuated  by  a  common  sentiment,  which  I  might  express  thus:  That 
men  of  an  intellectual  adhere,  that  was  spiritual  :\\so,  and  a  character 
that  was  the  growth  of  a  religious  as  well  as  highly  intellectual  cult- 
ure, were  the  great  want  of  society  here  as  well  as  elsewhere  in  our 
country,  and  that  under  God  the  college  was  the  instrument  for  ob- 
taining them.  May  the  College  of  California  be  the  means  of 
bringing  forth  many  men  of  wisdom  and  might,  to  do  great  things  for 
the  cause  of  truth  und  the  best  interests  of  man  in  the  times  to  come. 
Very  sincerely  yours,  etc..  S.  H.  Marsh. 


III.    COMMENCEMENT  ORATION-"  THE 
UNIVERSITY.'" 


By   Henry   Durant. 


Mr.  President,  Ladie.s,  and  Gentlemen  :  Were  it  "The  Univer- 
sity," as  contra-distinguished  from  the  more  common  methods  of  our 
popular  education,  that  I  were  about  to  discourse  of,  I  should  hardly 
introduce  the  fact  directly,  and  to  begin  with  (invidious  as  this  would 
be),  but  only  through  some  sort  of  insinuation  by  which  I  might 
seem  to  have  won  your  sympathy,  or  your  prejudice,  in  its  behalf. 
But  as  it  is  of  "The  University,"  in  connection  with  the  popular 
methods,  and  not  in  contrariety  to  them,  as  working  with  them  and 
for  them,  fostering  them  in  its  loving  care,  drawing  them  into  its 
own  life,  and  growing  them,  with  itself,  into  the  same  structure,  that 
I  venture  to  speak,  may  I  not  hope  to  have  given  no  offense  to  the 
partisans  of  either  a  common  or  a  liberal  education,  possibly  to 
have  conciliated  both  in  the  interest  of  a  common  cause,  in  having 
thus  announced  my  theme. 

It  has  seemed  strange  to  some  persons,  that  "  the  tree  "  (if  it 
were  a  tree)  "  whose  mortal  taste  brought  death  into  the  world,  and 
all  our  woe,"  should  have  been  "  the  tree  of  the  knowledge  of  good 
and  evil,"  and  that  man  should  not  have  found,  in  the  fruit  of  that 
very  tree,  a  proper  preventative  to  his  fall,  and  all  the  ills  which  have 
followed  in  its  train.  But  if  we  no  longer  make  the  eating  in  ques- 
tion, and  the  knowledge,  interchangeable  terms;  if  by  the  eating  of 
good  and  evil,  we  understand  a  practical  experiment  at  living,  in  the 
contradiction  of  the  two,  and  by  the  kno7c>ledge  that  observation  of 
nature  and  that  light  of  the  reason  and  of  the  conscience  which, 
preliminary  to  choice,  and  anticipating  its  consequences,  should  have 

I  This  oration  was  delivered  June  7,  1S65. 


.APPEXD/X.  321 

forestalled  any  such  exi)criment — then  we  have  a  distinction,  which 
shows  us  the  nature  and  the  origin  of  evil,  the  sphere  of  good,  and 
vindicates  knowledge  as  a  faithful  monitor  and  a  righteous  judge  — the 
tiery  cherubim  set  in  the  milder  form  of  fruit  and  flower,  in  the  midst 
of  the  garden,  to  keep  the  thoughtful  soul  in  "  the  way  of  the  tree 
of  life." 

But  knowledge,  to  serve  such  a  purpose,  must  be  knowledge  in  the 
proper  sense  of  the  term;  knowledge  in  the  sense  of  science; 
knowledge  not  of  things,  merely,  but  of  principles;  not  of  elements 
alone,  but  of  organisms  ;  not  of  parts  only,  but  of  wholes.  There 
are  three  states,  or  moods,  of  matter,  as  likewise  of  humanity,  and 
of  universal  mind,  in  the  distinctions  of  which  we  have  the  charac- 
teristics, also,  of  three  methods  of  education  (the  only  methods  pos- 
sible), and  in  the  history  of  which  moods,  as  developed  by  these 
methods,  all  knowledge  and  all  good  and  evil.  The  Jirsi  of  the 
moods  is  that  of  merely  occupying  space,  or  simple  existence,  with- 
out distinction  of  form  or  sort,  everywhere  the  same,  homogeneous. 
The  second  is  that  of  elements — individuals,  and  is  a  progress  upon 
the  first  by  the  intervention  of  the  law  of  species,  or  specialization. 
The  third  is  that  of  organisms,  under  a  law  of  proportion  or  har- 
mony, constructing  the  simple  forms  of  the  second  into  unities  and 
wholes.  This  last  mood  is  the  proper  ultimatum  of  all  existence, 
the  perfection  of  all  ends,  the  ideal  and  the  realization  of  good  and 
of  right,  the  soul  and  the  embodiment  of  science.  It  is  the  fulfill- 
ment, as  we  see,  of  the  two  laws  of  which  we  have  spoken,  which  are 
the  two  laws  of  all  develoi)ment  and  progress — the  right  hand,  if  I 
may  so  say,  and  the  left  hand  of  the  Creator  and  of  his  providence, 
and  of  all  subordinate,  responsible  power  working  everywhere  through 
the  realm  of  created  existence,  in  the  first  mood  of  it,  producing 
thence,  on  the  one  side,  individuality  and  multitude;  on  the  other, 
society — organization;  in  the  one  of  which  we  have  the  higher  law, 
in  the  other  the  lower ;  in  the  subordination  of  the  lower  of  which 
to  the  higher  —all  good  ;  in  that  of  the  higher  to  the  lower — all  evil ; 
in  the  conflict  and  alternation  of  the  two — the  whole  history  of  the 
world — the  eating  of  good  and  evil. 

Of  the  three  methods  of  education  answering  to  these  distinctions, 
one  limits  itself  to  the  sphere  of  the  lower  law,  and  is  special ; 
another  allows  neither  of  the  laws,  and  seeks  to  suppress  all  devel- 
opment and  progress  ;  the  other  unites  the  two  in  itself,  and  affords 
the  idea  of  the  true  university. 


322  Ill^rORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

Now,  it  is  obvious  that  any  education  which  denies  all  liberty  to 
its  subjects,  allowing  them  neither  to  run  into  diversity,  nor  to  grow 
into  union,  but  attempts  to  coerce  them  into  sameness  or  uniform- 
ity, must  be  wrong,  inasmuch  as  it  is  contrary  to  destiny,  which  im- 
plies progress  ;  contrary  to  nature,  which  is  a  something  yet  to  be- 
come, and  not  already  finished — contrary  to  creation  itself,  crushing 
back  its  beautiful  order  into  chaos.  It  is  equally  obvious  that  any 
education  which  has  for  its  sphere  that  merely  of  the  lower  law,  or 
which  revolves  about  the  lower  as  its  center,  at  whatever  distance,  is 
wrong,  and  just  in  proportion  wrong,  as  it  disallows  the  domination 
of  the  higher;  and  that  the  true  method  is  one  which  unites  and 
fulfills  in  itself  the  two  laws — is  at  once  elementary  and  construct- 
ive, the  one  for  the  other,  in  the  interest  alike  of  the  parts  and  of 
the  whole. 

This  idea  of  education  will  startle  no  one,  we  trust,  as  seeming 
new  ;  for  it  is  new  only  to  those  who  are  ignorant  of  what  is  the 
very  first  and  most  fiimiliar  of  all  the  ideas  that  have  ever  been  in 
the  world.  It  is  new  only  in  the  sense  in  which  love  was  new  as  a 
proclamation  of  gospel,  only  because  it  had  been  blindly  overlooked 
from  the  beginning,  or  grown  obsolete  through  long  disuse.  It  is 
that  very  light  in  whose  shining  man  woke  to  his  first  consciousness 
of  himself  as  man — as  an  individual,  that  is  to  say,  responsible  to 
the  law  of  his  whole  kind ;  that  light  which  already  confronted  his 
very  first  outlook  upon  life,  and  anticipated  even  the  first  step  of 
what  was  yet  to  be  his  eventful,  adventurous  career :  "  Be  fruitful 
and  multiply  and  replenish  the  earth,  and  subdue  it " — di\ide  and 
conquer,  by  virtue  of  the  lower  law;  by  that  of  the  higher,  ncon- 
s/ruct,  uni/c,  a?id  ''  have  doininiotiy 

Give  to  every  clime  and  zone  its  own  especial  type  of  man — to 
every  place  its  especial  individual,  till  the  whole  earth  is  filled  with  its 
peoples,  and  every  son  and  daughter  of  Adam  has  wrought  the  special 
task  assigned  to  each  in  subduing  it,  so  it  be  subdued  for  a/l  as  a 
common  good,  and  ruled  for  all  by  the  higher  law  of  a  common 
right  and  a  common  duty.  A  work  for  everyone  and  everyone  for 
a  work,  so  the  division  of  labor  merges  private  convenience  into  pub- 
lic economy,  and  makes  private  advantage  promotive  of  the  common 
weal.  A  place  for  everything  and  everything  in  its  place;  a  use  for 
every  talent  and  every  talent  to  its  use  ;  a  sphere  for  every  social  or- 
der; a  polity  for  every  State;  the  greater  the  number,  and  the  greater 


APPENniX.  3L'3 

the  liberty  of  each — the  better  the  union  of  all,  provided  the  union 
be  impartial,  and  provided  it  be  maintained.  Analyze  and  differen- 
tiate to  any  extent;  disintegrate  the  masses;  break  down  the  sects 
to  their  lowest  denominations — even  to  insects— so  you  construct 
from  these  lower  forms  which  you  have  destroyed,  the  higher  unities. 
If  there  be  a  harmony  of  colors  more  beautiful  than  the  unity  of 
light  in  which  the  colors  are  all  lost,  it  is  well  that  light  should  re- 
solve itself  into  its  elements,  so  it  paint  in  that  higher  beauty  the 
world  which  it  reveals.  It  is  well  that  water  should  give  up  its  oxy- 
gen to  the  fire,  and  its  hydrogen  to  burn  with  it,  that  in  the  heat  of 
its  own  elements  thus  reunited  it  may  spring  again  into  steam,  to 
drive  the  ships  of  commerce  over  its  own  wide  wastes,  so  it  near  the 
nations  which  it  has  been  wont  to  separate,  and  annihilate  itself  as  a 
barrier  between  them,  and  "  there  be  no  more  sea."  Sharpen  the 
points  of  character  in  everything  and  every  person,  no  matter  how 
acutely;  project  them,  no  matter  how  extremely;  diflerentiate  them, 
no  matter  how  widely,  so  you  hold  them  in  their  due  relations  to 
one  another,  and  unite  them  in  beauteous,  loyal  consistency  of  sys- 
tem, to  serve  the  uses,  not  of  your  single  self,  indeed,  nor  of  a  sin- 
gle people,  nor  of  a  single  color  or  type  of  men,  but  all  the  proper  uses 
together  of  the  whole  human  race.  So  win,  so  wear  your  crown. 
This  be  your  culture,  this  your  Alma  Mater,  this  your  degree.  Edu- 
cated thus  in  processes  of  thought  and  of  practice  so  special  and  yet 
so  comprehensive,  so  particular  and  yet  so  liberal — true  Alumnus  of 
such  a  university  graduate,  at  once,  a  subject  and  a  king. 

This  is  the  idea — the  normal  idea — of  a  truly  liberal  education, 
set  forth  in  the  basis  and  curriculum  of  God's  own  university. 

As  opposed  to  this,  the  other  two  methods  must  be  noticed  again, 
and  with  more  particularity.  First,  the  special  method ;  and  I  know 
not  how  I  may  better  introduce  it  in  this  connection,  or  illustrate  it 
at  all,  than  by  recalling  the  very  brief  history  of  its  origin.  Its  best 
exponent,  I  would  observe,  is  to  be  found  in  the  cognomen  of  its 
author,  Diabolos — derived,  no  doubt,  from  the  peculiarities  of  his 
own  profession — the  divider.^  dissipater,  analyzer.  It  followed  into 
the  world  immediately  upon  the  first  method;  indeed,  as  an  experi- 
ment—an accomplished  fact — it  anticipated  the  first  and  superceded 
it.  It  took  the  form  of  a  private  enterprise,  on  the  very  plausible 
line  of  observation  and  exjiCriment;  the  Baconian  method  anticipated 
— all   but  the  method  ;  the  farts  and  phenomena  the  same,  without 


324  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

the  laws — a  i)olytechnic  school;  rolling  stock,  without  a  railway;  a 
curriculum  without  a  basis.  It  began  with  object  teachings  in  the  fa- 
vorite way  of  analysis  and  specialization — the  grand  significance  of 
the  object,  its  own  integrity,  and  its  relations  to  other  objects,  as 
parts  of  a  greater  whole  -  left  out.  It  was  to  have  nothing  to  do 
with  wholes.  "  Take  care  of  the  parts ;  wholes  take  care  of  them- 
selves : "  "  Masticate  well ;  digestion  follows,  of  course  :  "  "  Or 
whether  it  follow  or  not,  the  whole  interest  in  eating  ends  with  the 
pleasure  of  the  palate  :  "  "  All  beyond  is  ferra  incognita: "  "  Life  and 
assimilation  are  neither  here  nor  there  :"  "  These  do  not  come  within 
the  range  of  observation  : "  "  We  have  to  do  with  phenomena  :  " 
"  Substance  is  a  mystery  or  a  myth  :  "  "  The  tailor  makes  the  man  :  " 
"Society  is  nothing  better  than  a  dress  parade,  if  it  be  anything  bet- 
ter than  a  parade  of  dress  :  "  "The  kingdom  of  heaven  cometh  by 
observation  :  "  "  The  life  is  not  more  than  meat :  "  "  Nor  the  body 
than  raiment."  This  we  suppose  to  have  been  the  introduction  of  his 
first  lecture,  delivered  to  his  auditory,  Adam  and  Eve.  The  lecturer 
proceeds :  "  Lady  and  Gentleman  :  Rare  tree  is  this  which  we  have 
here  in  the  midst  of  the  garden — this  '  tree  of  the  knowledge  of 
good  and  evil ' — fine  shade — fine  fruit  !  Rare  apple  this  which 
reaches  itself  down  to  us  on  this  bending  bough!  Let  us  pluck  it 
and  analyze  it.  Handle  it,  weigh  it,  measure  it,  look  at  it,  smell  it, 
taste  it,  eat  it — and  be  wise.  Mellow  tints  !  What  a  fragrance  ! 
How  delicious  it  must  be  to  the  ta-ste  !  Paragon  of  fruits  !  Crown- 
ing luxury  of  Paradise  !  Who  would  be  a  drudge,  a  slave  to  re- 
claim the  earth,  in  the  preposterous  hope  of  emerging,  at  some  time 
or  other,  from  such  a  degradation,  a  king  !  when,  if  you  only  eat 
this  a])ple,  just  now,  forthwith  ye  become  as  gods,  knowing  good  and 
evil." 

Never  was  special  pleading  more  specious.  Never  was  specific 
more  plausibly  ])almed  upon  the  world.  The  first  of  the  quacks  may 
have  had  his  imitators  in  abundance,  scarcely  his  equals,  either  for 
the  magnitude  of  the  mischief  compressed  into  the  minuteness  of 
his  doses,  or  the  amounl  of  credulity  with  which  his  patients  were 
made  to  swallow  them. 

It  was  a  special  point  which  the  tempter  pressed  u])on  man.  It 
was  a  special  passion  in  man  which  was  touched  by  the  temptation. 
"  Only  eat  (a  felicity  in  itself)  and  the  keys  of  knowledge  and  of 
heaven  are  your  own."     Self-aggrandizement  by  self-indulgence. 


APPENDIX. 

The  bait  is  no  sooner  taken  than  the  death-fall  is  sprung;  the  tie 
that  binds  man  to  his  Maker,  and  to  his  kind,  is  severed;  the  law 
of  separation  becomes  supreme;  society  is  dissolved;  the  age  of 
individuality,  carried  to  its  ultimatum,  in  absolute  selfishness,  ensues. 
Cain  and  Lamech  and  the  Giants  become  its  representatives;  lust 
and  license  prevail,  and  run  riot;  and  ruffianism  rides  rough-shod 
over  the  world.  Costly  experiment  at  specialty!  Cheap,  had  it 
been  the  last! 

It  will  help  us  still  the  better  to  appreciate  the  method  which  we 
have  assumed  to  be  the  true  method  of  education  if  we  notice  more 
particularly  than  we  have  done  that  other  false  one  which  we  have 
characterized  as  the  method  of  uniformity.  Despairing  of  any 
orderly  reconstruction,  by  force  of  the  higher  laws,  when  once  the 
elements  are  set  loose  under  license  of  the  lower,  it  goes  back  for 
relief  to  the  first  mood  of  all  things,  homogeneousness.  Unlike  con- 
servatism, which  it  assumes  to  be,  which,  at  the  worst,  only  stereo- 
types humanity  where  it  is,  this  method,  so  far  from  fixing  the  types, 
which  it  finds  already  set  up,  breaks  down  and  fuses  them  into  the 
mass  from  which  they  were  originally  molded,  to  secure  them  against 
collision  on  the  one  hand,  or  dissipation  on  the  other.  It  would 
reproduce  the  old  glacial  period,  and  stiffen  our  fluent  seas  and 
oceans  into  solid  ice,  to  save  the  fishes  from  running  wild  through 
the  deep,  or  making  havoc  upon  one  another.  It  is  the  recoil  of 
timidity  and  distrust  from  what  seems  to  have  happened  so  dis- 
astrously to  the  world  through  its  attempts  hitherto  at  progress. 
It  seeks  peace  and  stability  in  consolidation.  This  has  had  much 
to  do  with  the  social  life  and  civilization  of  the  race;  it  must  have 
something  to  do  with  our  estimate  of  the  true  university.  It  crops 
out  into  history,  for  the  first,  in  the  institution  of  Babel.  That  "the 
whole  earth  was  of  one  language  and  of  one  speech,"  implies  nmch 
less  a  community  of  mere  words  or  leticrs  than  of  beliefs  and  sen- 
timents; just  as  language  and  speech  are  matters  much  less  of  sound 
and  sight  than  of  significance.  The  people  were  one  in  their  pro- 
fessions, their  formularies  of  faith,  and  their  terms  of  social  inter- 
course; they  had  not  yet  fallen  to  wrangling  about  usages  and  doc- 
trines; their  faith  in  each  other  had  been  implicit.  But  a  new  era 
has  come.  Some  signs  of  disaffection  appear;  some  fears  of  it,  at 
least,  are  felt.  Prudence  dictates  the  adoption  of  some  means  to 
forestall  the  recurrence  of  the  late  disastrous  adventure  of  the  race. 


326  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

What  shall  it  be?  Individuality  had  wrought  the  mischief  before; 
individuality  must  therefore  be  repressed.  Personal  liberty  must 
be  denied.  Society,  which  results  from  the  interflow  and  interaction 
of  individual  wills,  ideas,  and  affections,  is  impracticable.  The 
conflict  between  "  the  law  of  the  members,"  and  "  the  law  of  the 
mind,"  is  irreconcilable.  The  parties  to  it  can  never  be  pacificated; 
they  must  both  be  emptied  of  their  respective  i)Owers,  and  then 
fused  or  compressed  into  one  brute  mass.  The  idea  of  Babel, 
doubtless,  was  to  destroy  the  individual  and  the  kind,  alike,  in  an 
absolute  consolidation.  What  could  not  be  held  in  one,  by  mutual 
attractions,  like  the  molecules  of  a  crystal,  must  be  piled  like  bricks, 
and  cemented  together  by  slime.  The  living  body  of  society  must 
be  reduced  to  a  petrifaction;  or  rather  its  vitalities,  its  liberties,  its 
wishes,  and  its  wills,  like  the  fossils  of  the  old  geology,  must  be 
caught  and  entombed  in  a  formation  of  rocks.  "  Go  to,  let  us  make 
brick,  and  burn  them  thoroughly.  And  they  had  brick  for  stone, 
and  slime  had  they  for  mortar.  And  they  said,  Go  to,  let  us  build 
us  a  city,  and  a  tower,  whose  top  may  reach  unto  heaven;  and  let 
us  make  us  a  name  \she7n — ism — charm — /ah's}nati\  lest  we  be  scat- 
tered abroad  upon  the  face  of  the  whole  earth." 

"They  formed  the  design,"  suggests  Morison,  author  of  "The 
Religious  History  of  Man,"  "  of  rearing  a  building,  or  temple, 
whereon  the  insignia,  or  sensible  images,  of  a  common  faith  and  a 
common  practice,  should  be  portrayed,  and  a  standard  erected,  that 
non-conformity  might  be  prevented,  schisms  avoided,  and  diversities 
of  sentiment  and  culture  averted  from  the  world."  The  execution 
of  such  a  scheme  would,  of  itself,  unite  them  in  a  work  of  many 
years;  and  then  standing  before  them  visibly,  as  the  realization  and 
triumph  of  their  common  hoi)es  and  labors,  how  would  this  temple 
with  its  ^'■insignia"  emblazoned  upon  its  walls  for  belles-lettres  alike, 
and  ritual,  liturgy,  and  cook-book,  Lord  Chesterfield,  and  "  States- 
man's Manual,"  serve  as  a  charm — a  talisman — to  draw  them  together, 
and  to  trance  them  it  might  be  into  uniformity!  With  their  eyes 
all  fixed  on  the  same  objects,  like  any  modern  circle  of  mutual  mes- 
merizers,  spelling  out  the  same  characters,  and  their  lips  all  rehears- 
ing the  same  sounds,  their  minds  also  following  after  each  other  in  the 
same  rounds;  and  their  hearts  all  flowing  together  in  the  same  mold, 
would  they  not  soon  become  as  uniform  and.  fixed  in  idea  and  char- 
acter as  in  ceremony  and    disriiiline?      No  circle   of  mesmerized 


APPENDIX.  327 

mortals  would  be  more  likely  to  fall  into  common  ropport,  and  to 
lose  their  personal  faculties  in  a  common  passivity  and  stupefaction, 
than  these  formalists  of  Babel.  We  recall,  as  an  illustration  of  the 
talismanic  force  that  might  be  expected  to  result  from  this  contrivance, 
the  rallying  center  of  the  Mohammedan  world,  the  city  of  Mecca, 
to  which,  from  every  quarter  of  the  earth,  the  Moslem  pilgrim 
rej^airs  to  drink  of  its  holy  zemzem,  or  well;  to  stand  in  its  sacred 
mountain,  Arafat;  to  enter  its  consecrated  Kaaba,  and  there  to  kiss 
the  black  stone — Kebla — which  was  dropped  from  heaven,  and 
towards  which,  as  towards  heaven  itself,  the  eyes  and  the  hearts  of 
the  flxithful  are  turned  forevermore  in  their  devotions. 

Such  was  the  idea  of  Babel.  It  must  be  arrested.  It  is  no  less 
hostile  to  the  genius  and  the  mission  of  man  than  the  scheme  before 
the  flood.  "  And  the  Lord  came  down  to  see  the  city  and  the 
tower  which  the  children  of  men  builded.  And  the  Lord  said, 
Behold,  the  people  is  one,  and  they  have  all  one  language;  and 
this  they  begin  to  do;  and  now  nothing  will  be  restrained  from  them, 
which  they  have  imagined  to  do.  Go  to,  let  us  go  down,  and  there 
confound  their  language,  that  they  may  not  hearken  to  each  other's 
speech.  So  the  Lord  scattered  them  abroad  from  thence  upon  the  face 
of  all  the  earth.'  Not,  however,  that  they  began  to  talk  in  unknown 
tongues,  or  in  different  dialects — a  difficulty  easily  to  be  overruled — 
their  written  signs,  or  hieroglyphics,  remaining  the  same  to  all,  as  now 
is  the  case  with  the  many  dialects  of  China,  but  began  to  hold  a  differ- 
ent lafigiiage,  or  to  express  a  disagreement  between  themselves,  as  to 
the  objects  and  merits  of  the  enterprise  in  hand.  Their  individual- 
ities began  to  appear.  They  were  not  to  be  forced  or  cajoled  by  a 
few  usurpers,  into  an  unnatural  uniformity.  From  this  point  dates  a 
new  era — the  era  of  that  conflict,  which  events  are  now  fast  bringing  to 
a  close — the  conflict  between  the  spirit  of  independency  in  man, 
roused  and  fired  by  the  providence  of  God,  yet  guarded  by  the  same 
providence;  and  the  idea  of  uniformity,  as  laid  down  in  the  founda- 
tions of  the  tower  and  the  city  of  Babylon.  Into  this  great  structure — 
Babel  and  Babylon — no  mean  Bastile  of  Paris,  or  Tower  of  London — 
this  world-prison,  were  the  whole  human  race  to  be  cast,  as  beasts 
into  a  den,  by  that  "mighty  hunter  before  the  Lord,"  or  to  follow 
the  Hebrew  closely,  "that  mighty  religious  marauder,  Nimrod." 
This  was  the  beginning  of  the  Papacy.  In  Babel  and  Babylon  we 
have  the  germ  of  "  world-cmjiirc,"   and  of  the  C^hurrh  of   Rome. 


328  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

So  long  does  this  establishment  antedate  its  name.  Nimrod,  the 
father  ypapd)  of  this  scheme  of  uniformity,  and  the  first  persecutor 
to  sustain  it,  was  the  first  Pope.  Shall  it  prevail  ?  Not  without 
resistance.  The  spirit  that  is  stirred  up  against  it,  and  in  behalf  of 
the  individual,  and  of  the  human  race  alike,  shall  be  allayed  only  in 
reaching  its  own  ends.  Its  destiny  is  that  of  man  himself, — "to  be 
fruitful  and  multiply,  and  replenish  the  earth,  and  subdue  it  and 
have  dominion."  Sliding  down  from  Nimrod  and  his  times,  through 
many  centuries,  along  the  line  of  prescription  and  conformity — a 
facilis  descensus — we  reach  the  fatal  break,  which  no  ages  shall  ever 
repair — the  defection  of  the  Greeks  from  the  Romish  Church,  and 
the  fall  and  partition  of  the  Roman  Empire.  In  these  great  events 
which  inaugurate  our  own  era,  the  many  causes  which  had  long  been 
threatening  dismemberment,  culminated,  not  to  find  a  level  where  to 
rest,  but  a  head,  from  which  to  flow  the  more  freely  and  widely  over 
the  world;  as  if  the  bands,  which  had  held  the  fountains  of  the  great 
deep  to  their  places,  had  been  broken  up,  and  the  waters  had  come 
over  the  earth,  to  sap  and  loosen  its  solidarities  of  Church  and 
State,  and  to  set  its  peoples  afloat,  each  in  their  own  ark,  to  drift 
their  several  ways,  upon  new  coasts  of  life,  there  to  settle  themselves 
apart,  and  there  to  grow  the  more  freely  out  of  centers  of  their  own, 
according  to  their  own  understanding,  and  after  the  desires  of  their 
own  hearts. 

And  what  a  spectacle  of  peoples  and  of  human  developments  it 
is,  with  which  the  world  is  presenting  us  to-day  !  Not  a  continent, 
nor  a  peninsula,  nor  scarcely  an  island;  not  a  mountain  range,  nor 
outspread  valley;  not  a  desert  waste,  nor  forest  wild,  without  its 
own  special  nmltitude  of  men — not  less  peculiar  to  itself  in  type 
of  constitution,  than  in  circumstance  and  place,  nor  more  peculiar 
in  either,  or  in  all,  than  in  language,  sentiment,  and  character. 
Diversity  and  multitude  would  seem  to  have  approximated  their 
limits.  What  peculiarity  of  station  for  a  man  to  fill,  without  its 
peculiarity  of  a  man  to  fill  it !  What  peculiarity  of  a  task  for 
humanity  to  achieve,  without  its  peculiarity  of  human  talent  to 
achieve  it !  What  place  so  eccentric,  or  outlandish,  that  the 
"schoolmaster  abroad"  does  not  find  it?  What  field  of  observa- 
tion, on  land  or  water,  which  the  prospector  does  not  traverse,  with 
the  merchant,  or  the  settler  in  his  tracks,  to  appropriate  his  dis- 
coveries ?     Scarcely  a  rood  of  the  ocean's  bed  tiiat  has  not  been  meas- 


APPENDIX.  329 

ured,  and  its  substance  analyzed,  and  booked.  The  very  winds  are 
identified,  and  traced  to  the  places  whence  they  come,  and  whither 
they  go.  The  climates,  the  fauna  and  flora  of  each,  this  soil  and  that, 
adapted  to  this  and  to  that  sort  of  vegetation — all  have  been  dis- 
covered and  reported,  and  the  whole  earth  is  being  comprehended 
and  possessed.  The  poet's  wail  over  the  waste  of  nature's  profu- 
sion scarcely  excites  sympathy  any  more — scarcely  longer  is  it  true, 

that 

"  many  a  gem  of  purest  ray  serene, 

The  dark,  tnifathomed  caves  of  ocean  bear; 

Full  many  a  flower  is  born  to  blush  unseen, 
And  waste  its  sweetness  on  the  desert  air." 

But  what  of  it  all  ?  "  Counting  07ie  by  one,  saith  the  preacher,  to 
find  out  the  account " — what  of  it  all  ?  That  the  human  race  have 
replenished  the  earth  ?  that  men  have  subdued  it  piecemeal  ? 
that  they  possess  it  all,  \nfee  simple^  between  themselves,  as  so  many 
individuals  1  This  were  a  poor  dominion  over  it,  to  have  realized. 
It  may  be  well  that  the  emperor  of  the  French  should  have  given 
to  each  of  his  Algerines  a  freehold  in  the  soil  of  their  own  native 
land.  F(e  simple  is  a  first  step  in  progress  from  solidarity^  but  fee 
simple  is  the  lowest  of  all  titles.  What  signifies  fee  simple  without 
the  State  to  uphold  and  ennoble  it }  Who  so  mean  as  to  be  content 
with  a  homestead  without  a  country  }  or  with  a  country  for  the  sake 
of  a  homestead  ?  or  for  the  sake  of  country  itself?  There  is  a 
wider  range  of  sentiment.  There  is  a  higher  organism;  a  unity 
answering  to  all  the  possibilities  of  man's  social  being — made 
immortal  and  illimitable,  as  it  is,  in  the  image  of  God.  Is  it  that 
we  may  sit,  each  of  us,  under  "  our  own  vine  and  fig  tree,  having 
none  to  molest  us  or  make  us  afraid,"  that  we  sacrifice  vine  and  fig 
tree,  that  our  country  may  be  saved .''  Is  it  that  we  may  have  a 
country  to  live  in^  that  we  die  for  our  country's  sake?  and  not,  rather, 
that  there  is  a  higher  principle  that  survives  the  grave — that  lives 
after  us — for  our  country  to  perpetuate — that  lives  on  in  us,  immortal 
as  ourselves  ?  What  humanity  now  needs  is  its  reconstruction  upon 
this  enduring  principle:  The  education  of  its  peoples  in  that  which 
shall  make  them  one,  and  one  forever — that  which  shall  bring  to 
pass,  as  a  universal  fact,  the  sentiment,  so  familiar  to  us  all,  as  the 
■motto  writtten  in  the  scroll  of  our  national  escutcheon,  so  prophetic 
of  our  destiny,  and  of  our  part,  we  trust,  in  the  destiny  of  the  race 
— E  Plvrihus  Unuin. 


330  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

And  ihia  wc  assume  is  lo  be  the  work  of  what  I  would  call  the 
University — that  institution  which  every  man,  who  is  a  man,  and 
every  woman,  who  is  a  woman,  has  at  least  entered — from  which  I 
knwo  not  who  has  graduated.  Not  a  local  institution,  nor  a 
material  one,  but  the  educational  power  of  all  legitimate  and  loyal 
institutions — not  the  close  corporation  of  a  few  partisan  educators, 
but  the  '■'open  conunufiion^'  of  all  denominations  of  genuine  instruc- 
tion and  enlightenment  in  the  world,  with  those  light-giving,  life- 
giving  influences  of  divine  grace  which  come  directly  from  above — 
the  pulpit  with  its  sanctities,  and  its  inspirations;  the  press,  with  its 
liberty,  restrained  only  by  the  truth;  the  common  school,  and  the 
college;  the  nursery,  and  the  play-ground;  the  whole  apparatus  and 
economy  of  life,  with  whatever  of  instrumentality  or  influence  may 
incorporate  itself  into  the  same  method,  to  work  out  the  grand 
result. 

Nor  is  there  little  in  the  spirit  of  the  age  to  encourage  our  hope 
of  such  a  co-operation.  Never  before  were  the  agencies  for  good 
so  numerous  in  the  world  as  now;  never  before  were  these  agencies 
so  active  in  their  several  spheres  as  now ;  never  before  did  they 
ensphere  themselves  in  combinations  of  such  a  compass  and  of  such 
a  unity  as  now;  never  before,  as  now,  did  the  spirit  of  union  flow 
through  them  all  and  overflow  them,  like  a  baptism,  to  consecrate 
them  all — to  initiate  and  enchurch  them,  if  I  may  so  say,  in  one 
communion.  What  was  once  attempted  occasionally  and  by  here 
and  there  an  individual,  in  the  way  of  doing  good,  is  now  pursued 
as  a  business  by  large  associations.  The  spirit  of  philanthropy  that 
embodied  itself  in  the  person  of  a  single  Howard,  nay,  rather  in  that 
diviner  form  wliich  stood  so  conspicuously  alone  before  the  world 
in  the  person  of  Christ,  is  now  represented  by  multitudes,  not  of 
individuals  only,  but  of  organized  committees,  of  churches,  national 
and  international  societies,  and  world-wide  missions,  that  no  human 
woe  or  want  may  escape  its  notice  or  fail  of  its  relief.  What,  a  gen- 
eration ago,  afforded  only  a  playful  experiment  to  a  Franklin  flying 
his  kite,  is  putting  minds  and  hearts,  the  world  over,  into  commu- 
nication with  one  another,  and  into  each  other's  moods,  and  this  by 
millions,  at  the  same  moment.  Commerce,  which  began  in  piracy 
between  near  neighbors  who  had  hated  each  other,  has  become,  like 
the  ocean  itself  which  once  separated  nations,  one  of  the  great 
pacificators  of  the    world.     Steam- power,   whose   first    historic  ob- 


^ 


APPENDIX.  331 

server,  a  century  since,  was  the  youthful  Walt,  watching  its  play  on 
the  lid  of  his  aunt's  tea-kettle,  and  thought  to  be  an  idler  at  that, 
is  known  and  read  of  all  men  now  as  the  grand  motor  of  commerce, 
travel,  and  the  industrial  arts;  and  as  a  socializer,  though  less  ob- 
served, is  not  less  efficient  or  less  extensive  in  its  influence.  If  it 
has  increased  mechanical  production  a  million-fold,  and  distribution 
in  the  same  ratio,  it  has  done  much  to  retire  servile  toil  from  the 
field  of  competition,  and  to  lift  the  menial  classes  into  something 
like  society.  It  has  given  to  mind  its  proper  liberty  and  leisure  for 
study;  to  social  life,  its  proper  means  of  enjoyment  and  culture; 
has  broken  down  partitions  and  annihilated  distances  which  alienated 
men;  and  set  the  same  men,  face  to  face,  and  side  by  side,  together, 
to  contemplate  each  other,  to  study  and  understand  each  other,  and 
to  accept  each  other  as  neighbors  and  brethren. 

Arkwright  invented  the  spinning-jenny,  and  realized  a  private 
fortune  from  the  sale  of  his  patent  to  a  few  subordinate  monopolists. 
Wheelwright,  our  own  countryman,  if  it  be  lawful  to  identify  such 
a  man  with  any  country,  is  laying  down  his  railroad  systems  along 
the  mountain  slopes,  and  over  the  table-lands,  and  through  the  wide 
savannas  of  South  America;  building  school-houses  and  churches 
alongside  of  his  depots  of  business,  for  the  home  instruction  of  the 
people,  while,  by  the  inter-oceanic  steamship  systems  which  he  has 
organized,  he  is  giving  locomotion,  as  it  were,  to  the  continent  itself, 
and  putting  the  people  into  correspondence,  commercially  and  so- 
cially, with  whatever  is  progressive  or  productive  elsewhere  in  the 
world.  If  Arkwright  was  justly  famous,  in  his  time,  for  the  con- 
tribution which  he  sold  to  the  arts,  Wheelwright  deserves  to  be 
famous  through  all  times — immortal  honor  to  his  name — for  he  is 
working  not  for  himself,  as  his  friends  who  know  him  well  well  know, 
nor  yet  for  the  development  of  so  small  a  field  as  South  America 
alone;  but  (we  speak  in  the  style  of  his  own  modesty)  "to  con- 
tribute his  mite,"  in  this  auspicious  day,  to  the  education  of  the 
whole  world. 

While  many  of  our  own  countrymen,  like  Wheelwright,  are  de- 
voting themselves  to  the  common  interests  of  humanity,  what  shall 
we  say  of  our  beloved  country  herself.?  For  what  is  she  beloved 
the  most  ?  The  great  and  bloody  sacrifice  which  she  has  made— 
shall  we  say,/^?;-  herself,  or  for  vinversal  right  and  liberty  as  well? 
To  maintain  the  Union  of  her  States?  or  to  mnintain  the  /principles 


332  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

on  which  that  Union  rests? — principles  on  which  States  everywhere 
may  rest,  and  rest  forever.  Had  it  been  a  Union  on  narrower 
grounds,  like  that  of  the  German  independencies,  a  mere  compact; 
had  it  been  a  holy  alliance,  to  crush  out  the  liberty  of  the  masses, 
or  to  absorb  the  weaker  powers;  or,  like  that  provided  in  "The 
Pragmatic  Sanction  "  of  Charles  of  Austria,  to  secure  the  succession 
of  a  crown  after  an  arbitrary  line;  or,  like  that  of  the  late  confed- 
eracy of  our  own  Southern  States,  built  on  a  foundation  of  cotton 
and  State  rights,  in  the  pragmatic  sanction  of  treason,  secession,  and 
rebellion ;  to  perpetuate  its  crown  of  slavery,  after  the  arbitrary  line 
of  a  spurious  chivalry — would  our  loyal  Unionists  have  fought  for  it  ? 
Would  they  have  won  in  it  what  they  have  won — a  Union  worthy 
of  our  love  ?  We  love  our  country  for  the  moral  of  her  example. 
We  love  her,  that  while  she  rises  among  the  nations,  as  a  power,  she 
rises  also  as  a  light;  that  having  honored  God  as  his  magistrate, 
"not  bearing  the  sword  in  vain,  but  as  a  terror  to  evil-doers,  and  a 
praise  to  them  that  do  well,"  she  is  honored  of  him,  in  turn,  as  his 
own  chosen  type  of  the  beautiful  consistency  possible  between  the 
independence  of  a  free  people  and  their  loyalty  to  the  State — be- 
tween civil  liberty  and  constitutional  law.  We  love  her,  because  He 
who  has  chastened  her  and  taught  her  to  see  and  recognize  His 
hand,  in  her  discomfitures  and  reverses,  as  well  as  in  her  triumphs, 
and  to  center  all  her  hopes  and  wishes  on  His  blessing  still — that 
He  who  brought  the  light  out  of  darkness  at  first, — the  natural  light, 
— and  thereupon  the  harmonics  of  nature,  out  of  chaos — is  bringing 
her  forth,  a  moral  light  in  these  latter  days;  and  crystallizing  around 
the  principles  which  she  illustrates,  the  social  order  of  the  world. 

With  such  a  prestige,  and  such  a  responsibility,  how  well  may  we 
feel  not  only  what  the  poet  has  written  for  us,  that 

"  \Vc  are  living 
In  a  grand  and  solemn  time; " 

but  that  we  owe  the  privilege  and  the  sublimity  of  our  position,  and 
should  look  for  grace,  that  we  be  true  to  it,  to  Him  whose  is  the 
kingdom,  for  which  we  have  been  taught  to  pray  ever  since  we  lisped 
the  prayer,  "  Thy  kingdom  come ;  thy  will  be  done  on  earth  as  it  is 
in  Heaven." 

We  give  the  thanks,  O  God,  to  ihce — 

The  glory  of  our  nation's  birth; 
It  was  thy  power  that  made  us  free — 
The  i)ower  that  guides  the  rolling  earth. 


APPENDIX.  333 

As  planets  prove  thy  wise  control, 

As  if  in  love  together  bound; 
And  the  successive  seasons  roil 

In  harmony  and  beauty  round; 

Empires,  in  all  their  changes,  show 

The  law  of  thine  unerring  will; 
They  rise  and  fall,  decline  and  grow, 

A  perfect  order  to  fulfill. 

Yes,  order  here  shall  rise  at  last, 

And  wars  and  party  strifes  be  done; 
A  few  more  revolutions  past, 

And  all  mankind  shall  be  as  one. 

And  higher  this  than  nature^s  plan — 

Perfection  of  our  social  good — 
Enthronement  of  the  rights  of  man — 

A  universal  brotherhood. 

We  give  the  thanks,  O  God,  to  thee — 

The  glory  of  our  nation's  birth; 
It  was  thy  power  that  made  us  free — 

The  power  that  yet  shall  free  the  earth. 


IV.    THE  PROJFXT  FOR  THE  IMPROVE- 
RNT  OF  THE  COLLEGE  PROPERTY. 

By  Fred.  Law  Olmstead,  Esq. 


Rev.  S.  H.  Willky,  Chairman  of  Committee — Sir:  The  portion 
of  the  estate  of  the  College  of  California,  for  the  improvement  of 
which  a  plan  is  required,  lies  immediately  below  the  steep  declivities 
of  the  coast  range,  north  and  east  of  that  which  has  already  been 
laid  out  m  rectangular  blocks  and  streets,  and  sold  in  village  house 
lots  by  the  Trustees.  No  change  is  proposed  to  be  made  in  the 
existing  public  roads  and  streets,  with  which,  therefore,  any  improve- 
ments to  be  made  are  required  to  be  conveniently  associated. 

When  I  first  visited  the  ground  at  your  request,  it  was  proposed 
that  the  buildings  to  be  erected  for  the  institution  should  be  placed 
upon  a  site  which  looked  down  upon  the  surrounding  country  on 
every  side  except  that  which  would  be  to  iheir  rear,  and  that  the  re- 
mainder of  the  property  should  be  formed  into  a  park,  for  which  it 
was  desired  that  I  should  furnish  a  plan. 

After  some  preliminary  study,  I  advised  you  that  whatever  advan- 
tages such  an  arrangement  might  have  in  a  different  climate  and  soil, 
it  would  in  my  judgment  be  innppropriale  to  your  site  and  inconven- 
ient to  your  purposes,  while  it  would  permanently  entail  burdensome 
expenses  upon  your  institution. 

My  objections  to  the  original  project  having  been  deemed  conclu- 
sive, I  was  ret]uestcd  to  review  the  whole  question  of  the  placing  of 
the  College  buildings  and  the  disposition  to  be  macle  of  the  tract 
w:thin  which  it  had  beeri  determined  that  a  situation  lor  them  should 
be  selected.  The  general  conclusions  to  which  I  was  brought  by 
this  review  having  been  verbally  presented  to  your  committee,  I  was 
instructed  to  draft  a  plan  in  accordance  with  tliem.  This  I  have 
done,  and  in  the  present  report  I  have  to  show  how  this  plan  is 
adapted  to  serve  the  main  purposes  of  your  corporation,  as  well  as 
some  others  of  public  interest. 


APPENDIX.  335 

The  (juestion  as  to  the  local  circumstances  that  would  be  most 
favorable  to  the  attainment  of  the  objects  of  a  college,  is  mainly  a  j  / 
question  of  adjustment  between  a  suitable  degree  of  seclusion  and  a  ' 
suitable  degree  of  association  with  the  active  life  of  that  part  of  the 
world  not  given  to  the  pursuits  of  scholars.  The  organic  error  in 
this  respect  of  the  institutions  of  the  middle  ages  and  the  barrenness 
of  monastic  study  in  the  present  day,  is  loo  apparent  to  be  disre- 
garded. Scholars  should  be  prepared  to  lead,  not  to  follow  reluc- 
tantly after,  the  advancing  line  of  civilization.  To  be  qualified  as 
leaders  they  must  have  an  intelligent  apj^reciation  of  and  sympathy 
with  the  real  life  of  civilization,  and  this  can  only  be  acquired  through 
a  familiarity  with  the  higher  and  more  characteristic  forms  in  which 
it  is  developed.  For  this  reason  it  is  desirable  that  scholars,  at  least 
during  the  period  of  life  in  which  character  is  most  easily  moulded,  ' 
should  be  surrounded  by  manifestations  of  refined  domestic  life, 
these  being  unquestionably  the  ripest  and  best  fruits  of  civilization. 
It  is  also  desirable  that  they  should  be  free  to  use  at  frequent  inter- 
vals those  opportunities  of  enjoying  treasures  of  art  which  are  gener- 
ally found  in  large  towns  and  seldom  elsewhere. 

Such  is  the  argument  against  a  completely  rural  situation  for  a 
college. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  heated,  noisy  life  of  a  large  town  is  obvi- 
ously not  favorable  to  the  formation  of  habits  of  methodical  scholar- 
ship. 

The  locality  which  you  have  selected  is  presumed  to  be  judiciously 
chosen  in  respect  to  its  proximity  to  San  Francisco.  Although  it  has 
the  advantage  of  being  close  by  a  large  town,  however,  the  vicinity 
is  nevertheless  as  yet  not  merely  in  a  rural  but  a  completely  rustic 
and  almost  uninhabited  condition,  two  small  families  of  farmers  only 
having  an  established  home  within  half  a  mile  of  it.  This  is  its 
chief  defect,  and  the  first  requirement  of  a  plan  for  its  improvement 
is  that  it  should  present  sufficient  inducements  to  the  formation  of  a  , 
neighborhood  of  refined  and  elegant  homes  in  the  immediate  vicinity 
of  the  principal  College  buildings. 

The  second  requirement  of  a  plan  is  that,  while  presenting  advan- 
tages for  scholarly  and  domestic  life,  it  shall  not  be  calculated  to 
draw  noisy  and  disturbing  commerce  to  the  neighborhood,  or  any- 
thing else  which  would  destroy  its  general  tranquillity. 

The  third  requirement  of  a  plan  is,  that  it  shall  admit  of  the 


336  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

erection  of  all  the  buildings,  the  need  of  which  for  college  duties 
can  be  distinctly  foreseen,  in  convenient  and  dignified  positions,  and 
leave  free  a  sutticient  space  of  ground  for  such  additional  buildings 
as  experience  may  hereafter  suggest,  as  well  as  for  exercise  grounds, 
gardens,  etc. 

I  proceed  to  a  consideration  of  the  means  of  meeting  the  first  of 
these  requirements. 

San  Francisco  is  so  situated  with  regard  to  the  commercial  demands 
of  various  bodies  of  the  human  race,  that  it  may  be  adopted  as  one 
of  the  elements  of  the  problem  to  be  solved,  that  many  men  will  gain 
wealth  there,  that  the  number  of  such  men  will  be  constantly  increas- 
ing for  a  long  time  to  come,  and  that  a  large  number  of  residences 
will  be  needed  for  these,  suited  to  a  family  life  in  accordance  with  a 
high  scale  of  civilized  requirements.  If  these  requirements  can  be 
more  completely  satisfied  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  college  than 
elsewhere,  it  may  be  reasonably  anticipated  that  it  will  eventually  be 
occupied  by  such  a  class  as  is  desired. 

We  have  to  consider,  then,  what  these  requirements  are,  and 
whether,  by  any  arrangements  you  can  make  or  initiate,  they  may  be 
provided  for  in  an  especially  complete  way  on  the  property  which 
you  have  to  dispose  of. 

We  shall  gain  but  little  light  in  this  matter  by  studying  the  prac- 
tice of  those  who  have  had  it  in  their  power  to  choose  the  circum- 
stances of  their  residence,  the  difference  in  this  respect  being  very 
great,  and  leading  to  no  clear,  general  conclusions.  Some,  for  in- 
stance, as  soon  as  they  are  able  to  withdraw  from  the  active  and 
regular  pursuit  of  their  business  in  towns,  seem  to  have  cared  for 
nothing  but  to  go  far  away  from  their  friends,  and  to  rid  themselves 
of  the  refinements  of  life  and  the  various  civilized  comforts  to  which 
they  have  been  previously  accustomed.  Others  can  only  make  a 
choice  among  lofty  structures,  the  windows  of  which  look  out  on 
busy  streets,  so  that  the  roar  of  toiling,  pushing  crowds  is  never  es- 
caped from,  while  for  any  enjoyment  of  natural  beauty,  the  occupants 
might  as  well  be  confined  in  a  prison. 

In  England,  the  prevailing  fashion  of  wealthy  men  for  several 
centuries  has  been  to  build  great  stacks  of  buildings,  more  nearly 
represented  by  some  of  our  hotels  than  anything  else  we  have,  and 
to  place  these  in  the  most  isolated  positions  possible,  in  the  midst  of 
large  domains,  with  every  sign  of  human  surroundings  not  in  a  con- 


Arrj-:x/>/x.  337 

dition  of  servility  or  of  friendly  obligation  lo  themselves,  carefully 
obliterated  or  planted  out. 

This  fashion,  growing,  as  it  doubtless  has,  out  of  a  conservative 
disposition  in  regard  to  feudal  social  forms,  has  also  been  frequently 
followed  in  a  chea])  and  shabby  way  by  many  in  America,  especially 
in  the  Southern  States,  yet  no  argument  can  be  needed  to  show  its 
utter  inadaplation,  even  with  profuse  expenditure,  to  the  commonest 
domestic  requirements  of  our  period  of  civilization. 

The  incompleteness  of  all  these  arrangements  is  easily  traced  to 
the  ordinary  inclination  of  mankind  to  overestimate  the  value  of 
that  which  happens  to  have  been  difificult  to  obtain  or  to  have  seemed 
to  be  so,  and  to  overlook  the  importance  of  things  which  are  within 
comparatively  easy  reach. 

It  is  only  by  reference  to  some  general  rule  that  will  satisfy  the 
common  sense,  that  the  comparative  value  of  one  or  the  other  of 
the  possible  conditions  of  a  residence  can  be  safely  estimated,  so  that 
those  things  which  are  essentially  important  may  not  be  sacrificed  to 
matters  which  are  of  value  only  as  they  gratify  a  temporary  personal 
fancy  or  caprice  of  taste. 

Such  a  general  rule  may,  I  think,  be  stated  as  follows:  — 

The  relative  importance  of  the  different  provisions  for  human 
comfort  that  go  to  make  up  a  residence  is  proportionate  to  the  degree 
in  which,  ultimately,  the  health  of  tl.e  inmates  is  likely  to  be  favor- 
ably influenced  by  each,  whether  through  the  facility  it  offers  to  the 
cheerful  occupation  of  time  and  a  healtliful  exercise  of  the  faculties, 
or  through  an\'  more  direct  and  constant  action. 

Every  civilized  home  centers  in  an  artificial  shelter  from  the  ele- 
ments; a  contrivance  to  shutout  rain,  and  wind,  and  cold.  But  little 
judgment  is  required  to  make  a  shelter  sufificiently  large  and  effective. 
To  accomplish  this  in  a  way  that  will  be  com.patible  with  a  due  pro- 
vision of  sunlight  and  fresh  air,  however,  is  more  difficult.  In  fact, 
perfect  shelter  at  all  times  and  as  free  a  supply  of  fresh  air  and  sun- 
light as  is  desirable  to  be  used  by  every  human  being  at  intervals,  is 
impossible.  Yet,  as  their  use  seems  to  be  always  free  to  the  poorest 
and  least  intelligent  of  men,  it  seldom  occurs  to  such  as  are  intent 
on  making  good  provision  in  other  respects  for  the  comfort  of  their 
families,  to  take  great  care  to  make  the  use  of  sunlight  and  air  ea.sy 
and  agreeable.  The  consequence  is  that  their  houses  are  really  no 
better  in  this  respect  than  those  of  careless  and  indolent  men;  often 
22 


:;.3S  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

not  as  good,  the  advantages  of  the  latter  in  this  one  particular  being 
sacrificed  by  the  more  prudent  to  more  complete  arrangements  for 
accomplishing  the  primary  purpose  of  shelter. 

More  unhappiness  probably  arises  from  this  cause,  in  houses  which 
are  in  most  respects  luxuriously  appointed,  than  from  any  other  which 
can  be  clearly  defined  and  guarded  against. 
«^  Atlractvve  open-air  apartments,  so  formed  that  they  can  be  often 
occupied  for  hours  at  a  time,  with  convenience  and  ease  in  every  re- 
spect, without  the  interruption  of  ordinary  occupations  or  difficulty 
of  conversation,  are  indeed  indispensable  in  the  present  state  of 
society  to  the  preservation  of  health  and  cheerfulness  in  families 
otherwise  living  in  luxury.  The  inmates  of  houses  which  are  well 
I  built  and  furnished  in  other  respects,  but  in  which  such  apartments 
'  are  lacking,  are  almost  certain,  before  many  years,  to  be  much  troub- 
led with  languor,  dullness  of  perceptions,  nervous  debility  or  distinct 
nervous  diseases.  The  effort  to  resist  or  overcome  these  tendencies, 
except  by  very  inconvenient  expedients,  such  as  traveling  abroad,  or 
others  of  which  it  is  impossible  to  make  habitual  use  without  a  sacri- 
fice of  the  most  valuable  domestic  influences,  leads  to  a  disposition 
to  indulge  in  unhealthy  excitements,  to  depraved  imaginations  and 
appetites,  and  frecjuently  to  habits  of  dissipation. 

It  may  be  thought  that  this  is  a  defect  which,  in  most  houses  with 
private  grounds  about  them,  might  be  so  easily  remedied  that  it  is 
hardly  credible  tliat  I  do  not  exaggerate  the  degree  in  which  it  mars 
the  happiness  of  families  who  are  so  fortunate  as  to  live  out  of  the 
midst  of  towns.  But  it  is  a  great  mistake  to  suppose  that  it  is  a 
simple  matter  to  njake  it  convenient  and  agreeable,  to  delicate  women 
especially,  to  spend  much  time  healthfully  in  the  open  air.  Lord 
Bacon,  three  hundred  years  ago,  sagaciously  observed: — 

"  God  Almighty  ^Vj^/ planted  a  garden,  and,  indeed,  it  is  the  purest 
of  human  pleasures;  it  is  the  greatest  of  refreshment  to  the  spirits 
of  man,  without  which  buildings  and  palaces  are  but  gross  handi- 
works ;  and  a  man  shall  ever  see  that  when  a^^es  ^row  to  civility 
and  elegance,  men  come  to  build  stately  sooner  than  to  garden  finely — 
as  if  gardening  loere  the  greater  perfection.^'' 

In  the  formation  of  country  residences  of  the  smallest  i)retcnsions 
far  greater  study  and  a  far  larger  proportionate  expenditure  is  generally 
made  in  England,  and  in  most  countries  where  civilization  has  been 
long  established,  upon  matters  of  out-of-door  domestic  convenience 


ArrKXPIX.  333 

than  in  Anioiicn.  Vet  the  difficulties  to  be  overcume  and  the  need 
to  overcome  them  are  incomparably  greater  in  America,  and  espe- 
cially in  California,  than  in  England.  The  truth  is  they  are  so  great 
that  they  are  commonly  regarded  as  insurmountable,  and  a  deliberate 
effort  to  make  sure  that  the  out-of-door  part  of  a  residence  shall  be 
conveniently  habitable  and  enjoyable  is  not  thought  of.  The  "gar- 
den "  and  "  grounds  "  are  regarded  merely  as  ornamental  appendages 
of  a  house,  marks  of  the  social  ambitions  of  the  owner,  like  the  plate 
and  carpets  within,  rather  than  as  essentials  of  health  and  comfort, 
like  the  beds  and  baths.  Yet  the  frequent  action  of  free,  sun-lighted  ' 
air  upon  the  lungs  for  a  considerable  space  of  time  is  unquestionably 
more  important  than  the  frequent  washing  of  the  skin  with  water  or 
the  [)erfection  of  nightly  repose. 

Another  class  of  civilized  requirements  frequently  forgotten  by 
men  who  have  earned,  by  their  skill  and  industry  in  providing  for 
the  wants  of  others,  the  right  to  live  luxuriously,  consists  of  those 
which  can  only  be  met  by  the  services  of  numerous  persons  who  are 
not  members  of  the  family  requiring  them,  such  as  purveyors  of 
various  articles  of  food  and  bodily  refreshments;  artisans,  musicians, 
nurses,  seamstresses,  and  various  occasional  servants.  (Physicians, 
teaciiers,  and  clergymen  might  be  added,  but  the  absence  of  these 
from  a  neighborhood  is  less  frequently  overlooked. J  Townspeople 
who  have  been  accustomed  to  find  those  able  to  render  such  services 
always  within  ready  call  are  particularly  apt  to  neglect  to  consider 
how  much  of  their  comfort  is  dependent  on  this  circumstance,  and 
often  discover  it  only  after  they  have,  by  a  large  expenditure,  made 
a  home  for  themselves  in  which  they  are  obliged  to  live  in  a  state 
which,  by  comparison  with  their  town  life,  seems  one  of  almost  sav- 
age i)rivation. 

The  first  of  the  two  classes  of  reciuirements  to  which  1  have  re- 
ferred, it  is  obvious,  can  never  be*  satisfactorily  provided  for  in  a 
town  house,  as  towns  are  usually  laid  out.  Hence,  as  statistics  testify, 
families  living  in  such  towns,  except  where  habitual  resort  is  had  to 
parks  or  garden,  or  to  annual  journeys  in  the  country,  constantly 
tend  to  increasing  feebleness  of  constitution,  and  generally  become 
extinct  from  this  cause  in  a  few  generations.  The  second  class  can- 
not be  provided  for  in  an  isolated  country  house.  Hence,  in  a  great 
measure  the  frequency  with  which  wealthy  men  who  have  spent 
enormous  sums  to  provide  themselves  country  houses  abounding  in 


340  HISTORY  OF  THE  CO  1. 1. EG  K  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

luxury,  are  willing,  after  the  experience  of  a  few  years,  to  dispose  of 
them  at  great  pecuniary  sacrifice. 

It  is  true  that,  by  great  expenditure,  many  of  the  usual  inconven- 
iences and  deprivations  of  a  residence  in  the  country  may  be  made 
of  small  account.  But  often  it  is  found  that  with  double  the  current 
expenditure  in  a  country  house  of  the  most  luxurious  equipment,  the 
same  variety  of  civilized  enjoyments  cannot  be  obtained  as  are  to 
be  had  in  town  houses  of  a  much  more  modest  description.  There 
are  certain  very  desirable  commodities,  indeed,  that  very  poor  fami- 
lies can  enjoy  when  living  in  or  near  large  towns,  that  even  the  very 
rich  commonly  dispense  with  when  they  live  in  the  country.  These 
constitute  a  large  part  of  the  attractions  which  such  towns  have  for 
poor  and  rich  alike. 

There  can  be  no  question  that,  as  a  general  rule,  jjeoi~>le  of  easy 
circumstances,  especially  those  who  have  the  habits  of  townspeople, 
if  they  want  to  make  the  most  of  life,  should  not  undertake  to  live 
where  they  will  be  necessarily  dependent  in  any  degree  much  greater 
than  is  usual  in  towns  for  the  supply  of  their  everyday  material  re- 
quirements upon  labor  performed  within  their  own  walls,  nor  where 
they  can  be  deprived  at  any  time  of  year,  much  more  than  they 
would  be  in  towns,  of  good  roads  and  walks,  and  other  advantages 
for  exercise,  and  easy,  cheerful  use  of  whatever  advantages  there 
may  be  near  them  for  social  intercourse.  Yet  it  is  equally  certain 
that  if  they  fail  to  secure  fresh  air  in  abundance,  pleasant  natural 
scenery,  trees,  flowers,  birds,  and,  in  short,  all  the  essential  advan- 
tages of  a  rural  residence,  they  will  possess  but  a  meager  share  of 
the  reward  which  Providence  offers  in  this  world  to  the  exercise  of 
prudence,  economy,  and  wi.se  forecast.  But  if  we  are  thus  compelled 
to  seek  the  site  for  a  residence  "  out  of  town,"  and  to  take  care  that 
'  all  effort  to  secure  comfort  in  it  is  not  exhausted  in  the  plan  of  the 
mere  house,  or  shelter  from  the*  elements,  we  must  also  remember 
that  to  keep  extensive- private  grounds  in  good  repair,  and  perfectly 
frcsli  and  clean,  requires  more  skill  and  labor,  as  well  as  administra- 
tive ability,  than  all  the  rest  of  the  ordinary  housekoei)ing  affairs  of 
a  moderate  family.  And  as,  unless  tliey  are  so  kept,  extensive  i)ri- 
vate  grounds  are  not  simply  useless,  but  absolutely  irksome,  when 
associated  with  a  family  residence,  and  as  it  is  hardly  possible  in 
America  to  maintain  for  any  lengthened  period  a  large  body  of  effi- 
cient domestic  servants,  however  extravagantly  disposed  a  man  may 


APPENDIX.  341 

be  in  this  particular,  the  folly  of  attenii)ting  to  imitate  the  aristo- 
cratic English  custom  which  has  been  referred  to  is  evident. 

It  may  be  laid  down,  then,  as  a  rule,  lo  which  there  will  be  but  few 
exceptions,  and  these  only  in  the  case  of  families  not  only  of  very 
unusual  wealth,  but  of  ijuile  exceptional  tastes,  that  for  the  daily  use 
of  a  family,  no  matter  how  rich,  if  the  site  be  well  chosen,  and  the 
surroHnding  cinunistances  are  favorable,  a  space  of  private  ground  of 
many  acres  in  extent,  is  entirely  undesirable. 

If  the  surrounding  circumstances  are  not  favorable — if  there  are 
dirty  roads,  ugly  buildings,  noisy  taverns,  or  the  haunts  of  drunken 
or  disorderly  people  near  by,  ground  w'hich  it  would  otherwise  be 
undesirable  to  hold  may  be  wanted  in  which  to  plant  them  out  of 
sight  and  hearing;  if  the  country  in  the  neighborhood  is  not  agreea- 
ble to  walk,  ride,  or  drive  through,  a  large  space  may  be  wanted  in 
which  to  form  extended  private  walks,  rides,  and  drives,  which  shall 
be  artificially  agreeable;  if  one's  neighbors  are  of  surly,  hot-blooded, 
undisciplined,  quarrelsome  character,  he  will  want  to  buy  them  out 
of  their  land  in  order  to  have  ihem  at  a  greater  distance,  and  to  be 
free  from  the  danger  of  their  return.  If  he  is  himself  of  an  osten- 
tatious, romantic,  and  dramatic  disposition,  he  may  require,  more 
than  any  other  luxury,  to  have  a  large  body  of  servile  dependents 
about  him,  and  may  want  to  disguise  the  fact  of  his  actual  insignifi- 
cance among  his  neighbors  by  establishing  his  house  at  a  distance 
from  anything  that  he  cannot  think  of  as  belonging  to  himself  or 
subordinate  to  his  will.  But  the  great  majority  of  men  who  have 
the  ability  to  gain  or  held  wealth  in  America  come  under  neither  of 
these  heads,  and  in  the  choice  of  a  place  of  residence  will  find  it 
best,  at  the  outset,  to  avoid,  if  they  have  the  opportunity  to  do  so, 
all  such  conditions  as  have  been  enumerated. 

A  respectable  college  could  not  be  established  in  any  locality  with- 
out bringing  to  it  a  certain  amount  of  nei.uhborhood  advantages, 
while  if  it  is  not  positively  repellant  to,  it  at  least  can  have  no  direct 
attraction  for,  the  more  common  constituents  of  a  bad  neighborhood, 
that  is,  for  those  things  which  every  man  must  wish  to  keep  at  a  great 
distance  from  his  house.  If,  then,  you  can  make  your  neighborhood 
positively  attractive  in  other  respects,  especially  if  you  can  make  it  in 
important  particulars  more  attractive  than  any  other  suburb  of  San 
Francisco,  you  can  offer  your  land  for  sale,  for  villa  residences,  in 
lots  of  moderate  size,  with  entire  confidence  that  you  will  thus  cause 


342  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

to  grow  up  about  it  such  a  neighborhood  as  is  most  desirable,  with 
reference  to  your  first  purpose. 

What,  then,  are  the  requisites  (exterior  to  private  ground)  of  an 
attractive  neighborhood,  besides  good  neighbors,  and  such  institu- 
tions as  are  tolerably  sure  to  be  established  among  good  neighbors? 
The  most  important,  I  believe,  will  be  found  in  all  cases  to  be  that 
of  good  fljif-i^oiiii^s  from  the  private  grounds,  whether  with  reference 
to  social  visiting,  or  merely  to  the  pleasure  and  healthfulncss  of  oc- 
casional changes  of  scene,  and  more  extended  free  movement  than 
it  is  convenient  to  maintain  the  means  of  exercising  within  private 
grounds. 

For  this  purpose  the  common  roads  and  walks  of  the  immediate 
neighborhood,  at  all  times  of  the  year,  must  be  neither  muddy  nor 
dusty,  nor  rough,  nor  steep,  nor  excessively  exj.osed  to  the  heat  of 
the  sun  or  the  fierceness  of  the  wind.  Just  so  far  as  they  fail  in  any 
of  these  respects,  whatever  is  beautiful  in  the  neighborhood,  what- 
ever is  useful — churches,  schools,  and  neighbors  included — becomes 
in  a  certain  degree  disagreeable,  and  a  source  of  discomfort  and 
privation.  No  matter  what  a  neighborhood  may  be  in  all  other  re- 
spects, therefore,  if  it  fails  in  these  it  must  be  condemned  as  unfit 
for  a  civilized  residence.  It  is  folly  to  suppose  that  compensation 
for  the  ill  health  and  the  vexations  that  will  daily  arise  from  a  poor 
provision  in  this  respect  will  be  found  in  such  other  circumstances 
as  a  beautiful  prospect  from  a  house,  or  a  rich  soil,  or  springs  of 
water,  or  fine  trees  about  it,  or  any  other  merely  private  or  local  pos- 
session, for  the  lack  of  these  can  generally  be  remedied  in  large  de- 
gree by  individual  wisdom  and  expenditure,  while  the  lack  of  good 
out-goings  cannot. 

The  desideratum  of  a  residence  next  in  importance  will  be  points 
in  the  neighborhood  at  which  there  are  scenes,  either  local  or  distant, 
either  natural  or  artificial,  calculated  to  draw  women  out  of  their 
houses  and  private  grounds,  or  which  will  at  least  form  apparent  ob- 
jects before  them  when  they  go  out.  It  will  be  all  the  better  if  many 
are  likely  to  resort  to  these  points,  and  they  thus  become  social  ren- 
dezvous of  the  neighborhood. 

Next  to  points  at  some  distance  from  a  house  commanding  beau- 
tiful views,  it  is  desirable  to  be  able  to  look  out  from  the  house  itself 
upon  an  interesting  distant  scene.  This  is  generally  not  too  little 
but  loo  much  thought  of,  the  location  of  many  houses  being  deter- 


.APPf'NniX.  343 

mined  by  regard  for  this  circumstance  alone,  and  things  of  far  greater 
importance  being  sacrificed  to  it.  It  will  be  found  that  when  this  is 
the  case — when,  for  instance,  a  house  is  placed  in  a  lonely,  bleak  po- 
sition, on  the  top  of  a  hill  difficult  to  ascend — the  most  charming 
prospect  soon  loses  its  attractiveness,  and  from  association  with  pri- 
vation and  fatigue  becomes  absolutely  repulsive. 

Nor  is  it  desirable  that  a  fine  distant  view  should  be  seen  from  all 
parts  of  the  house,  or  of  the  grounds  about  it.  'I'his,  indeed,  is  im- 
possible, if  the  house  and  grounds  are  in  themselves  completely 
agreeable.  The  first  and  most  essential  condition  of  a  home  is  do- 
mestic seclusion.  It  is  this  which  makes  it  home,  the  special  belong- 
ing of  a  family.  If  it  is  not  attractive  within  itself,  and  chiefly  and 
generally  within  itself,  and  made  so  by,  or  for  the  sake  of,  the  family, 
it  is  no  home,  but  merely  a  camp;  an  expedient  of  barbarism  made 
use  of  to  serve  a  temporary  purpose  of  a  civilized  family.  Yet  it  is 
a  good  thing  to  be  able  at  times,  without  going  far,  within  or  without 
the  house,  to  take  a  seat  from  which,  while  in  the  midst  of  the  com- 
fort and  freedom  from  anxiety  of  a  home,  a  beautiful  or  interesting 
distant  scene  can  be  commanded.  It  is  not  desirable  to  have  such 
a  scene  constantly  before  one.  If  within  control,  it  should  be  held 
only  where  it  can  be  enjoyed  under  circumstances  favorable  to  sym- 
pathetic contemplation. 

The  class  of  views  most  desirable  thus  to  be  had  within  easy  reach 
is  probably  that  which  will  include  all  well-balanced  and  complete 
landscapes.  The  general  quality  of  the  distant  scene  should  be  nat- 
ural and  tranquil;  in  the  details,  however,  there  had  better  be  some- 
thing of  human  interest.  But  whatever  the  character  of  the  distant 
outlook,  it  is  always  desirable  that  the  line  or  space  of  division  be- 
tween that  which  is  interior  and  essential  to  the  home  itself  and  that 
without  which  is  looked  upon  from  it,  should  be  distinct  and  unmis- 
takable. That  is  to  say,  whenever  there  is  an  open  or  distant  view 
from  a  residence,  the  grounds,  constructions,  and  plantations  about 
the  house  should  form  a  fitting  foreground  to  that  view,  well, defined, 
suitably  proportioned,  salient,  elegant,  and  finished. 

It  may  be  observed  that  such  an  arrangement  is  not  compatible 
with  what  some  writers  on  landscaj^e  gardening  have  said  of  "  appro- 
priation of  ground ; "  but  it  need  hardly  be  argued  that  a  man  is 
going  wrongly  to  work  to  make  a  home  for  himself  when  he  begins 
by  studying  how  he  can  make  that  ajipear  to  be  a  pari  of  his  home 
which  is  not  so. 


314  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALLFORNLA. 

Even  if  this  appropriated  around  were  public  ground,  to  look  at  it 
from  a  private  house  without  seeing  a  well-defined  line  of  separation 
between  it  and  the  family  property,  or  without  a  marked  distinction 
of  character  between  the  two,  in  the  details  of  the  scenery,  would  be 
to  have  the  family  property  made  public  rather  than  the  public  prop- 
erty made  private. 

If  it  is  desirable  that  the  distinction  between  the  character  of  the 
ground  which  forms  a  part  of  the  home  and  of  that  which  forms  a 
part  of  the  neighborhood  beyond  the  home,  should  be  thus  empha- 
sized, it  is  also  desirable,  and  for  a  like  reason,  that  there  should  be 
a  somewhat  similar  gradation  between  that  which  constitutes  the 
neighborhood  and  that  which  is  more  distant.  In  other  words,  a 
neighborhood  being  desirable,  the  existence  of  a  neighborhood  should 
be  obvious,  and  for  this  reason  the  scenery  which  marks  the  neigh- 
borhood should  be  readily  distinguishable.  The  view  from  the  win- 
dow or  balcony  should,  in  short,  be  artistically  divisible  into  the  three 
parts  of,  first,  the  home  view,  or  immediate  foreground ;  second,  the 
neighborhood  view,  or  middle  distance;  and  third,  the  far  outlook,  or 
background.  Each  one  of  these  points  should  be  so  related  to  each 
other  one  as  to  enhance  its  distinctive  beauty,  and  it  will  be  fortunate 
if  the  whole  should  form  a  symmetrical,  harmonious,  and  complete 
landscape  composition. 

Of  these  three  desiderata,  the  first  only  can  be  supplied  by  private 
effort.  A  site  for  a  residence,  therefore,  should  be  selected,  if  possi- 
ble, where  the  other  two  are  found  ready  to  hand. 

For  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  what  was  necessary  to  be  supplied 
upon  your  ground  to  give  it  the  advantages  which  have  been  described, 
and  others,  generally  recognized  to  be  essential  to  a  neighborhood 
of  the  best  form  of  civilized  homes,  I  visited  it  under  a  variety  of 
circumstances,  in  summer  and  winter,  by  night  and  by  day,  and  I 
now  j)ropose  to  state  what  are  its  natural  conditions,  what  are  the 
artificial  conditions  required,  and  how  these  may  be  best  secured: — 

FirsL  In  resjiect  of  soil,  exposure,  natural  foliage,  and  water 
sui>ply,  your  ground  is,  to  say  the  least,  unsurpassed  in  the  vicinity 
of  San  Francisco. 

Second.  'J'here  are  few  if  any  suburbs  which  comYiiand  as  fine  a 
distant  prospect.  The  undulations  of  the  ground  and  the  difierence 
of  elevation  between  the  ujjper  and  the  lower  parts  give  the  advan- 
tage of  this  i)rospect  in  its  main  features  to  a  large  number  of  points 


APPENDIX.  345 

of  view,  so  situated  that  the  ere(  tion  of  buildintis  and  the  growth  of 
trees  at  other  j)oints  will  be  no  interruption  to  it. 

Third.  With  respect  to  climate  and  adajjtation  to  out  of  door 
occupation,  persons  who  had  resided  upon  the  ground  or  who  had 
had  frequent  occasion  to  cross  it,  having  stated  that  the  sea-winds 
which  nearly  everywhere  else  near  San  Francisco  are  in  summer  ex- 
tremely harsh,  chilling,  and  disagreeable  to  all,  and  often  very  trying 
to  delicate  persons,  were  felt  at  this  point  very  little,  I  gave  this 
alleged  advantage  particular  consideration. 

During  the  month  of  August  I  spent  ten  days  on  the  ground, 
usually  coming  from  San  PVancisco  in  the  morning  and  returning  at 
night.  The  climate  of  San  Francisco  was  at  this  time  extremely 
disagreeable,  while  that  of  the  College  property  was  as  fine  as  possible. 
One  morning,  when  I  left  San  Francisco  at  9  o'clock,  though  the 
air  was  clear,  a  light  but  chilling  northwest  wind  was  blowing.  The 
same  wind,  somewhat  modified,  prevailed  at  Oakland.  At  Berkeley 
the  air  was  perfectly  calm.  Ascending  the  mountain-side  a  few 
hundred  feet,  I  again  encountered  the  wind.  Descending,  it  was 
lost,  and  the  air  remained  calm  until  I  left  at  5  in  the  afternoon, 
the  temperature  being  at  the  same  time  agreeably  mild.  During  all 
the  day  I  observed  that  San  Franci>co  was  enveloped  in  fog  and  that 
fog  and  smoke  drifted  rapidly  from  it  over  the  bay  and  over  Oak- 
land. At  5  o'clock,  in  returning  to  San  Francisco,  after  driving 
two  miles  toward  Oakland,  I  had  need  to  put  on  my  overcoat.  In 
the  cabin  of  the  ferry-boat,  with  doors  closed,  I  saw  women  and 
children  shivering,  and  heard  the  suggestion  that  the  boat  should  be 
warmed  in  such  weather.  At  San  Francisco  I  found  a  blustering, 
damp  wind  and  my  friends  sitting  about  a  fire.  The  following  day 
there  was  in  the  morning  a  pleasant,  soft  breeze  at  Berkeley,  but  late 
in  the  afternoon  it  fell  to  a  complete  calm.  I  determined  to  remain 
on  the  ground  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  whether  this  would 
continue  or  whether  it  preceded  a  change  of  temperature  and  a  visit 
of  the  sea-wind  after  night-fall.  At  sunset  the  fog  clouds  were  roll- 
ing over  the  mountain-tops  back  of  San  Francisco,  gorgeous  in  rosy 
and  golden  light;  the  city  itself  was  obscured  by  a  drifting  scud.  At 
Berkeley  the  air  remained  perfectly  serene,  and,  except  for  the  fog 
banks  in  the  southwest,  which  soon  became  silvery  and  very  beautiful 
in  the  moonlight,  I  never  saw  a  clearer  or  brighter  sky.  It  remained 
the  same,  the  air  bcinu  still  of  a  delightful  temperature,  till  morning, 


\y 


346  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

when  the  sun,  rising  over  the  mountains  in  the  :ear,  gave  a  new  glory 
to  the  constant  clouds  overhanging  the  heights  on  each  side  of  the 
Golden  Gate.  Going  back  in  the  afternoon  to  San  Francisco,  I 
again  found  the  temperature  in  contrast  to  that  of  Berkeley  disagree- 
ably chilling,  though  the  day  was  considered  there  an  uncommonly 
fine  one  and  the  wind  was  less  severe  than  usual. 

I  have  visited  the  other  suburbs  of  San  Francisco  and  studied 
them  with  some  care,  and  without  being  able  to  express  a  definite 
estimate  of  the  degree  of  difference  bt  tween  their  climate  and  that 
of  Berkeley,  nnd  without  being  able  to  assert  from  my  limited  obser- 
vation, that  the  immunity  of  the  latter  from  the  chilling  sea  wind  is 
absolutely  complete  and  constant,  I  think  that  I  am  warranted  in  in- 
dorsing the  opinion  that  the  climate  of  Berkeley  is  distinguished  for 
a  peculiar  serenity,  cheerfulness,  and  healthfulness. 

I  know  of  no  entirely  satisfactory  explanation  of  the  fact.  But  it 
may  be  observed  that  it  lies  to  the  northward  of  the  course  of  the 
northwest  wind  which  draws  through  the  Golden  Gate  and  which 
sweeps  the  peninsula  to  the  southward  of  the  city  and  the  Contra 
Costa  country  south  of  Oakland,  and  that  there  are  to  the  northward 
and  northwestward  of  it  several  spurs  of  the  Monte  Diablo  range, 
the  form  of  which  is  calculated  to  deflect  currents  of  air  setting  down 
the  bay  from  the  northward.  The  form  of  the  trees  on  the  top  of 
the  nearest  of  these  hills  indicates  an  upward  deflection  of  the  north- 
erly wind. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  natural  advantages  which  led  to  the  choice 
of  the  locality  for  the  College,  adapt  it  still  more  for  a  neighborhood 
of  luxurious  family  residences. 

The  disadvantages  of  the  site,  as  compared  with  districts  in  other 
parts  of  the  world,  which  are  considered  to  be  of  choice  character 
for  rural  or  suburban  residences,  are  those  which  are  common  to  all 
the  country  near  San  Francisco,  and  most  of  these  it  possesses  in  less 
degree  than  any  other  I  have  seen,  while,  at  the  same  time,  there  are 
in  the  local  conditions  unusual  advantages  for  overcoming  them. 
If,  therefore,  these  advantages  are  made  use  of  in  a  large,  bold,  and 
resolute  way,  the  neighborhood  will  ultimately  possess  attractions, 
especially  for  those  with  whose  memories  of  childhood  the  rural 
scenes  of  the  Atlantic  States,  or  of  most  of  Northern  Europe,  are 
associated,  with  which  there  will  be  nothing  else  to  comi)are  in  the 
vicinity.      I   say  tliis,  not  out   of  regard  for  the  charm  which   such 


APPENDIX.  347 

scenes  would  have  from  mere  association  with  youthful  j^leasures, 
but  tor  the  fact  that  there  is  a  real  relationship  of  cause  and  effect 
between  the  conditions  which  are  necessary  to  the  elements  of  those 
scenes,  and  those  which  are  required  to  contribute  to  the  comfort  of 
mankind.  For  instance,  the  ground  will  not  often  be  found  hard, 
nor  harsh,  nor  sticky,  and  neither  mud  nor  dust  will  cause  annoy- 
ance when  a  ramble  is  taken  over  surface  all  of  which  is  either  shel- 
tered by  foliage,  or  covered  with  turf.  Again,  in  a  country  of  thick, 
umbrageous,  pendulous  woods,  coppices,  and  thickets,  protection 
from  severe  winds,  and  from  the  direct  rays  of  the  sun  everywhere, 
appears  to  be  close  at  hand,  and  wc  feel  less  instinctively  disinclined 
to  venture  forth  freely  in  it.  Moreover,  when  these  elements  of 
scenery  are  found  in  profusion,  the  scene  before  us,  as  we  move  in 
any  direction,  is  constantly  interrupted  by  the  bodies  of  foliage,  and 
re-arranged  into  new  combinations,  and  these  often  have  a  proportion 
and  relation  of  parts  which  satisfies  the  requirements  of  an  artistic 
instinct,  and  which,  in  a  complete  realization,  constitutes  what  is 
technically  termed  a  composition.  For  this  reason,  although  it  may 
not  command  our  wonder,  or  any  profound  feeling,  it  gives  promise 
of  constant  interest,  and  cheerfully  influences  the  imagination. 
There  will  be  greater  interest,  also,  in  the  details  of  such  scenery, 
which  must  be  closely  observed,  than  in  any  other.  Birds  and  flow- 
ers, for  instance,  will  be  more  evenly  distributed  over  it,  so  that  even 
in  their  absence  we  never  know  that  we  may  not,  at  the  next  moment, 
come  upon  them. 

But  let  anyone  go  out  into  the  country  near  San  Francisco,  in 
any  direction,  and  he  will  rarely  find  his  interest  thus  stimulated. 
At  one  season  he  will  everywhere  find  abundant  flowers,  and  in  some 
of  the  gulches  he  may  always  find  bushes  and  birds.  Looking  at 
the  distant  hills  from  a  high  position  again,  he  may  see  a  certain 
beauty  of  scenery,  yet  it  can  seldom  be  said  that  he  has  before  him 
a  completely  beautiful  landscape,  j^robably  never,  in  any  place  other- 
wise suitable  for  a  home,  and  during  any  considerable  jiart  of  the 
year.  The  nearer  part  of  the  natural  landscape  will  nearly  every- 
where be  coarse,  rude,  raw;  grand  or  picturesque  possibly,  but  never 
beautiful  or  appropriate  to  a  home.  Nor,  however  great  the  beauty, 
in  certain  states  of  the  atmosphere,  of  the  distant  hills  and  water, 
is  there  anything  in  nature  which  seems  to  invite  or  welcome  one  to 
ramble.     The   suriaco   of  the   L^rDund   beyond  the   immediate  fore- 


318  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

ground  conimotily  se  ;nis  liard,  bare,  dead,  und  bleak.  What  few 
trees  there  are  appear  stiff  and  rigid,  and  are  as  dull  and  monotonous 
in  color  as  they  arc  ungraceful  in  form.  Even  the  atmosphere,  when 
it  is  not  foggy  and  chilly,  is  colorless  and  toneless.  Only  in  the  far 
distance  is  there  any  delicacy  and  softness. 

Thus,  however  grand  it  may  be,  and  whatever  interest  it  may 
possess,  the  region  about  San  Francisco  is  peculiarly  destitute  of 
what  I  may  deno'ii'nate  domestic  beauty,  and  of  that  kind  of  interest 
which  is  appropriate  to  domestic  occupation. 

It  would  be  audacious  to  suppose  that  even  in  a  neighborhood  of 
a  mile  or  two  in  extent  these  defects  could  be  completely  remedied, 
or  that  they  could  be  remedied  in  any  notable  degree  in  a  very  short 
time,  or  without  much  judiciously  applied  labor.  But  if  what  is 
proposed  to  be  accomplished  is  modestly  conceived,  and  the  requi- 
site effort  is  made  and  sustained  for  a  sufficient  period,  it  is  un- 
questionable that  the  more  uninviting  elements  of  the  existing  scenery 
may  be  reduced  in  importance,  and  its  more  attractive  features  pre- 
sented to  much  greater  advantage  than  they  are  under  merely  natural 
circumstances,  or  under  any  artificial  conditions  yet  in  existence. 
It  may  also  be  confidently  anticipated  that  the  result  will  be  pecul- 
iarly home-like  and  grateful  in  contrast  to  the  ordinary  aspect  of 
the  open  country  of  California. 

For  instance,  if  we  imagine  the  greater  part  of  your  j)roperty  to 
have  passed  in  tracts  of  from  two  to  five  acres  into  the  possession 
of  men  each  of  whom  shall  have  formed,  as  a  part  of  his  private 
residence,  a  proper  foreground  of  foliage  to  his  own  home  outlook, 
it  follows,  from  what  I  have  before  argued,  that  one  of  the  chief 
defects  of  the  scenery  would  be  in  a  great  degree  remedied;  for 
these  bodies  of  rich  and  carefully  nurtured  foliage  would  form  part 
of  an  artistic  middle  distance  to  all  other  points  in  the  vicinity  which 
would  overlook  them,  and  would  so  frame  under  the  more  distant 
prospect  from  these  exterior  points  of  view  that  a  strong  gradation 
of  aerial  perspective  would  occur.  And  the  fact  will  be  observed 
that  if  the  range  of  the  eye  is  thus  carried  but  to  a  certain  distance, 
especially  to  the  westward  or  southward,  the  view  is  everywhere 
exceedingly  beautiful,  both  in  respect  to  the  form  of  the  hills  and 
their  beauty  of  color  and  tone,  under  all  atm .spheric  conditions. 
Iacu  in  stormy  weather  there  is  great  grandeur  in  the  movement- 
of  the  clouds  rolling  over  their  somber  sIojjcs  and  declivities;  and 


APPEND/X.  :U'.> 

I  nMncmbcr  a  single  scene  of  this  kiiul  as  one  of  ilie  most  impressive 
that  I  have  ever  witnessed.  But  on  ordinary  occasions  the  view  to 
the  westward,  if  the  eye  does  not  regard  the  dullness  of  the  nearer 
part  of  the  landscape,  while  it  is  one  of  great  depth  and  breadth,  is 
also  one  of  peculiarly  cheerful  interest. 

The  main  requirements  of  a  plan,  then,  for  the  imjirovement  of 
this  region,  with  reference  to  residences,  must  be,  first,  so  to  arrange 
the  roads  upon  which  private  property  will  front  as  to  secure  the 
best  practicable  landscape  effects  from  the  largest  number  of  points 
of  view;  second,  so  to  arrange  the  roads  and  public  ground  as  to 
give  the  owners  of  the  private  property  satisfactory  outgoings  in 
respect,  first,  to  convenience  of  use;  second,  to  attractiveness  in 
their  borders;  and,  third,  to  command  of  occasional  distant  views 
and  complete  landscapes. 

To  meet  the  second  of  these  requirements,  the  borders  of  the 
roads  should  be  absolutely  neat,  or  even  nice.  There  should  be  no 
raw  banks  or  bare,  neglected-looking  places,  nor  drifts  of  rubbish 
by  their  side. 

This,  in  the  climate  of  the  locality,  implies  one  of  two  things, 
either  that  the  whole  road-side  is  watered  daily  during  several  months 
of  the  year,  or  that  it  is  closely  lined  and  draped  over  with  living 
foliage. 

The  latter  might  be  undesirable  if  there  were  pleasant  open  scenery 
along  the  road;  but  where,  as  it  must  be  supposed  will  be  the  case 
here,  there  will  generally  be  within  a  distance  of  a  hundred  feet  or 
more  of  the  road  only  a  choice  between  a  harsh,  brown  surface,  as 
at  present,  or  a  private  garden  (it  may  be  a  vegetable  garden),  or  a 
continuous  grove,  it  will  be  the  more  agreeable  as  well  as  much  the 
cheaper  arrangement. 

I  can  think  of  nothing  to  which  the  imagination  turns  with  more 
eagerness  in  the  bleak  and  open  scenery,  and  the  exceeding  and  all- 
pervading  lightness  of  the  daylight  of  California,  than  to  memories 
of  shady  old  lanes  running  through  a  close  and  overarching  bowery 
of  foliage,  and  such  an  ideal  should  be  fixed  before  whoever  is  placed 
in  charge  of  your  improvements.  Until  the  experiment  has  been 
tried  on  your  soil,  [)erfect  success  cannot  be  predicated,  perhaps, 
with  entire  confidence,  unless  you  should  conclude  to  lay  on  water 
in  such  a  way  that  it  would  be  applied  freely  and  without  fail,  by 
mechanical  action,  to  your  road  borders.     That  the  ideal  might  be 


350  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALLFORNIA. 

thus  perfectly  realized  will  be  evident  to  anyone  who  will  follow  up 
the  water-course  in  the  ravine  a  few  rods  below  the  Simmons  house, 
near  the  point  where  a  bridge  is  indicated  on  the  plan.  Here  water 
stands  near  the  surface  of  the  ij;round  during  the  entire  summer, 
even  when  it  disappears  further  down  the  arroyo,  and  trees  in  the 
rear  shade  the  undergrowth,  which  is  consequently  thick,  intricate, 
luxuriant,  rich,  and  i^raceful,  completely  sheltering  the  visitor  from 
the  sun.  and  all  the  ordinary  untidiness  of  the  surface  of  the  ground 
is  lost.  Hut  I  do  not  suppose  that  any  artificial  application  of  water 
would  he  necessary  on  any  of  the  ground  where  in  the  i)!an  roads 
are  laid  down,  to  secure  a  high  degree  of  the  desired  effect,  if  prop- 
erly selected  shrubs  are  once  well  established  on  the  soil  and  backed 
u])  with  trees  such  as  have  already  spontaneously  grown  in  it,  in 
many  cases  to  good  size. 

The  course  of  the  roads,  as  laid  down  in  the  plan,  generally  fol- 
lows the  natural  depressions  of  the  surface;  and  I  am  strongly  of 
the  opinion  that  in  these  situations,  if  not  on  the  more  elevated 
parts  of  all  the  ground  included  in  the  plan,  there  would  soon  be  a 
natural  growth  of  trees  and  shrubs,  if  perfect  protection  were  secured 
for  a  few  years  from  the  action  of  fire  and  the  close  cropping  of 
animals.  And  I  can  have  no  doubt  that  when  the  ground  shall 
have  been  well  trenched,  nearly  all  the  trees  and  shrubs  which  grow 
naturally  in  the  more  favore  !  canons  of  the  Coast  Range,  as  well 
as  many  others,  if  planted  and  carefully  tended  for  two  or  three 
years,  would  thereafter  grow  healthfully,  rapidly,  and  in  graceful 
forms. 

It  will  be  seen,  by  reference  to  the  large  drawing,  that  all  the 
ground  not  required  for  other  purposes  is  laid  out  in  a  number  of 
divisions,  varying  in  length  and  breadth,  but  each  of  such  a  form 
that  it  could  be  ea'-ily  subdivided  by  simple  lines  into  lots,  each  of 
one  to  five  acres  in  ex'ent,  of  suitable  shape  and  favorably  situated 
in  all  resjiecls  for  a  family  home.  The  relative  jjosilion  of  the 
houses  erected,  and  trees  grown  upon  the  dilferent  lots,  may  be  such 
that  the  best  view  from  each  site  will  remain  not  only  uninterrupted, 
but  rather  im|)rovcd.  b>  that  below  it.  The  divisions  are  separated 
one  from  the  other  by  lanes  bordered,  as  already  explained,  on  each 
side  by  continuous  tiiick  groves,  and  access  to  each  private  lot  from 
these  lanes  is  arranged  by  short  approaches. brandling  from  them. 
The  area  of  ground  contained  in  these  divisions  is   195  acres  (in- 


APPENDIX.  3-)  I 

eluding  nearly  90  acres  belonging  to  private  owners  between  the 
college  property  and  the  adjoining  public  roads),  and  might  with 
advantage  be  occupied  by  from  50  to  100  private  families. 

The  lanes  are  arranged  with  reference  to  continuations  to  the 
northward  and  southward,  should  additional  accommodation  of  the 
same  character  be  hereafter  found  desirable.  Connection  is  also 
made  by  shaded  roads  with  thevil'age  already  laid  out  in  the  vicinity, 
and  a  public  garden,  containing  a  children's  play-ground,  with  a  series 
of  shaded  walks  and  arbors  about  it,  is  provided  for,  adjoining  this 
village.  Between  the  garden  and  the  village,  a  street  is  widened  so 
as  to  form  a  small  plaza  or  village  market-place. 

There  are  three  entrances  to  the  series  of  lanes  from  the  general 
direction  of  San  Francisco.  One  of  these  is  intended  to  be  ap- 
proached by  a  projected  street  railroad,  and  also  by  a  direct  avenue 
from  the  proposed  steam-boat  landing  at  that  point  of  the  bay  which 
is  nearest  to  the  property.  The  second  approach  is  through  the 
midst  of  the  village.  The  third  is  by  a  new  road  which  I  recom- 
mend should  be  laid  out  as  a  pleasure  drive  from  Oakland.  This 
road  would  be  to  the  southward  of,  and  run  parallel  with,  the  present 
telegraph  road,  until  after  it  has  passed  the  vicinity  of  the  new  cem- 
etery, where  it  would  curve  upon  a  long  radius  to  the  left,  and  pass- 
ing to  the  eastward  of  some  of  the  lowest  foot-hills,  cross  the  Tele- 
graph road  near  the  foot  of  the  mountains,  and  approach  Berkeley 
on  a  line  parallel  with  the  range,  passing  along  the  east  side  of  the 
public  garden,  and  reaching  the  vicinity  of  the  College  without  en- 
tering the  village,  as  shown  upon  the  plan.  Such  a  road  would  form 
a  drive  much  more  attractive  than  any  now  in  use  out  of  Oakland, 
and  would  lay  open  a  most  desirable  region  for  residences  all  along 
the  foot  of  the  mountains. 

One  of  the  neighborhood  lanes  is  extended  eastwardly  to  the 
mouth  of  the  valley  or  gorge  in  the  mountains,  which  is  a  part  of 
the  property  of  the  College,  but  which  it  would  be  inconvenient  to 
show  upon  the  drawing.  This  lane  is  intended  to  be  extended  up 
the  gorge,  first,  however,  crossing  to  the  other  side,  not  far  beyond 
the  point  at  which  it  terminates  in  the  drawing.  Thence  it  is  in- 
tended to  follow  up  the  course  of  the  brook  as  I  have  verbally  ex- 
plained to  you,  and  as  close  ujjon  its  banks  as  is  practicable,  until 
the  point  is  reached  at  which  the  branch  enters  from  the  left.  There 
the  lane  should  fork,  being  carried  up  the  branch  to  the  left  with 


35li  HISTOR  Y  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALII^RNIA. 

such  (  uives  as  will  be  necessary  to  reach  the  small  table-land  at 
present  occupied  by  a  grazier's  house.  From  this  it  would  return 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  southerly  branch  of  the  stream  to  the  main 
stem,  crossing  near  the  fork  by  a  bridge. 

There  should  be  a  convenient  stopping-place  for  carriages  upon 
the  table-land,  from  which  a  walk  should  be  formed  to  the  highest 
point  of  the  knoll  around  which  the  lane  passes.  At  this  point 
there  is  a  very  interesting  view  through  the  gorge  and  out  upon  the 
bay,  and  it  would  be  a  suitable  place  for  a  small  summer-house  or 
pavilion.  The  lane  within  the  gorge  would  have  to  be  formed  by 
excavation  in  the  hill-side,  and  a  thick  plantation  should  be  carefully 
established  on  the  uj)pcr  slope  so  as  to  confine  attention  to  the  damp 
ravine  below  and  the  opposite  bank,  which  to  a  considerable  height 
is  abundantly  covered  with  native  foliage  of  a  very  beautiful  char- 
acter. 

As  this  road  follows  a  stream  of  water  from  the  open  landscape  of 
the  bay  region  into  the  midst  of  the  mountains,  it  offers  a  great 
change  of  scenery  within  a  short  distance,  and  will  constitute  a 
unique  and  most  valuable  appendage  to  the  general  local  attractions 
of  the  neighborhood. 

The  plan,  as  shown  in  the  drawing,  encroaches  slightly  upon  the 
land  which  does  not  at  present  belong  to  your  corporation,  on  the 
westward  and  northward,  but  you  advise  me  to  assume  that  you 
would  be  able  to  acquire  possession  of  this  land  if  desirable. 

The  extent  of  the  .sylvan  lanes  which  I  have  described,  exclusive 
of  the  village  streets,  the  avenue  to  the  bay  sbore,  and  the  road  into 
the  mountain  gorge,  would  be  about  five  miles.  At  several  points 
upon  them  there  would  be  very  fine  distant  views,  each  having  some 
distinc live  advantage.  The  local  scenery  would  also  at  many  ]:)oints 
be  not  only  quite  interesting,  even  without  any  effort  to  produce 
special  effects  by  planting,  but  it  would  have  considerable  variety, 
nuich  more  .o  than  might  bt:  supposed  tioni  the  drawing.  The  road 
is  designed  to  be  laid  out  in  such  a  way  as  to  make  the  most  of  the 
natural  featuies,  while  preserving  their  completely  sjlvan  and  rural 
character,  being  carried  with  frequent  curves  in  such  a  way  as  to 
make  the  best  use  of  the  picturesque  banks  of  the  arroyos  and  the 
existing  trees  upon  them.  These  are  sometimes  allowed  to  divide  it 
intu  two  parts.  Notwithstanding  the  varied  curves  which  the  ar 
rang*  ineiit  involves,  the  general  course  of  the  lanes  will  be  found 


Arr/-:x/)/x.  3r,3 

simple  and  the  connection  between  the  more  important  points  suffi- 
ciently direct.  This  is  especially  the  case  with  the  approaches  to  the 
College  site  from  the  points  nearest  it  at  which  the  neighborhood  is 
entered. 

A  tract  of  low,  flat  ground,  twenty-seven  acres  in  extent,  pleasantly 
surrounded  on  three  sides  by  moderate  elevations,  two  of  which 
retire  so  as  to  form  a  long  bay  or  dell,  is  proposed  to  be  formed  into 
a  small  p;irk  or  general  pleasure  grounil.  The  site  is  naturally  more 
moist,  fertile,  and  meadow-like  than  any  other  in  the  vicinity,  and  a 
considerable  number  of  old  and  somewhat  quaint  and  pictures(|uc 
oaks  are  growing  in  a  portion  of  it.  This  occurrence,  with  a  thick 
growth  of  underwood  and  of  rank,  herbaceous  plants,  leads  me  to 
think  that  if  it  were  thoroughly  drained,  cleaned,  and  tilled,  trees 
would  naturally  grow  u[)on  it  in  more  umbrageous  and  elegant  forms 
than  elsewhere,  and  that  turf  could  be  more  easily  formed  and 
maintained  upon  its  surface.  I  recommend  that  it  should  be  sur- 
rounded by  a  thick  plantation  similar  to  that  proposed  to  be  formed 
by  the  side  of  the  lanes,  and  that  in  the  front  of  this,  trees  should 
be  planted  singly  and  in  small  detached  groups,  as  they  are  often 
seen  in  open  pastures  in  the  East,  while  in  the  central  portions  of  it 
a  perfect  living  greensward  should,  if  possible,  be  formed. 

For  this  purpose,  after  the  thorough  under-drainnge  of  all  parts  of 
the  ground,  it  should  be  trench-plowed  as  deeply  as  possible,  or 
trenched  with  a  spade  to  the  depth  of  two  feet  or  more,  manure  or 
rich,  loose  soil  being  placed  at  the  bottom.  The  surface  should  then 
be  worked  very  fine  and  assorted  grass  seeds  of  the  kinds  which  ex- 
perience in  Oakland  and  San  Francisco  indicates  to  possess  the  most 
enduring  vitality  in  the  climate,  should  be  ?own  very  thickly — at  the 
rate  at  least  of  three  bushels  to  the  acre.  The  surface  should  then 
be  rolled  with  a  heavy  roller.  As  soon  as  the  grass  has  grown  to  an 
average  height  of  two  inches,  it  should  be  mown  and  rolled  again 
with  a  lawn  machine,  dniwn  by  a  horse  with  his  feet  mufiled.  The 
mowing  and  rolling  should  be  repeated  at  inter\vils  of  from  three  to 
ten  days,  whenever  the  grass  is  growing  fairly,  and  it  should  never 
be  allowed  to  reach  the  height  of  three  inches  or  to  form  seed,  ^^'ith 
this  treatment  it  will  i)robably  form  a  firm  sod  which  will  remain 
green,  soft  and  velvety  during  the  greater  part  of  the  year.  At  the 
height  of  the  dry  season,  however,  it  would,  I  presume,  rctjuire  daily 
watering,  and  for  this  purpose  there  should  be  a  scries  of  hydrants 

23 


354  niSTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

concealed  in  the  shrubbery  around  it,  and  others  at  intervals  in  the 
midst  of  it,  the  latter  being  set  entirely  below  the  surface  of  the 
ground  in  cases  covered  with  a  small  cap,  by  lifting  which  the  butt 
of  the  hose  could  be  inserted. 

1  would  strongly  urge  that  not  the  least  ground  should  appear  out- 
side of  the  necessary  walks  and  roadway  anywhere  within  your 
property,  which  cannot  be  hidden  from  sight  by  the  foliage  of  trees, 
shrubs,  or  vines,  except  so  much  as  you  feci  confident  you  can  afford 
to  treat  in  the  manner  which  I  have  thus  suggested.  The  expense 
of  such  a  treatment  is  so  great,  and  it  is  so  unlikely  to  be  constantly 
maintained  through  a  long  series  of  years,  that  I  have  reluctantly 
embodied  any  greensward  at  all  in  the  plan.  I  am  influenced  to  do 
so,  however,  by  regard  not  only  for  your  original  desire  for  a  much 
larger  extent  of  it  than  is  now  projiosed,  but  for  the  very  great  addi- 
tion to  the  general  beauty  of  the  neighborhood  which  would  be 
gained  by  such  an  arrangement  and  by  a  consideration  of  the  ad- 
vantages which  would  come  from  it  to  the  institution,  by  supplying  a 
suitable  field  for  athletic  games  and  other  agreeable  exercises,  and 
the  effect  which  it  would  thus  have  upon  the  health  and  spirits  of 
the  students  and  those  who  would  be  associated  with  them. 

If  this  part  of  the  plan  should  not  be  approved  on  account  of  the 
expense  which  would  be  required  to  properly  carry  it  out,  then  I 
would  suggest  that  at  least  so  much  turf  should  be  formed  and  kept 
as  would  be  contained  in  the  strip  immediately  in  front  of  the  cen- 
tral College  building,  in  the  line  of  the  Golden  Gate.  Arrangements 
could  be  made  by  which  this  might  be  all  sprinkled,  with  very  little 
labor.  The  remainder  should  be  planttd  with  trees,  except  an  arena 
a  little  south  and  east  of  the  center,  to  be  made  perfectly  level  and 
used  as  a  ball-ground.  The  whole  of  the  ground  not  covered  with 
turf  should  be  very  thoroughly  cleaned  by  repealed  plowings  and 
harrowings,  then  covered  with  three  or  four  inches  of  gravel  /rom 
which  sand  and  dust,  as  well  as  all  pebbles  larger  than  a  small  olive, 
should  have  been  removed  by  a  double  screening.  This  should  be 
heavily  rolled,  and  every  spring  afterwards  it  should  be  scuffled, 
dressed  with  salt,  and  again  rolled  until  liard  enough  and  smooth 
enough  to  be  swept  with  a  common  corn-broom.  It  might,  in  this 
way,  i)robably  be  kept  clean  enough  for  use,  and  surrounded,  or  over- 
hung, by  trees,  it  would  not  be  offensive  to  the  eye. 

\  part  of  the  ground  (I))  reserved  for  general  College  pur[)oses  on 


APPEXniX.  355 

the  high  land  to  the  eastward  of  the  park  may  be  used  for  a  garden 
if  required,  or  if  the  plan  neither  of  a  jjark  nor  of  a  glade  of  turf 
extending  to  the  westward,  before  the  College  site,  should  be  approved, 
a  garden  would  more  appropriately  occupy  that  position  than  private 
residences,  or  a  road  or  walk  with  coppice  border.  A  garden,  how- 
ever, of  the  same  extent,  whether  a  scientific  garden,  or  an  orna- 
mental flower  garden,  would  be  even  more  expensive  to  maintain 
than  good  turf,  while  it  would  add  nothing  like  as  much  to  the  beauty 
and  interest  of  the  neighborhood  and  would  be  less  directly  useful 
to  your  students. 

The  main  features  of  the  plan  have  thus  been  sufficiently  ex])lained 
to  show  how  it  is  intended  to  meet  the  principal  requirement,  namely, 
to  offer  inducements  which  will  draw  about  the  College  a  neighbor- 
hood of  refined  and  elegant  homes. 

The  second  requirement  of  a  plan  was  stated  to  be  that,  while 
presenting  domestic  attractions,  the  improvements  prci'oscd  should 
not  be  of  a  character  to  draw  about  your  College  a  noisy,  disturbing 
commerce,  or  anything  calculated  to  destroy  the  general  tranquillity 
of  the  neighborhood.  It  will  be  observed,  that  with  reference  to  this 
requirement,  while  the  roads  are  so  laid  out  as  to  afford  moderately 
direct  routes  of  communication  between  the  different  paits  of  the 
neighborhood,  they  would  be  inconvenient  to  be  followed  for  any 
purpose  of  business  beyond  the  mere  supplyirg  of  the  wants  of  the 
neighborhood  itself,^ — that  is  to  say,  it  would  be  easier  for  any  man 
wishing  to  convey  merchandise  from  any  point  a  short  distance  on 
one  side  of  your  neighborhood  to  a  point  a  short  distance  on  the 
other  side,  to  go  around  it  rather  than  go  through  it.  As  a  further 
protection,  when  it  shall  be  found  necessary,  the  }>roix'rty  may  be 
inclosed  and  gates  established  at  the  entranci.s,  so  as  to  exclude  from 
the  lanes  whatever  it  may  be  thought  undesirable  to  admit.  This  pre- 
caution would  probably  be  unnecessary,  however,  for  many  years  to 
come. 

As  you  have  been  unable  to  instruct  me  what  College  buildings 
should  be  introduced,  I  have  been  obliged  to  trust  to  my  own  judg- 
ment of  your  prol  able  requirements,  and  form  a  general  building 
plan  accordingly,  taking  care,  however,  that  the  area  and  the  shape 
of  the  ground  proposed  to  be  reserved  for  the  purpose,  while  fitted 
to  such  an  arrangement  as  I  conjecture  will  be  satisfactory,  should 
at  the  same  time  leave  you  witli  considerable  freedom  to  vary 
from  it. 


356  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

I  have  thought  it  best  to  assume  that  two  considerable  buildings 
would  be  required  at  an  early  period  of  the  history  of  the  College. 
One  designed  to  contain  its  library,  records,  and  scientific  collections, 
and  therefore  constructed  of  brick,  stone,  and  iron,  and  as  nearly  fire- 
proof as  you  could  afford  to  make  it;  the  other  to  contain  a  general 
hall  of  assembly,  and  a  series  of  class-rooms,  lecture-rooms,  and 
rooms  for  the  use  of  your  Faculty. 

Whenever  it  should  be  found  necessary,  in  the  future,  to  enlarge 
the  library  accommodations,  the  scientific  collections  might  be  re- 
moved to  a  new  building,  to  be  erected  especially  for  that  purpose, 
and  the  whole  of  the  original  building  thus  devoted  to  the  library,  or 
if  less  than  this  should  be  required,  a  smaller  building  might  be 
erected  for  a  special  division,  or  for  certain  departments  of  the  scien- 
tific collections,  as  has  been  done  at  Amherst  College,  a  single  large 
building  being  there  devoted  to  a  special  class  of  fossils,  while  the 
general  geological  collection  remains  in  another.  Whenever,  also, 
the  accommodations  of  the  second  building  should  be  found  insuffi- 
cient, a  new  one  may  be  erected  for  the  purpose  of  general  assembly, 
and  the  class-rooms  be  enlarged  by  the  addition  of  the  space  occu- 
pied by  the  assembly  hall  in  the  original  building. 

With  regard  to  dwellings  for  the  students,  my  inquiries  lead  me  to 
believe  that  the  experience  of  Eastern  colleges  is  equally  unfavorable 
with  regard  to  the  old  plan  of  large  barracks  and  commons,  and  to 
the  plan  of  trusting  that  the  student  will  be  properly  accommodated 
with  board  and  lodging  by  arrangements  with  private  families  or  at 
hotels.  Establishments  seem  likely  to  be  finally  preferred,  in  which 
buildings  erected  by  the  College  will  be  used,  having  the  general 
np|)earance  of  large  domestic  houses,  and  containing  a  respectably 
furnished  drawing-room  and  dining-room  for  the  common  use  of  the 
students,  together  with  a  sufficient  number  of  private  rooms  to  ac- 
commodate from  twenty  to  forty  lodgers. 

If  a  similar  plan  should  be  adopted  at  Berkeley,  there  need  never 
be  any  very  large  buildings  erected  there  in  addition  to  the  two  cen- 
tral ones  which  have  been  proposed,  and  as  it  would  be  equally  con- 
venient for  all  purposes,  as  far  as  I  can  see,  and  much  more  consistent 
with  the  character  of  scholarly  and  domestic  seclusion,  which  it  is 
desirable  should  [)crvade  the  neighborhood,  I  should  contemplate  the 
erection  of  no  buildings  for  college  purposes,  whether  large  or  small, 


APPENDIX.  357 

except  as  detached  structures,  each  designed  by  itself,  and  as  would 
be  found  most  convenient  for  the  purpose  to  which  it  was  to  be  de- 
voted. In  other  words,  I  would  propose  to  adopt  a  picturesque, 
rather  than  a  formal  and  perfectly  symmetrical  arrangement,  for  the 
two  reasons  that  the  former  would  better  harmonize  artistically  with 
the  general  character  desired  for  the  neighborhood,  and  that  it  would 
allow  any  enlargement  or  modification  of  the  general  plan  of  build- 
ing at  present  adopted  for  the  College,  which  may  in  the  future  be 
found  desirable. 

I  may  observe  that  in  the  large  Eastern  colleges  the  original  design 
of  arranging  all  the  buildings  of  a  growing  institution  in  a  symmetri- 
cal way  has  in  every  case  proved  imi)racticable  and  been  given  up, 
while  so  far  as  it  has  been  carried  out  it  is  a  cause  of  great  incon- 
venience and  perplexity  to  those  at  present  concerned. 

With  these  views,  having  fixed  a  center  with  which  the  different 
buildings  to  be  hereafter  erected  as  from  time  to  time  shall  be 
found  necessary,  may  be  expected  to  have  convenient  connection,  I 
propose  to  reserve  from  sale  for  private  residences  as  much  ground 
in  the  vicinity  of  this  center  as  is  likely  to  be  needed  for  all  purposes 
by  your  corporation  in  future. 

The  central  buildings  are  intended  to  be  placed  upon  an  artificial 
plateau  at  the  head  of  the  dell  before  described.  This  site,  while 
moderately  elevated,  yet  appears  slightly  embayed  among  the  slopes 
of  the  hills  on  all  sides  except  that  toward  the  park,  over  which  the 
outlook  to  the  westward  is  unconfined  and  reaches  to  the  horizon  of 
the  ocean.  The  west  front  of  this  plateau  is  designed  to  take  the 
form  of  an  architectural  terrace  from  which  two  broad  walks  between 
the  lines  of  a  formal  avenue  lead  directly  to  the  head  of  the  dell  in 
the  park.  At  the  foot  of  these  walks  appropriate  entrances  are  pro- 
vided from  a  carriage  way. 

The  general  arrangement  is  shown  more  fully  in  a  working  plan 
drawn  to  a  larger  scale  than  the  principal  drawing. 

The  construction  of  the  necessary  plateau  ujion  the  site  proposed 
will  not  be  an  expensive  undertaking,  as  the  working  plan  will  show, 
and  the  terrace  may  be  finished,  if  desired,  very  plainly  and  cheaply. 
At  the  same  time  the  introduction  of  a  high  degree  of  art,  at  any 
time  in  the  future,  will  be  practicable,  in  the  form  of  st.Uues,  fount- 
ains, and  a  highly  decorated  parapet  with  tile  and  marble  pavement 


358  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

upon  the  terrace,  and  on  each  side  of  the  broad  walks,  the  interme- 
diate quadrangle  and  the  stair  and  entrance  ways. 

Respectfully,  Fred  Law  Olmsted, 

Olmsted,  Vaux  &  Co., 
Landscape  Architects, 
no  Broadway,  New  York,  June  2p,  iS66. 

To  the  foregoing  report  as  published,  the  following  note 
was  added : — 

San  Francisco,  September,  1866. 

An  edition  of  the  foregoing  report  is  printed  by  order  of  the  Cor- 
poration of  the  College  of  California,  for  general  distribution. 

With  it,  there  was  furnished,  by  Mr.  Olmsted,  the  plan  in  detail, 
for  the  improvement  of  the  central  portion  of  the  proposed  site  for 
the  College  buildings;  also  the  engineer's  plan  (on  linen)  to  be  used 
in  the  field  in  laying  down  the  road-lines,  and  photographic  copies 
of  the  large  map,  presenting,  a  general  view  of  the  improvements 
contemplated. 

The  Trustees  of  the  College  desire  to  commence  the  proposed 
work  on  these  grounds  immediately,  and  prosecute  it  as  fast  as  possi- 
ble. But,  for  the  means  to  do  so,  they  will  depend  on  sales  of  land, 
in  building  lots,  to  those  who  may  wish,  by  and  by,  to  avail  themselves 
of  the  fine  advantages  of  this  location. 

Therefore,  the  rapidity  with  which  the  improvements  will  go  for- 
ward will  be  in  proportion  to  the  interest  manifested  by  the  public  in 
purchases  of  property  to  be  benefited. 

A  portion  of  the  ground  is  already  divided  into  lots,  and  may  be 
sold  at  once,  so  that  improvements  on  them  may  be  commenced 
during  the  coming  rainy  season. 

The  Trustees  of  the  College  consider  themselves  exceedingly 
fortunate  in  having  been  able  to  secure  the  services  of  Mr.  Olmsted, 
to  make  this  survey  and  plan  for  the  im[)rovement  of  their  grounds, 
and  they  are  confident  that  the  public  will  appreciate  the  enterprise 
according  to  its  high  value,  and  readily  invest  the  necessary  means  to 
carry  it  on  successfully. 

To  accomplish  this,  the  Trustees  themselves  will  spare  no  pains, 
and  they  hope  to  meet  with  the  prompt  and  efficient  co-operation  of 
citizens  generally. 


APrEXDIX.  359 

Photographic  copies  of  the  map  of  the  grounds  and  proposed  im- 
provements will  be  sent  to  those  desiring  them. 

Any  further  information  may  be  obtained  on  application  to  Will- 
iam Sherman,  Esq.,  Chairman  of  the  Finance  Committee  of  the 
Board,  412  and  414  Sansomc  Street,  or  to  S.  IT.  Willey,  Vice-Presi- 
dent of  the  College,  on  the  College  grounds,  or  at  Towne  &  Bacon's 
printing  office,  5  ;6  Clay  Street,  near  Montgomery. 


V.    ADDRESS  BEFORE  THE  ASSOCIATED 
ALUMNI. 

Bv  Rev.  A.  L.  Stone,  D.  D. 


Mr.  President,  and  Gentlemen  of  the  Alumni:  In  the  ordi- 
nary habit  of  our  thought,  we  do  not  associate  maternity  with  youth. 
A  mother's  welcome,  while  it  breathes  the  cherishing  tenderness 
which  never  grows  old,  has  in  it  also,  as  we  usually  conceive  it,  some- 
thing of  the  venerableness  of  age.  All  the  more  is  this  true,  if  we 
speak  the  word  not  in  reference  to  the  household  tie,  but  as  express- 
ing the  gentle  providence  of  institutions  which  have  moulded  and 
nurtured  our  intellectual  life.  But  as  we  turn  back  this  day  from  the 
manifold  dusty  paths  our  feet  have  been  treading,  to  keep  the  annual 
tryst  of  our  literary  memories  and  fellowship,  the  genius  of  this  scene, 
greeting  us  at  her  gateway,  is  so  young  and  fair  that  it  seems  a  liberty 
for  bearded  lips  to  offer  filial  salutations.  Youthful  vows  were  a  more 
appropriate  tribute  to  this  girlish  matron  than  the  sentiment  of  ven- 
eration. Here  are  no  ancient  academic  shades,  keeping  in  their 
whispering  leaves,  and  telling  to-day  on  the  summer  air,  the  memorial 
of  classic  generations.  Our  grove  wears,  indeed,  the  honors  of  many 
years,  but  the  antiquity  is  of  nature,  not  of  humanity,  much  less  of 
the  lineage  of  student  life. 

We  have  a  new  College  and  a  new  State,  adventuring  the  future 
together.  If  here  are  no  smooth-worn  thresholds  of  halls  of  learn- 
ing, here  also  around  us  are  no  moss-grown  walls  of  empire.  The 
youngest  of  these  "  tnagisiri  artium  "  is  older  than  California  as  an 
American  State,  and  thrice  as  old  as  the  young  mother  dismissing 
him  to-day  with  the  laurels  of  her  favor,  to  work  out  practically  the 
horoscope  of  his  destiny. 

Let  me  keej)  hold  of  this  association  of  civic  and  literary  life,  and 
detain  you,  for  a  while,  upon  this  theme — The  relation  of  the  College 
to  the  State.  AVhile  I  use  the  term  "  State  "  in  its  fuller  and  more 
comprehensive  meaning,  the   discission  will   have  its  chief  bearing 


APlEkDIX.  3G1 

upon  the  growth  and  fortunes  of  our  own  Pacific  commonweaUh. 
Certainly,  unless  all  our  hopes  deceive  us,  unless  the  bright  prophe- 
cies of  our  brief  but  rapid  and  almost  miraculous  progress  speak 
with  lying  lips,  unless  the  indomitable  energy  and  enterprise  of  our 
American  character  fail  this  once,  and  on  a  theater  so  inspiring,  there 
is  before  us,  on  these  shores,  a  splendid  and  marvelous  future.  If 
we  measure  our  coming  advance  only  by  the  past,  what  a  prodigious 
growth  in  all  the  fruits  of  a  prosjiering  and  victorious  civilization  v.ill 
not  the  next  score  of  years  display.  Before  we  shall  have  exhausted 
the  last  third  of  this  declining  century,  the  waters  of  this  bay  will  be 
girded  with  one  almost  unbroken  zone  of  population  and  wealth; 
around  this  serrated  margin  of  twice  a  hundred  miles,  parted  only  by 
the  seaward  gate  and  the  northern  strait,  village  will  stretch  its  hand 
to  village,  and  town  to  town;  the  gardens  of  fair  country  seats  will 
touch  one  another;  yonder  metropolis,  crowned  Queen  of  the  Pacific, 
will  be  peer  in  her  jeweled  magnificence  to  any  throned  rival  on 
this  Western  Continent;  a  hundred  convoys  of  trade,  travel,  and 
treasure  will  tread,  with  flashing  feet,  the  length  and  breadth  of  this 
sunny  harbor;  from  these  mountain-sides,  tolerant  of  culture  to  the 
very  summit,  and  on  the  twin  rivers  that  drain  our  broad  interior 
valley,  will  pour  down  agricultural  supplies  enough  to  fill  the  granaries 
of  a  nation;  the  marshy  wastes  of  tule  lands,  redeemed  from  winter 
overflow  and  cleared  of  their  reedy  forests,  will  show  the  bloom  of 
boundless  garden-prairies;  the  torn  ravines  of  mining  regions  will  be 
built  into  picturesque  and  populous  towns;  iron  tracks  will  stretch 
away  through  the  interminable  northern  forest,  making  Oregon  and 
Sitka  our  neighbors;  between  the  snowy  peaks  of  the  Sierra  Nevadas, 
shaking  the  dust  of  the  desert  from  his  mane,  the  iron  horse,  capar- 
isoned in  our  farthest  East,  will  thunder  down  these  Western  slopes; 
the  confluent  streams  of  a  world-wide  immigration  will  pour  in  their 
floods  of  vigorous  life;  the  peaceful  ocean  will  empty  through  the 
ever-open  Golden  Gate  the  spoils  of  fleets  freighted  in  China  and 
the  Indies;  and  the  ceaseless  enginery  of  our  mints  will  coin  from 
out  our  hills  the  shining  currency  of  a  wealth  to  ',\hose  copiousness 
God  and  nature  alone  can  set  bounds. 

I  know  the  American  dialect  is  thought  to  have  a  large  capacity 
for  boastful  periods,  and  this  picture  which  I  have  sketched  may 
seem  to  some  colored  with  hues  of  dreamland.  But  only  recite  the 
sober  record   of    facts  wliidi    half  the  life-time  of  a  generation  has 


362  IirSTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

chronicled  auiid  these  homes,  and  we  have  .i  more  wondrous  poem 
than  I  have  sung  for  twice  that  range  of  future  years.  'J'o  this  large 
coming  development,  we  of  the  present  stand  in  the  relation  of  fos- 
ter parents.  We  are  architects  and  builders  of  this  rising  greatness. 
Not  that  in  our  indolence  or  neglect  the  august  fabric  will  not  go  up, 
but  that  the  strength  of  that  fabric  and  the  moral  aspect  of  that 
greatness  will  depend  upon  the  foundations  thus  early  laid,  and  the 
aims  and  uses  which  the  builders  propose.  The  determinate  influ- 
ence of  educational  institutions  upon  the  whole  problem,  we  cannot, 
without  underlying  the  just  imputation  of  folly  and  crime,  refuse  to 
weigh.  Our  citizenship  in  the  State,  as  well  as  our  allegiance  to  let- 
ters, or,  in  fewer  words,  our  duty  as  patriot  scholars,  constrains  the 
discussion  to  which  we  now  advance. 

I.  We  want  the  College  in  the  new  young  life  of  the  State,  as  ^ 
bond  with  the  past.  There  is  no  such  thing  as  a  full  and  complete 
life  for  the  individual  or  for  the  State,  if  that  life  does  not  join  itself 
to  the  whole  life  of  humanity.  Much  of  the  past  will,  indeed,  empty 
itself  in  upon  us  without  our  consciousness.  The  rudest  will  inherit 
more  generously  than  he  knows  of  the  treasures  accumulated  in  by- 
gone ages.  He  is  the  child  of  a  long  line  of  progenitors,  though  he 
cannot  name  his  ancestry.  But  in  proportion  as  his  ignorance  iso- 
lates him  from  the  results  of  the  sum  total  of  human  progress,  must 
his  life  be  fragmentary  and  unendowed.  He  is  a  foundling,  for 
whom  there  is  waiting  an  heirship  of  riches  and  honors  unrevealed 
to  him,  and  by  which,  therefore,  his  poverty  and  obscurity  will  never 
be  relieved. 

By  our  circumstances  and  history,  this  same  isolation  characterized 
our  early  beginnings  as  a  commonwealth.  Our  infancy  was  that  of 
a  foundling.  We  were  disconnected  with  the  old.  Laws,  religions, 
home-ties,  and  all  the  sweet  and  solemn  voices  of  philosophy,  faith, 
and  letters,  were  left  behind  when  we  were  flung  upon  these  Western 
shores  to  struggle  as  we  could  out  of  anarchy  and  barbarism.  Our 
social  being  was  not  the  onflow  of  a  stream  holding  in  its  deep  and 
broad  channel  the  tributaries  of  all  past  times  and  growths,  but  a 
solitary  fountain,  gushing  single,  fitful,  and  turbid,  in  the  wilderness. 
We  have  to  connect  the  issue  of  this  fountain  with  that  grand  cur- 
rent bearing  on  its  bosom  and  mingling  in  its  waters  the  world's  full 
life  and  thought.  Deny  to  us,  deny  to  any  people,  no  matter  what 
their  origin  and  story,  the  record  and  knowledge  of  the  past,  the 


APPENB/X.  3G:} 

testimony  of  humanity's  long  cnii)iric  travail,  and  such  connection 
remains  impossible.  How  great  the  forfeiture!  "When  ancient 
opinions  and  rules  of  life  are  taken  away,"  says  Burke,  "the  loss 
cannot  possibly  be  estimated.  From  that  moment  we  have  no  com- 
pass to  govern  us;  nor  can  we  know  distinctly  to  what  port  to  steer." 
Lost  are  the  influence  and  example  of  the  illustrious  dead,  the  heroic 
deeds  that  kindle  and  feed  the  flame  of  valor  and  self-devotion,  the 
quickening  and  instructive  annals  of  history,  the  songs  of  the  bards 
—  stairways  to  the  heaven  of  imagination — the  warning  voiced  forth 
in  the  reiterated  lessons  of  man's  errors,  frailties,  and  passions;  the 
teachings  of  philosophy  wrestling  with  the  great  questions  of  truth 
and  the  soul,  the  painful  but  resolute  steps  of  explorers  and  discov- 
erers leading  on  the  ages  after  them  up  the  heights  of  science,  the 
full  intelligence  of  causes,  natural  and  philosophic,  seen  at  work  in 
the  present,  but  whose  origin,  nature,  and  alliances  lie  remote  up  the 
centuries;  the  slow  but  grand  drama  of  the  mute  earth,  proceeding 
under  the  twin  ministry  of  two  great  magicians — fire  and  water — 
from  her  primal  chaos  to  the  fair  completeness  of  her  verdurous 
hills,  her  islanded  deep,  and  her  steadfast  mountains,  and  the  length- 
ening  golden  chain  that  makes  us  one  in  blood  and  sympathy,  history 
and  heritage  with  the  whole  human  family. 

Would  it  be  but  a  trifling  bereavement  of  our  modern  civilization 
thus  to  orphan  it  from  the  maternity  and  nurture  of  the  past  ?  As 
well  girdle  an  oak,  and  expect  its  branches  to  bear  up  the  same 
wealth  of  frondent  and  lusty  life;  as  well  cut  off  in  mid-length  that 
northern  river  that  empties  the  great  lakes,  and  expect  its  channel  to 
bear  on  the  same  majestic  stream  to  the  sea. 

But  the  guardianship  and  transmission  of  this  dowry  of  the  past 
are  in  the  hands  of  the  world's  teachers  as  trustees  for  mankind. 
These  treasures  are  locked  up  in  the  languages  of  dead  empires,  the 
systems  of  buried  sages,  the  alcoves  of  old  libraries,  the  laboratories 
of  science.  The  halls  of  liberal  culture  open  backward  into  these 
galleries  of  antiquity,  and  onward  into  the  life  of  the  present,  giving 
to  the  exploring  eye,  beneath  their  arches,  the  long  vista  of  the  prog- 
ress of  the  race. 

What  is  our  sacred  trust  for  the  future  ?  What  have  we  to  transmit 
to  those  who  come  after  us  ?  A  name  only,  and  a  clear  field  for  ad- 
venture? or  the  entire  riches  which  the  ages  have  accumulated,  and 
for  which  the  generations  which  have  gone  down  to  the  dust  have 
wrought  through  the  heat  of  great  harvest-days  ? 


364  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

We  ask  no  unreasoning  homage  for  the  wisdom  of  the  elders;  but 
a  little  more  reverence  for  the  antiquity  will  not  hurt  us  in  our  per- 
sonal and  national  development.  It  is  needed  as  a  corrective  of  that 
flippant  self-sufficiency  that  dashes  with  arrogance  our  confident 
American  energy,  and  of  that  smattering  of  universal  knowledge 
that  conceives  it  has  nothing  to  learn.  The  spirit  of  the  true  scholar 
is  the  spirit  of  humility,  and  the  reverent  inquirer  after  truth  finds 

that— 

"  Study  is  like  the  heaven's  glorious  sun, 
That  will  not  be  deep-search 'd  with  saucy  looks." 

2.  We  want  the  College,  again,  in  alliance  with  the  life  of  the 
State,  for  the  security  and  honor  of  republican  principles.  We  be- 
lieve in  a  Government  not  of  despotic  force,  nor  of  kings  enthroned 
'■'■jzire  divino,"  nor  of  a  privileged  class,  of  better  blood  and  clay  and 
larger  political  rights  than  the  mass  of  the  governed,  but  of  equal 
laws,  framed  by  the  popular  will,  expressing  and  guarding  popular 
rights,  and  administered  by  representatives  elected  by  popular  suffrage. 
It  is  one  of  the  commonplaces  of  political  truths,  that  despotism  can 
maintain  itself  only  in  the  unreasoning  debasement  of  its  subjects. 
Ignorance  and  superstition  are  the  twin  pillars  of  all  unequal  and 
oppressive  political  systems.  These  sayings  are  as  familiar  with  us 
as  household  words,  but  they  need  continual  and  emphatic  re-utter- 
ance. Against  every  form  of  unjust  privilege  and  political  absolutism, 
the  one  conquering  and  invincible  champion  is  popular  education. 
Light  antagonizes  force  with  a  soft  and  silent  but  resistless  mastery. 
It  debates  the  questions  of  privilege,  it  examines  the  foundations  of 
caste;  it  sifts  the  theories  of  special  and  restricted  rights;  it  illumines 
and  di.spels  the  illusions  of  kingcraft  and  tyranny,  as  the  beams  of 
morning  the  dark  retiring  shadows  of  night;  it  discovers  the  true 
sources  of  political  power,  and  gives  voice  to  the  deathless  instinct 
of  humanity,  pleading  before  in  dumb  murmurings  for  its  inalienable 
endowments  of  "life,  liberty,  and  the  pursuit  of  happiness." 

Education,  especially  where  it  is  large  and  liberal,  gives  the  broad 
mind  and  the  catholic  spirit,  enlarges  from  all  narrowness,  emanci- 
pates from  i)rejudice,  and  nurtures  universal  sympathies.  This  is  the 
original  force  of  the  term  liberal  education,  the  fine  and  true  philos- 
ophy shut  up  in  language  itself  Education  is  a  liberator;  it  makes 
thought  free,  inquiry  free,  belief  the  child  of  light  and  full  conviction, 
the   whole   manhood   free.     .\nd   in    this   disenthralling    process    it 


I 


APPENDIX.  365 

quickens  in  us  the  fraternal  recognition  of  all  other  manhood.  'Ihe 
close,  encircling  barriers  that  isolate  man  from  man,  by  the  accidents 
of  birth  and  place,  of  race  and  color,  are  thrown  down  by  this  ex- 
pansive force;  and  a  large  and  just  view  of  our  common  nature,  as 
in  origin,  faculties,  and  possibilities  one,  sweeps  all  who  wear  the 
image  of  (lod  within  the  wide  horizon  and  the  tender  bonds  of  the 
universal  human  family. 

By  such  enlargement,  we  touch  the  deep,  vital  principle  of  genuine 
Republicanism — the  true  doctrine  of  political  ecjuality.  That  doctrine 
is  the  equality  of  man  with  man,  as  a  creature  of  God — in  all  the 
powers  of  a  reasoning  mind  and  an  immortal  soul ;  an  equality  which 
titles  and  purples,  and  political  prescriptions,  and  social  interdicts, 
however  they  may  overlay  and  obscure,  cannot  disturb.  A  republi- 
can equality  thus  discerned  and  understood  will  be  fearless  and  con- 
sistent. It  will  outlaw  all  caste.  It  will  suffer  no  brand  of  serfdom 
and  villenage,  and  no  shadow  of  such  a  brand  to  rest  upon  any  fore- 
head that  covers  a  human  brain.  In  due  proce'-s  of  enfranchise- 
ment, it  will  crown  with  the  full  honors  and  immunities  of  citizenship 
all  within  the  bounds  of  the  State  whom  it  calls  its  fellow-men. 

But  the  provision  for  liberal  culture  does  not  content  itself  jvith  a 
mere  proclamation  of  republican  equality,  however  true  in  principle 
and  noble  as  a  testimony.  It  works  out  the  practical  elevation  of 
the  lowly.  It  lets  down  a  ladder  to  the  very  lowest  grade  of  social 
life,  on  which  the  humblest  aspirant  may  climb  to  the  highest.  In 
lands  where  aristocratic  institutions  order  the  social  scale,  as  in  En- 
gland, the  chief  places  of  honor  and  emolument  are  awarded,  as  the 
rule,  by  interest,  and  birth,  and  titled  precedence.  With  us  the  class 
is  larger  than  with  any  other  people,  of  those  who  are  dependent 
upon  self-help  for  all  personal  and  professional  success;  and  while 
our  political  theories  say  to  the  brown  son  of  penury  and  toil,  the 
child  of  the  plowman  and  the  artisan,  "  You  are  the  peer  of  the  heirs 
of  wealth  and  station,"  our  system  of  education  offers  to  his  hand 
the  prizes  which  the  slack  fingers  of  effeminate  fortune  reach  after 
in  vain.  The  wealth  of  a  nation's  intellectual  life  is  thus  immeasur- 
ably increased,  and  she  is  served  in  her  high  places  of  trust  and  duty 
by  the  most  vigorous  of  her  sons.  The  succession  of  her  great  men 
and  strong  leaders  is  veined  continually  by  fresh  blood.  There  is  no 
ruling  class,  keeping  its  overshadowing  ascendency  long  after  it  has 
become  effete  with   indolence,  luxury,  and  vice.     New  names  and 


36G  niSTOR  y  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALLFORNIA. 

new  families  rise  out  oi  the  stern  schools  of  want  and  hardship, 
bringing  up  from  such  nurture  men  of  bone  and  muscle  for  the 
charge  of  great  enterprises,  and  the  tasks  of  public  life.  The  purest 
gems  of  mental  brilliance,  which  had  else  kept  their  lusters  hid  in 
"dull  imprisonment,"  are  thus  unearthed,  wrought,  and  polished,  and 
set  to  shine  with  guiding  splendor  in  the  nation's  coronet.  Nor  is 
this  the  triumph  of  plebian  weakness,  the  crowning  of  rudeness  and 
rusticity,  to  the  shame  and  discountcnanc  ing  of  elegance  and  court- 
liness. It  is  the  promotion  and  the  accrediting  of  the  only  worthy  aris- 
tocracy, the  peerage  of  intellect.,  the  nobility  of  learning  and  thought, 
starred  with  the  brilliants  of  wit,  and  crmined  with  the  refinement  of 
lettered  culture. 

And  this  issue  guards  our  republican  development  from  peril  on 
another  side.  The  wide  diffusion  of  popular  intelligence  overthrows 
the  supremacy  of  tyrannic  force,  but  does  it  not  create  the  ambitious 
demagogue,  and  lead  to  a  war  of  factions  and  parties  ?  Where  the 
many  are  stimulated  by  uncontrolled  aspirations,  and  thf  prizes  of 
advancement,  free  to  all,  are  the  reward  of  the  strongest  and  most 
resolute,  what  is  to  prevent  that  war  of  Titans  in  which  the  many 
shall  contend  with  equal  arms,  as  when  Greek  meets  Greek,  each  for 
his  own  pre-eminence.  And  when  it  is  found  (as  it  soon  n.ust  be 
found  in  such  a  conflict),  what  force  there  is  in  combinations,  what 
shall  prevent  the  renewal  of  the  strife,  with  broader  front  and  more 
formidable  tactics,  by  those  stronger  spirits  who  will  seize  the  trun- 
cheon of  command,  and  march  against  their  rivals  with  a  partisan 
host  at  their  heels.?  But  this  same  intelligence  gives  authority  to  the 
calm  counsels  of  reason,  inspires  just  conceptions  of  the  public  good, 
connects  that  common  welfare  with  the  best  hopes  of  all  and  of  each, 
instructs  the  popular  mind  as  to  the  horrors  of  anarchy,  evolves  the 
true  nature  and  limitations  as  well  as  the  proper  beneficence  of  the 
social  com|jact,  and  cuts  short  the  career  of  selfish  ambition,  by  a 
demand  for  what  is  just  and  eciual  for  the  commonwealth.  The 
demagogue  finds  no  leadership  save  with  those  whom  he  can  deceive 
and  beguile  ;  and  anarchy  seeks  its  throne  in  Mexico,  rather  than 
under  the  shining  heavens  of  the  land  of  \^'ashington. 

Thus  our  Rei)ublicanism  is  not  only  conserved,  but  ennobled.  Its 
institutes  and  laws  are  not  the  creatures  of  ignorance  and  prejudice, 
carrying  on  their  front,  as  they  invite  the  scrutiny  of  mankind,  the 
confession  of  weakness,  coarseness,  and  puerility.     Self  government 


APrEXn/X.  3(i7 

with  us  is  the  governuicnt  of  a  nation  of  readers,  a  nation  of  think- 
ers, a  nation  of  debaters,  guided  by  the  freest  and  fullest  philosophic 
discussion  of  every  great  measure  incorporated  in  its  treaties,  statutes, 
and  policies.  Let  the  archives  of  courts  and  cabinets,  kingly  and 
imperial,  the  world  over,  be  challenged  for  a  code  of  jiublic  laws  sur- 
passing in  dignity,  purity,  and  wisdom,  the  written  scrolls  and  annual 
State  papers  of  our  Republican  legislation.  Thus  do  the  security 
and  honor  of  free  jirinciples  go  hand  in  hand  under  the  reign  of  light 
and  knowledge. 

Nor  need  it  be  feared  that  this  full  and  broad  culture  of  letters 
will,  in  the  supreme  stress  of  some  great  crisis  of  danger,  enervate 
the  military  arm,  and  train  a  race  of  citizens  of  too  delicate  a  mould 
of  spirit  and  muscle  to  defend  the  life  of  the  republic  against  the 
weapons  of  war.  Those  words  of  the  Athenian  commander  and 
orator,  words  as  instinct  with  martial  ardor  as  with  true  homage  to 
letters,  we  may  repeat  after  him — "  We  are  not  enfeebled  by  philoso- 
phy." When  the  clarion  sounded  "to  arms"  in  the  nation's  death- 
grapple  with  treason,  the  loyal  ranks  were  filled,  not  with  stolid  and 
reluctant  conscripts,  but  with  thinking,  reasoning  volunteers,  every 
man  of  whom  saw  and  weighed  for  himself  the  grandeur  of  the  stake 
for  which  the  deadly  game  was  played.  Among  all  the  strong-limbed 
youths  that  rose  up  at  the  call,  there  were  none  that  gave  a  more 
jubilant  response  than  the  dwellers  in  our  peaceful  academic  shades. 
They  laid  aside  the  toga  of  quiet  study  for  the  steel  of  the  soldier's 
harness  as  though  robing  for  a  feast;  and  on  the  march,  and  around 
the  camp-fires,  and  at  ''  the  perilous  edge "  of  the  fight,  sang,  till 
every  heart  was  stirred  and  the  heavens  rung  again,  old  battle  chimes 
of  freedom.  They  had  caught  from  the  storied  dead  the  inspiration 
of  the  martyred  patriots  of  all  time,  and  self-devotion  for  the  coun- 
try's life  was  as  honorable  to  them  as  when  Curtius  leaped,  man  and 
horse  full  armed,  into  the  chasm  of  the  Forum ;  and  treason  as  in- 
famous as  when  the  great  Roman  orator  thundered  in  the  Senate 
against  Catiline  and  his  fellow-conspirators.  If  we  needed  such  con- 
firmation to  our  faith  and  hope,  we  shall  henceforth  have  no  question 
concerning  the  alliance  of  letters  with  loyalty  and  valor,  since  the 
close  of  that  great  struggle  that  has  hung  the  porches  of  our  college 
halls  with  laurels  of  youthful  valor,  and  thick  starred  our  catalogues 
of  student  life  with  the  imperishable  honors  of  youthful  heroes, 
whose  blood  has  crimsoned  a  hundred  battle-fields  for  union  and 
liberty. 


368  IJISTOKY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CA  LI  FORM  LI. 

3.  Another  office  of  the  College  in  its  influence  upon  the  State 
will  be  to  correct  the  tendency  to  materialism,  against  which  all  new 
communities  have  to  guard.  That  tendency  is  especially  visible  in 
our  own  local  commonwealth.  It  is,  perhaps,  inseparable  from  the 
tasks  first  fronting  the  settlers  on  this  coast;  certainly  a  legitimate 
issue  of  the  objects  at  first  pursued.  The  explorers  of  a  new  coun- 
try naturally  find  their  material  wants  the  most  immediate  and  im- 
l)crative.  They  must  have  food  and  fire,  shelter  and  water,  wharves 
and  roads.  If  in  addition  to  this  necessity  their  crowning  aims  are 
low  and  material,  it  will  be  hard  to  impregnate  their  minds  with  lofiy 
and  ideal  as[jirations.  They  may  display  a  wonderful  diligence,  but 
always  with  their  eyes  fi.xed  upon  the  earth.  Their  industries,  their 
hopes,  their  prizes  arc  of  the  earth,  earthy.  If  one  of  them  shout 
"  Eureka,"  it  is  not  over  some  victory  of  science  making  its  labora- 
tory luminous  with  some  precious  secret  wrested  from  nature's  keep- 
ing, nor  some  fresh  demonstration  of  philosophy  establishing  a  truth 
for  the  faith  of  men;  but  only  that  his  hand  has  clutched  a  lump  of 
gold.  Bring  before  such  a  mind  a  scheme  to  elevate  the  moral  and 
intellectual  life  within  him  and  around  him,  and  you  talk  in  riddles. 
"The  future  !  "  it  only  reaches,  before  him,  to  the  next  rainy  season. 
"  His  children  ! '"  thoy  are  on  the  other  side  of  the  mountains,  wait- 
ing for  him  to  come  and  empty  his  gold-dust  at  their  feet.  "  .V 
Christian  civilization  !  "  all  that  he  wants  of  it  is  law  enough  to  guard 
his  miner's  tent  for  a  year  or  two,  and  then  the  busy  ravine  where  he 
digs  may  relapse  into  utter  barbarism.  He  is  indeed  no  miser. 
Show  him  a  sick  comrade — tell  him  of  wounded  and  suffering  sol- 
diers, and  famishing  rebels — and  he  scatters  his  hoard  with  generous 
hand.  Hut  ask  him  to  build  institutions,  and  you  get  no  audience, 
scarcely  a  comjirehending  intelligence.  He  is  building  his  ''pile," 
making  haste  to  cap  up  its  pyramidal  completeness,  and  transfer  it 
to  the  distant  spot  he  still  calls  "home.'"  Shall  we  rise  no  higher 
than  this  fitful,  fluctuating  life  of  materialism,  this  ebb  and  flow  of 
successful  or  unsuccessful  immigration  ? 

The  very  presence  of  an  institution  of  learning  suggests  other 
nobler  and  more  permanent  than  material  interests.  Its  walls  of 
mute  masonry  are  lettered  with  proclamations  visible  from  afar,  that 
declare  man's  higher  needs  and  more  exalted  capacities.  There  is 
an  atmosphere  around  it  that  thrills  through  the  flesh  to  the  impris- 
oned soul.    The  dullest  eye  asks,  For  what  do  those  walls  stand?  who 


APPRNnrX.  360 

are  the  workers  within  ?  in  what  mines  do  they  dig?  and  the  strange 
utterances  that  float  out  from  the  quiet  cells  waken  echoes  in  torpid 
breasts  that  give  the  consciousness  of  a  life  whose  pulses  are  immor- 
tal. From  the  vantage  of  its  dome,  the  outlook  is  wider  and  keener 
over  the  domain  of  man's  being.  The  horizon  broadens  from  the 
narrowness  of  the  present  and  the  material  to  the  boundlessness  of 
the  sjnritual,  vital  after  the  body  is  dust ;  and  the  cope  that  carried 
only  the  clouds  lifts  to  take  in  the  orbed  spheres  of  truth,  the  starry 
wonders  of  science,  the  great  arch  toward  which  the  soul  wings  an 
endless  flight. 

The  clasped  books  of  knowledge  have  only  to  be  seen  to  tempt 
curious  fingers.  Their  very  titles  stimulate  the  desire  for  possession* 
Their  pictured  pages  appeal  to  the  esthetic  clement,  and  it  breaks 
through  the  crust  of  materialism.  The  sweet  breath  of  the  Ionian 
Isles  wakes  still  and  forever  the  sense  of  beauty.  Art  is  wooed  as  a 
mistress.  Temples  rise  in  pillared  majesty;  statues  leap  forth  from 
shapeless  marble;  and  life  looks  and  speaks  from  the  canvas.  Tune- 
ful hands  take  the  lyre,  poets  sing,  and  literature  is  born.  Voices, 
whose  accents  can  never  die,  sweep  down  the  yellow  current  of  the 
Tiber,  and  Right,  Duty,  Fidelity,  Constancy,  Law,  brides  of  the 
storied  river,  lift,  on  the  prow  of  their  barge,  sailing  ever  on,  a  scroll 
luminous  with  their  names,  demanding  men's  homage  to  their  queenly 
rule. 

The  College  is  thus  the  court  of  the  ideal.  Its  ministers  serve 
the  scepter  of  the  unseen  as  though  they  .saw  the  invisible.  Its 
splendors  are  not  jewels  dug  out  of  the  earth,  nor  specimens  of 
golden  veins  branching  among  the  hills,  but  gems  of  ethereal  luster, 
which  the  seers  have  plucked  from  the  heaven  of  God's  thoughts, 
and  brought  down  to  shine  for  the  guidance  of  human  feet.  Its 
edicts  give  laws  to  taste,  establish  methods  for  the  reason,  decree 
honors  to  intellectual  triumphs,  and  declare  the  just  rules  of  civil 
and  social  life — the  codes  of  all  right  legislation  in  every  department 
of  human  being. 

Under  its  shadow  the  mere  material  type  of  living  is  shamed  and 
rebuked.  The  higher  nobility  of  serving  truth  and  right,  and  the 
growth  of  the  soul,  assert  themselves  without  a  question;  and  not  ma- 
terial success  and  barbaric  comfort,  but  spiritual  culture,  is  seen 
and  acknowledged  to  be  the  only  worthy  end  of  living. 

4.  Nor  do  we  in  this  plea  overlook  the  needs  of  practical  life. 
24 


370  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

We  provide,  in  the  most  effectual  manner,  for  those  needs.  The 
College  trains  the  men  of  practical  science  who  hold  the  secrets  of 
all  useful  art,  the  most  fruitful  methods  of  every  branch  of  industry. 
The  time  has  been  when  the  tillers  of  the  soil  preferred  the  lessons 
of  mother  wit  and  daily  experience  to  all  the  wisdom  of  the  books, 
and  scouted  the  learning  that  wrought  its  field  tasks  and  raised  its 
crops  only  in  the  laboratory.  But  scientific  farming  has  carried  the 
day.  We  have  had  blunders  enough  of  ignorance  and  self-sufficiency 
in  working  the  peculiar  wealth  of  our  own  State,  and  but  a  moiety  of 
the  legitimate  proceeds  of  our  industry  is  gathered  as  a  practical 
result.  The  other  moiety  is  drained  off  in  sluices  of  untutored 
negligence,  or  empty  quackery;  and  if  science  itself  has  sometimes 
gone  astray,  or  stood  at  fault  before  its  problems,  we  have  only  in 
this  fact  a  fresh  demonstration  of  the  need  of  more  patient  and  ex- 
haustive study.  There  was  never  an  industry  that  more  imperatively 
needed  the  conduct  of  exact  science  to  make  it  safe  and  profitable 
than  that  of  this  people.  If  our  aims  were  only  practical  in  the 
grosser  sense,  mercenary  and  material,  the  shortest  avenue  to  their 
attainment  were  through  the  porches  of  liberal  learning. 

The  ideal  leads  the  practical;  men  of  thought  go  before  men  of 
action ;  the  student  is  elder  partner  of  the  craftsman,  furnishing  him 
his  tools  and  supi)lying  his  models,  and  forever  it  is  true  that  "where 
there  is  no  vision,  the  people  perish."  A  man  with  no  visioned  ex- 
cellence before  him,  as  yet  unattained,  is  at  the  end  of  his  growth, 
and  has  begun  to  decay.  The  same  is  true  of  communities  and 
nations.  All  the  triumphs  of  human  progress,  all  the  increments  of 
practical  growth,  are  in  the  inspiration  of  ideals.  Pure  intelligence 
is  itself  with  us  ultimately  and  intensely  practical — not  merely  in 
the  sense  that  all  work  stands  still  if  this  mainspring  be  withdrawn ; 
nor  that  life  is  so  individualized  with  us  men,  laboring  not  in  groups 
and  associations  under  the  intellectual  headship  of  a  superintendent, 
or  like  a  t-ang  of  slaves  beneath  the  eye  and  lash  of  an  overseer,  but 
each  his  own  employer  and  master — I  mean  that  intelligence  has  its 
own  sphere  of  practical  work,  in  which  it  is  a  day  laborer,  and  of 
which  the  products  are  as  solid  and  substantial,  and  as  much  a  matter 
of  common  want,  as  plowshares  and  reaping-hooks.  Need  we 
catalogue  these  wants,  in  the  sujiply  of  which  intellectual  culture 
comes  into  immediate  contact  with  the  getting  of  our  daily  bread  ? 
Why,  we  want  engineers,  and  surveyors,  and  chemists,  and  assayers. 


APPEND  IX.  371 

and  metallurgists,  and  machinists,  and  draughtsmen,  and  interpreters, 
and  editors,  and  school-teachers,  and  a  host  of  fellow-laborers,  and 
whole  departments  of  professional  scholars,  whose  day's  work  is  of 
the  brain  more  than  of  the  hand,  and  all  of  whom  are  more  nearly 
or  more  remotely  pensioners  upon  science  and  liberal  learning.  I 
am  almost  ashamed  to  argue  so  narrowly  and  upon  so  low  a  scale, 
but  the  argument  is  pertinent  to  what  we  have  all  seen  and  felt  of 
pojmlar  prejudice  and  misconception  in  our  former  public  sentiment. 
And  you  who  are  my  auditors  to-day,  will  agree,  without  argument, 
that  the  noblest  practical  growth  of  the  State,  its  truest  wealth,  and 
its  fairest  honor,  are  not  only  conditioned  upon,  but  identical  with,  its 
highest  intellectual  advancement. 

5.  I  have  one  more  thought  to  suggest  in  the  line  of  our  theme: 
the  relation  of  the  College  to  the  permanent  and  peaceful  order  of 
society.  For  itself,  the  College  demands  a  settled  public  tranciuillity. 
Study  craves  a  quiet  atmosi)here.  It  must  sit  down  to  its  work,  if  it 
is  to  work  effectively,  calm,  patient,  and  secure.  It  seeks,  naturally, 
the  most  sequestered  scenes  of  nature  for  its  bowers.  The  whisper- 
ing grove,  the  bank  of  the  murmuring  river,  the  silent  shade,  the  in- 
closed guarded  quadrangle,  rural  towns  far  from  the  rattling  wheels 
of  commerce  and  trade,  and  the  jar  of  machinery,  are  its  immemorial 
retreats.  Wake  the  tempest  of  commotion  and  change  in  the  heav- 
ens over  it;  let  the  lightnings  of  political  storms  flash  beneath  its 
drooping  eyelids,  and  the  bolts  and  shouts  of  popular  revolution 
crash  in  upon  the  absorbed  and  musing  thought;  let  war  blow  his 
trumpet,  and  the  fierce  pulses  of  cannon  shake  the  air,  and  the  spell 
is  fled,  the  charm  is  broken,  the  rapt  devotee  is  dragged  rudely  back 
to  the  loud,  clamorous  present,  and  action,  instead  of  study,  is  the 
call  of  the  hour.  What  testimony  was  that  which  reached  us  from 
distracted  Naples  at  the  beginning  of  this  present  decade,  when  the 
guns  of  four  great  forts  threatened  its  streets  and  dwellings?  "  Our 
colleges  are  comparatively  abandoned,  and  our  learned  societies  exist 
but  in  rtame."  What  testimony  is  that,  within  the  decade,  from  our 
own  rocking  land  }  '  The  Muses  fled  when  the  war  eagle  screamed ; 
science  deserted  her  laboratory  for  the  armory  and  the  bastion  ;  the 
flood  of  patriotic  ardor  drowned  out  the  monkish  scholar  from  his 
cell ;  the  halls  of  learning  were  depopulated  ;  the  young  recluses  sal- 
lied forth  ;  the  pen  and  the  inkhorn  were  exchanged  for  the  rifle  and 
the  cartridge-box;  the  student's  cassock  for  the  soldier's  uniform,  and 


372  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CAL.TFORNTA. 

the  leaders  in  the  world  of  letters  for  the  leaders  in  arms  and  the  field. 
For  its  own  sake,  therefore,  the  college  favors  peace  and  public  com- 
posure, that  its  own  morning  and  evening  bells  may  ring  clear  on  the 
quiet  air.  It  is  not  an  institution  for  nomadic  tribes.  It  cannot 
pitch  a  tent  at  nightfall  and  strike  it  with  the  next  dawn.  It  must 
dig  for  foundations,  and  rear  solid  walls,  and  lift  its  steady  domes 
with  windows  opening  to  the  blue  fields  above  and  the  blossoming 
constellations.  It  asks  therefore  for  restful  times,  for  the  hush  of  all 
overturning  tumults,  and  seeks  to  insure  settled  civil  order  and  the 
steadfastness  of  the  State. 

And  what  it  asks,  it  helps  to  give.  Where  popular  intelligence  is 
diffused,  revolutionary  ideas  may  be  started,  but  they  have  to  be 
canvassed.  When  the  demagogue  encounters  the  school-master,  his 
arts  are  powerless.  ^Vhen  priestcraft  meets  the  spelling-book  and 
the  Testament,  its  glozing  addresses  are  silenced.  In  an  enlightened 
community,  each  individual  feels  competent  to  ask  questions  and  try 
issues.  If  he  be  called  upon  to  join  a  revolutionary  faction,  his  re- 
ply is,  "  Let's  look  at  that."  The  appeal  must  be  to  his  rea.son,  not 
to  his  passions  He  has  learned  to  read,  and  the  ability  to  read  is  a 
demand  which  creates  its  supply.  All  public  measures  are  put  on 
trial  before  this  wide  public  tribunal.  This  reader  uses  his  eyes,  and 
every  novel  idea  of  the  day  is  his  by  nightfall,  and  he  has  a  judgment 
upon  it.  His  stock  of  ideas  and  judgments,  as  to  public  and  general 
economies  and  policies,  grows  by  continual  accessions,  and  becomes 
a  privy  council  which  he  can  summon  to  a  session  upon  every  ques- 
tion of  doubtful  advantage  and  expediency. 

But  let  it  still  be  remembered  that  the  amount  and  scope  of  pop- 
ular intelligence  depend  upon  the  higher  institutions  of  learning 
among  a  people.  It  is  the  standard  in  every  department  of  life  and 
manners  that  determines  all  beneath.  Our  judgments  of  what  is 
comparative  are  governed  by  our  conception  of  the  superlative. 
What  is  high  in  the  presence  of  great  mountains  ?  What  is  deep 
when  we  are  sounding  the  ocean?  The  college  not  only  systema- 
tizes popular  education,  but  sustains  it;  nay,  stimulates  and  elevates, 
drawing  up  the  general  level  toward  its  own  crested  summits.  They 
arc  the  great  glaciers,  and  the  domed  snows  of  the  upper  .Mpine 
heights,  that  keep  the  valley  streams  so  full  and  cool;  and  our  col- 
leges are  the  primal  fountains  whence  flow  so  far  and  wide  in  this  land 
the  streams  of  knowledge  for  the  people. 


APPENDIX.  373 

It  would  be  a  grand  omission  in  this  argument,  if  we  failed  to  re- 
mark that  the  element  of  light  alone  is  insufficient  to  establish  and 
insure  public  tranquillity.  One  other  element  must  be  added.  Light 
and  love  must  be  in  partnership  for  this  work.  Light  without  love  is 
but  archangel  ruined — the  baleful  flame  of  a  mighty  but  malign  in- 
tellect. Love  without  light  is  blind,  and  may  do  the  work  of  hate. 
Love  to  prompt,  light  to  guide — these  together  do  their  work  well, 
and  make  it  permanent  and  abiding.  Associate  them  in  human  en- 
terprises, and  they  are  strong  as  God  is  strong.  Light  and  love  come 
into  bridal  union  in  the  Christian  college.  The  intellectual  element, 
of  course,  is  present.  But  Minerva  rules  not  here  alone.  It  is  the 
pre-eminent  distinction  of  the  colleges  of  our  land,  that  they  embody 
so  much  of  the  moral  and  the  Christian  element.  They  were  not 
the  creatures  of  State,  action,  and  endowment.  They  were  founded 
by  pious  men  who  cut  the  inscription  deep  over  their  portals, 
'■' Christo  et  Ecclesice.'''  Through  them  run,  for  the  thirst  of  ardent 
and  accjuisitive  natures,  not  only  the  streams  from  classic  springs,  but 
the  waters  of 

"  Siloa's  brook  that  flowed 
Fast  by  the  oracle  of  Ood." 

'I'hey  are  pervaded  in  a  wonderful  degree  with  the  beneficent  and 
evahgelizing  spirit.  They  stand  in  closest  connection  with  the  min- 
istry of  divine  truth.  They  utter  not  as  partisans  and  agitators,  but 
as  commissioned  prophets,  the  sacredness  of  universal  law  guarding 
universal  right.  They  strike  thus  at  the  root  of  all  evil,  and  sow  the 
seeds  of  all  righteous  reform.  The  work  of  reform  may  indeed  seem 
to  be  a  disturbing  instead  of  a  tranquilizing  work,  but  it  tends  wisely 
and  directly  to  abiding  peace  and  solid  security.  For  wrong  is  an 
element  always  of  weakness  and  change,  and  nothing  is  settled  per- 
manently, under  the  reign  of  God,  until  it  is  settled  right. 

So  do  our  colleges  league  the  State  with  the  ultimate  issues  of 
human  progress,  and  with  the  immovable  steadfastness  of  the  throne 
supreme.  They  shine  as  shine  the  stars  of  night,  not  mere  revela- 
tions of  far-off,  upper  spheres,  but  as  lamps  of  guidance  to  wanderers 
in  the  desert  and  on  the  sea.  They  shine  as  shines  the  sun  by  day, 
not  to  display  his  own  royal  magnificence,  but  to  bless  the  waving 
corn  and  blushing  orchards,  to  ripen  golden  harvests,  and  keep  alive 
the  cheerful  hum  of  honest  human  industry. 

Brothers  and  fellow-students,  were  we  to  spend  this  festival  day 


374  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

simply  in  the  exchange  of  fraternal  greetings,  we  might  doubtless 
make  its  hours  pleasant  in  passing,  and  fragrant  in  memory.  But 
the  pressure  of  a  peculiar  and  sacred  obligation  rests  upon  us.  By 
our  double  fealty  to  letters  and  the  State,  we  owe  a  debt  to  the  cause 
of  liberal  learning.  Let  us  not  part  from  this  scene  and  irom  one 
another,  without  giving  and  taking  pledges  to  meet  this  claim  to  its 
full  discharge. 

We  are  "The  Associated  Alumni  of  the  Pacific  Coast,"  gathered 
from  many  and  widely  separated  beginnings  of  youthful  life  and 
chambers  of  study.  Beloved  and  venerable  to  each  is  the  name  of 
that  cherishing  mother  far  away,  who  calls  us  still  her  sons.  But  we 
are  not  to-day  so  much  sons  of  Harvard,  or  Yale,  or  of  any  of  the 
honored  sister  band  of  Eastern  colleges,  as  we  are  by  our  new  local 
designation,  "  Resident  Alumni  of  the  Pacific  Coast." 

To  whom  shall  this  College  of  California  look  for  the  love  and 
duty  of  foster-children,  if  not  to  us  1  Who  shall  feel  her  bondage 
to  want,  and  pay  the  ransom  price  of  her  redemption,  if  not  we  ? 
Can  she  underlie  the  degradation  of  such  a  chain,  and  we  keep  our 
honor  untarnished?  In  all  her  affliction  shall  not  we  be  afflicted? 
What  shall  we  answer? 

Shall  we  say  that  this  age  and  this  land  are  too  young  and  new  for 
the  prosperity  of  letters;  that  our  first  needs  are  material,  and  that 
institutions  of  learning  must  wait  ?  l>ut  because  of  this  newness  of 
the  ])rescnt,  it  is  the  era  of  foundations.  If  we  do  not  now  dig  deep 
and  build  strong,  what  shall  become  of  the  next  age  ?  We  are  fathers 
of  the  coming  generation — that  is,  educators — and  we  must  take  care 
that  our  children  rise  uj)  and  call  us  blessed. 

Shall  we  say  that  this  is  an  age  of  action,  too  busy  for  literature 
and  the  still  life  of  study  and  thought  ?  But  never  was  there  an  age 
so  crowded  with  thought,  emotion,  sentiment,  purpose,  ideas,  and 
utterance  as  the  present;  and  never  one  that  called  so  solemnly  for 
teachers  of  right  thought,  true  ideas,  noble  purpose,  and  wise  and 
temperate  speech.  Our  actors  are  thinkers,  orators,  poets,  philoso- 
phers, inventors,  discoverers,  and  men  of  science.  Action  with  us 
has  a  living  tongue  in  the  press,  an  echo  in  the  books  by  our  fireside, 
an  immortal  chronicle  in  history.  It  cannot,  therefore,  be  dissociated 
from  schools  and  mental  life. 

Shall  we  say  that  the  men  of  the  lime  can  only  be  stirred  to  en- 
thusiasm about  works  which  they  can  complete  themselves — the  full 


APPENDIX.  375 

consummation  of  which  they  can  look  upon  a;\d  rejoice  over— that 
they  may  be  made  willing  to  sow  for  s|)lendid  harvests,  if  they  may 
be  permitted  to  reap  and  bind  and  garner  with  their  own  hands ;  but 
that  to  plow  for  others  to  sow,  or  to  sow  for  other  hands  to  reap,  re- 
quires a  more  thoughtful  and  patient  ambition  than  the  masses  pos- 
sess ?  But  who  then  shall  feel  the  ardor  of  such  a  distant  but  noble 
hope,  and  wait  with  far-seeing  sagacity  and  faith  for  such  a  crowning 
as  the  world's  benefactors?  Are  we  also  unequal  to  this  investment 
in  the  future  ?  Shall  we  have  nothing  germinating  in  this  spring-time 
for  the  autumn  of  human  advancement,  because  we  ourselves  may 
not  live  to  see  harvest-days  ? 

I  summon  you,  brothers  in  letters  and  fellow-patriots,  to  turn  the 
sentiment  with  which  this  hour  finds  our  hearts  aglow  into  a  holy 
purpose ;  that  for  the  sake  of  all  the  high  interests  of  the  common- 
wealth, with  whose  honor  and  whose  story  our  lives  are  now  blended, 
we  will  take  each  in  his  sphere,  and  with  whatever  of  personal  influ- 
ence and  personal  means  he  can  devote,  the  fortunes  of  this  young 
College  of  the  State  as  a  sacred  charge  henceforth  upon  our  hearts  ; 
and  (iod  make  her  the  mother  of  coming  and  countless  generations 
of  strong  workers  for  human  good  and  the  divine  glory  ! 


POEM. 


THE  LOST  GALLEON. 


BY    BRET    HARTE. 


In  sixteen  hundred  and  forty-one, 
The  regular  yearly  galleon, 
Laden  with  odorous  gums  and  spice, 
Indian  cottons  and  Indian  rice, 
And  the  richest  silks  of  far  Cathay, 
Was  due  at  Acapulco  Bay. 

Due  she  was  and  over-due, 
Galleon,  merchandise,  and  crew, 
Creeping  along  through  rain  and  shine, 
Through  the  tropics,  under  the  Line. 
The  trains  were  wailing  outside  the  walls. 
The  wives  of  sailors  thronged  the  town, 
The  traders  sat  hy  their  empty  stalls, 


376  nrsTOR  y  of  the  college  of  cai^ifornia. 

And  the  viceroy  himself  came  down. 
The  bells  in  the  tower  were  all  a-trip, 
Tc  Deums  were  on  each  father's  lip. 
The  limes  were  ripening  in  the  sun 
For  the  sick  of  the  coming  galleon. 

All  in  vain.     Weeks  passed  away, 
And  yet  no  galleon  saw  the  bay . 
Indian  goods  advanced  in  price, 
The  Governor  missed  his  favorite  spice, 
The  Senoritas  mourned  for  sandal. 
And  the  famous  cottons  of  Coromandel . 
And  some  for  an  absent  lover  lost. 
And  one  for  a  husband — Donna  Julia, 
Wife  of  the  captain — tempest-tossed. 
In  circumstances  so  peculiar. 
Even  the  Fathers,  unawares, 
Grumbled  a  little  at  their  prayers, 
And  all  along  the  coast  that  year, 
Votive  candles  were  scarce  and  dear. 

Never  a  tear  bedims  the  eye 
That  time  and  patience  will  not  dry; 
Never  a  lip  is  curved  with  pain 
'I'hat  can't  be  kissed  into  smiles  again. 
And  these  same  truths,  as  far  as  I  know. 
Obtained  on  the  coast  of  Mexico 
.More  than  two  hundred  years  ago, 
In  sixteen  hundred  and  fifty-one — 
Ten  years  after  the  deed  was  done. 
And  folks  had  forgotten  the  galleon . 
The  divers  plunged  in  the  gulf  for  pearls. 
White  as  the  teeth  of  the  Indian  girls; 
The  traders  sat  by  their  full  bazaars; 
The  mules  with  many  a  weary  load. 
And  oxen  dragging  their  creaking  cars. 
Came  and  went  on  the  mountain  road . 

Where  was  the  galleon  all  this  while — 
Wrecked  on  some  lonely  coral  isle  ? 
Burnt  by  the  roving  sea  marauders? 
Or  sailing  North  under  secret  orders  ? 
Had  she  found  the  Anian  passage  famed. 
By  lying  Moklonado  claimed. 

And  sailed  through  the  sixty- fifth  degree, 
Direct  to  the  North  Atlantic  Sea  ? 
Or  had  she  found  the  "  River  of  Kings," 
Of  which  De  P'nnti'  toKl  such  strange  things 


APPENDIX.  Til 

In  sixteen-forty  ?    Never  a  sign, 

East  or  West  or  under  the  Line, 

They  saw  of  the  missint^  galleon. 

Never  a  sail,  a  plank  or  chip, 

They  found  of  the  long-lost  treasure  ship, 

Or  enough  to  build  a  tale  upon . 

But  when  she  was  lost,  and  where,  and  how. 

Are  the  facts  we're  coming  to  just  now. 

Take,  if  you  please,  the  chart  of  that  day, 
Published  at  Madrid — por  el  Key — 
Look  for  a  spot  in  the  old  South  Sea — 
The  hundred  and  eightieth  degree 
Longitude,  west  of  Madrid;*  there, 
Under  the  equatorial  glare, 
Just  where  the  East  and  West  are  one. 
You'll  find  the  missing  galleon. 
You'll  find  the  San  Gregorio,  yet 
Riding  the  seas  with  sails  all  set. 
Fresh  as  upon  the  very  day 
She  sailed  from  Acapulco  Bay. 

How  did  she  get  there?     What  strange  spell 
Kept  her  two  hundred  years  so  well. 
Free  from  decay  and  mortal  taint  ? 
What— but  the  prayers  of  a  patron  saint  ! 

A  hundred  leagues  from  Manila  town. 

The  San  Gregarious  helm  came  down. 

Round  she  went  on  her  heel,  and  not 

A  cable's  length  from  a  galliot 

That  rocked  on  the  waters,  just  abreast 

Of  the  galleon's  course,  which  was  west-sou-west. 

Then  said  the  galleon's  conimandanle, 

General  Pedro  Sobriente 

(That  was  his  rank  on  land  and  main, 

A  regular  custom  of  old  Spain): 

"  My  pilot  is  dead  of  scurvy — may 

I  ask  the  longitude,  time,  and  day  ?  " 

The  first  two  given  and  compared, 

The  third — the  commandante  stared  ! 

"  The  first  of  June  ?     I  make  it  second." 

Said  the  stranger,   "  Then  you've  wrongly  reckoned, 


•In  the  charts  of  "  that  day  "-  ■/.  £.,  1640— Spanish  navigators  reckoned  Longitude  East  360 
degrees  from  the  meridian  of  the  Isle  of  Ferro.  For  the  sake  of  perspicuity  before  a  modern 
.audience,  the  more  recent  meridian  of  Madrid  w.xs  substituted.  The  custom  of  droppine;  a  day 
at  some  arbitrary  point  in  cro.ssing  the  Pacific,  westerly,  I  need  not  say,  remains  unaffected  by 
any  change  of  meridian. 


378  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

I  make  \\.  first;  as  you  came  this  way, 

Vou  should  have  lost — d'ye  see — a  day — 

Lost  a  day,  as  you  plainly  see, 

On  the  hundred  and  eightieth  degree." 

"  Lost  a  day  ?  "     "  Ves,  if  not  rude. 

When  did  you  make  east  longitude  ?  " 

"On  the  ninth  of  May — our  patron's  day." 

"On  the  ninth  ? — there  was  no  ninth  of  May  ! 

Eighth  and  tenth  was  there — but  stay  " — 

Too  late — for  the  galleon  bore  away. 

Lost  was  the  day  they  should  have  kept, 
Lost  unheeded  and  lost  unwept, 
Lost  in  a  way  that  made  search  vain — 
Lost  in  the  trackless  and  boundless  main ; 
Lost  like  the  day  of  Job's  awful  curse, 
In  his  third  chapter,  third  and  fourth  verse; 
Wrecked  was  their  patron's  only  day. 
What  would  the  holy  fathers  say  ? 

Said  the  Fray  Antonio  Estavan — 
The  galleon's  chaplain — a  learned  man— 
"  Nothing  is  lost  that  you  can  regain; 
And  the  way  to  look  for  a  thing,  is  plain  — 
To  go  where  you  lost  it,  Iiack  again. 
Back  with  your  galleon  till  you  see 
The  hundred  and  eightieth  degree. 
Wait  till  the  rolling  year  goes  round. 
And  there  will  the  missing  day  be  found. 
For  you'll  find — if  computation's  true, 
Not  only  one  ninth  of  May,  but  two — 
One  for  the  good  saint's  present  cheer, 
And  one  for  the  day  we  lost  last  year." 

Back  to  the  spot  sailed  the  galleon — 

Where  for  a  twelve-month,  ofl'  and  on 

The  hundred  and  eightieth  degree, 

She  rose  and  fell  on  a  tropic  sea. 

But  lo  !  when  it  came  the  ninth  of  May, 

All  of  a  sudden  liecalmed  she  lay 

One  degree  from  that  fatal  spot. 

Without  the  power  to  move  a  knot; 

And  of  course  the  moment  she  lost  her  way. 

Gone  was  her  chance  to  save  that  day. 

To  cut  a  lengthening  story  short, 
She  never  saved  it.     Made  the  sport 
Of  evil  spirits,  and  baUling  wind, 
.She  was  always  before  or  just  behind. 


APPENDIX.  3-;, 

One  day  too  soon  or  one  day  too  late 

And  the  sun,  meanwhile,  would  never  wait. 

She  had  two  eighths,  as  she  idly  b^-, 

Two  tenths— hut  *ncver  a  ;///////  of  May. 

And  there  she  rides  through  two  hundred  years 

Of  (Hreary  penance  and  anxious  fears; 

Yet  through  the  grace  of  the  saint  she  served, 

Captain  and  crew  are  still  preserved. 

By  a  computation  that  still  holds  good, 

Made  by  the  Holy  Brotherhood, 

The  San  Gregorio  will  cross  that  lin-. 

In  nineteen  hundred  and  thirty-nine; 

Just  three  hundred  years  to  a  day 

From  the  time  she  lost  the  ninth  of  May. 

And  the  folk  in  Acapulco  town, 

Over  the  waters  looking  down. 

Will  see  in  the  glow  of  the  setting  sim. 

The  sails  of  the  missing  galleon. 

And  the  royal  standard  of  I'hilip  K.y: 

The  gleaming  mast  and  glistening  spar. 

As  she  nears  the  surf  of  the  outer  hnr, 

A  7>  Deuiii  sung  on  her  crowded  deck, 

An  odor  of  spice  along  the  shore, 

A  crash — a  cry  from  a  shattered  wreck — 

\nd  the  yearly  galleon  sails  no  more, 

In  or  out  of  the  olden  bay, 

For  the  blessed  patron  has  found  his  day. 


Such  is  the  legend.      Hear  this  truth — 
Over  the  trackless  past,  somewhere, 
Lie  the  lost  days  of  our  tropic  youth. 
Only  regained  by  faith  and  prayer, 
Only  recalled  by  prayer  and  plaint: — 
Each  lost  day  has  its  patron  saint  1 


VI.    REV.  DR.  BENTON'S  COMMENCEMENT 
ORATION. 


Mr.  President,  Officers  and  Trustees,  Ladies  and  (jEN- 
tlk.mkn:  The  world  was  made  for  man,  and  not  man  for  the  world. 
The  world  studied  in  the  light  of  this  maxim  leads  to  true  science,  in 
the  light  of  any  different  maxim,  to  sciolism.  The  world  was  so 
made  for  man  that  it  was  intended  to  be  in  subjection  to  him.  All 
right-minded  persons  respect  that  venerable  authority  which  assigns 
to  man  dominion  over  air,  earth,  and  sea.  Legitimately  and  theoret- 
ically, man  is  lord  of  the  world.  It  is  his  asserted  privilege  and  right. 
But,  as  yet,  this  is  only  a  predicament  of  the  possible.  The  pre- 
rogative has  been  very  imperfectly  maintained.  Through  one  lapse, 
dispersion,  confusion,  and  alienation,  and  another,  the  failure  to 
maintain  the  prerogative,  has  been  very  marked.  Beginning  fre- 
(juently  with  the  rudest  forms,  the  attempt  to  maintain  the  preroga- 
tive has  been  the  grand  struggle  of  the  ages. 

The  desire  for  dominion  naturally  concerns  itself  first  with  the 
more  tangible  forces  of  nature  which  offer  themselves  to  be  harnessed 
and  guided,  and  then  with  the  more  tamable  parts  of  the  animal 
kingdom.  But  these  successes  are  too  few  and  the  processes  too 
rude  to  give  satisfaction  to  the  heart ;  and  so,  from  the  earliest  times, 
the  ambition  to  rule  has,  for  its  gratification,  turned  away  too  much 
from  earth,  air,  and  sea,  from  brute  and  clime,  to  the  assertion  of 
doniinioti  over  man  himself — as  an  inferior,  or  as  a  captive,  or  as 
one  unskilled  in  the  use  of  arms.  In  this  direction,  in  fact,  have 
been  turned  many  of  the  great  heads  and  hearts,  the  strong  arms  and 
resolute  wills,  of  the  race  in  all  the  centurit'«  of  time.  Empires  have 
been  built  on  man  overthrown,  rather  than  on  chui.ied  seas  and  con- 
tinents subdued,  and  forests  hewn  down,  and  mountains  leveled,  and 
rivers  spanned,  and  nature  wooed  into  the  bondage  of  sweet  and 
tireless  servitude. 


APPEND  rX.  381 

The  old  dream  of  empire  seems  to  have  been  a  magnificent 
rather  than  a  grand  one.  It  was  continental,  not  univer -'  Its 
horizon  was  scarcely  wider  than  that  set  by  the  common  th.  for 
power,  and  the  probable  sweep  of  armies,  though  new  nelds  of 
empire  shaped  themselves  from  chaos  as  the  centuries  rolled.  And 
when,  at  length,  imagination  had  plumed  her  wings  for  adventurous 
flight,  the  habitable  world  had  outgrown  human  conceit,  and  the 
possibilities  of  men  had  become  immeasurable. 

Profane  history  knows  nothing  of  any  very  early  empire.  There 
was  none.  There  could  be  none.  Empire  is  impossible  where  there 
is  not  some  sort  of  culture  to  become  its  nucleus,  and  then  its  center. 
Barbarism,  by  its  very  terms,  excludes  organization,  culture,  and  art. 
Men  must  begin,  at  least,  to  think,  to  study,  to  project,  to  combine, 
and  organize,  before  they  can  render  war  andconcjuest  even  dignified, 
and  before  any  permanence  can  be  given  to  their  results.  As  soon 
as  it  is  known  how  conquests  can  be  held,  as  well  as  made,  the  act 
of  governing  men  has  been  found,  at  least  in  its  rudiments. 

The  desire  to  rule  men,  and  the  thought  that  force  must  needs 
carry  over  the  desire  into  effect,  because  nothing  else  could,  long 
held  sway  in  the  world.  For  generations  the  art  of  war  was  almost 
the  one  study  of  the  race,  outside  of  the  number  that  must  be,  in  every 
age,  hewers  of  wood  and  drawers  of  water,  mere  plodders  of  the 
earth.  Yet,  slowly,  the  desire  to  have  dominion  has  widened  out, 
and  risen  up,  and  refined  itself,  and  the  knowledge  of  what  dominion 
might  become  has  increased,  and  the  dream  of  empire  has  grown 
heavenwide.  The  great  empires  of  the  world,  those  that  have  been 
nK)st  directly  in  the  line  of  authentic  human  history,  have  shown  a 
kind  of  progress  toward  some  true  ideal,  and  have  illustrated  also  the 
fatality  of  the  wrong  idea.  They  have,  in  their  own  ways,  been  ful- 
filling that  wise  and  good  providential  purpose  which  seems  to  us  to 
have  been,  and  to  be,  to  bring  the  human  race  finally  into  the  fullness 
of  that  dominion  which  was  made  at  the  first  its  distinguishing  and 
grand  prerogative.  It  is  one  of  the  rights  of  mankind  to  have  all 
things  put  under  itself  in  air,  and  earth,  and  sea.  And  we  are  to  re- 
gard all  the  assertions  of  power,  all  the  struggles  for  i)re-eminence, 
even  in  their  frequent  failure,  but  as  so  many  foreshadows  and  proph- 
ecies of  that  glorious  dominion  which  is  to  be,  and  is  becoming,  as 
the  generations  go  marching  along. 

Glancing  at  the  ancient  world,  we  see  its  five  more  noted  empires, 


382  niSTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CAL.TFORNLA. 

and  turning  to  the  modern  world  we  behold  other  five,  as  well  as 
regions  and  peoples  that  have,  at  this  stage  of  remark,  no  classifica- 
tion. We  assume  that  every  distinguished,  mighty  empire  has  had 
its  own  meaning,  and  has  illustrated  some  dominant  truth  or  law; 
not  to  the  exclusion  of  every  other,  but  in  the  forefront  of  all  others. 
The  empire  of  the  Assyrians,  Babylonians,  and  Chaldeans,  for  in- 
stance, represented  the  idea  of  absolutism — both  in  war  and  peace 
— the  monarch  being  regarded  as  the  owner  of  his  empire,  all  its 
land,  all  its  property,  all  its  men,  and  all  their  powers,  and  all  their 
products.  The  empire  of  the  Medes  and  Persians  represents  the 
idea  of  destination,  the  immutable  frame  of  things — legalities  and 
institutions  stereotyped,  the  unalterable  sacredness  of  what  has  been. 
The  Grecian  empire  represents  the  idea  of  culture,  beauty,  and  sat- 
isfaction, to  be  obtained  through  game,  ex{)loit,  development,  art, 
and  generous  training,  and  even  war  as  an  art.  The  Roman  Empire 
represents  the  idea  of  power  asserting  itself  magnificently,  in  struct- 
ures of  con(}ue.st,  laws,  institutions,  cities,  aqueducts,  roads,  and  other 
monuments.  The  Chinese  Empire  represents  conservatism ;  the  no- 
tion that  perfection  has  been  reached;  that  the  best  is  possessed; 
that  the  highest  possible  or  practicable  has  been  gained,  and  that 
men  have  nothing  to  concern  themselves  with  but  the  traditions  of 
the  past  and  the  maxims  of  the  sages.  So  much,  in  few  words,  do 
the  five  governmental  empires  of  the  ancient  world  signify  to  us. 

The  five  modern  governmental  empires  on  the  same  fields  of  ac- 
tion, in  the  main,  are  the  Turkish,  the  British,  the  French,  the  Rus- 
sian, and  the  German;  and  if  we  recognize  the  Chinese  as  modern, 
there  will  be  six.  The  Turkish  Empire  represents  the  idea  of  fanati- 
cism, growing  out  of  a  fatalistic  i)hiIosophy,  and  the  sword  regarded 
as  the  weapon  of  Church  and  State,  and  hewing  the  way  for  men  into 
a  future  heaven  of  sensual  delights.  The  British  Emi^ire  represents 
possession,  wealth,  rank,  and  asserted  superiority,  with  a  patronizing 
regard  for  the  great  masses  of  the  people.  The  French  Empire 
rejiresents  brilliant  achievement,  progress,  aspiration,  steadiness  in 
the  pursuit  of  fame,  along  with  great  unsteadiness  of  method. 
The  Russian  Empire  represents  the  idei  of  dominion,  vastness, 
numbers,  grandeur  undeveloped,  and  novelty  of  position,  and  some- 
thing of  the  rawness  of  a  people  unu.sed  to  their  place.  The  Ger- 
man Empire  rei)resents  historic  pride,  the  power  of  great  memories, 
and  the  affinities  of  race,  language,  and  literature.     And  the  modern 


.irPF.xnfx. 


i§5-'F0RNlA 


empire  of  China  represents  the  force  of  ideas,  institutions,  and  (  har- 
acters,  in  holding  their  way,  Hke  a  gulf  stream,  through  oceans  of 
time,  in  con([uering  their  conquerors,  and  living  on  through  changes 
of  dynasties  and  invasions  of  philosophies.  If  we  introduce  this 
New  World  of  ours  into  the  view,  we  have  the  empire  of  liberty  for 
the  northern  part  of  America  ;  and  the  Brazilian  Empire  of  hope 
and  promise  and  growth,  law  and  light,  for  the  southern  part  of 
America. 

In  this  brief  glance  we  have,  of  course,  passed  over  the  smaller 
parts  of  the  civilized  world,  and  all  those  parts  of  the  globe  which 
are  half-civilized  or  barbarous. 

One  grand  problem  just  now  before  mankind  is  a  confederation  of 
the  great  nations,  and  a  reconstruction  of  governmental  empires. 
The  smaller  a  nation  is  the  more  it  costs  in  proportion  to  wealth  and 
population  to  maintain  its  government.  Hence,  for  economical  and 
for  other  reasons,  there  should  be  no  small  nations.  Other  things 
the  same,  the  governments  of  great  countries  are  the  best  and 
cheapest.  And  it  should  be  the  aim  of  mankind  to  consolidate  and 
diminish  governments,  not  to  increase  them;  and  to  build  out  great 
empires  of  constitutional  freedom,  law,  and  power,  which  shall  re- 
spect themselves,  and  shall  command  the  respect  of  all  others  in 
existence. 

Were  I  to  indicate  my  views  of  the  proper  division  and  adjustment 
oi  mankind  into  economical  and  grand  empires,  I  should  premise  a 
few  things.  There  is  no  longer  any  need  of  defining  national  bound- 
aries by  the  physical  features  of  the  globe,  such  as  seas,  rivers,  and 
mountains.  Blood,  language,  and  religion  are  commonly  the  ties 
that  must  bind  empires  together,  in  addition  to  economical  reasons, 
and  those  of  local  necessity  and  sympathetic  history.  On  the  con- 
tinent of  Europe,  then,  I  would  consolidate  all  the  peoples  whose 
language  is  of  Latin  origin  into  one  empire:  France,  Belgium,  Spain, 
Portugal,  and  Italy,  and  parts  of  Austria  and  Switzerland.  Austria 
should  cease  to  be,  and  its  parts  go,  according  to  language  and  blood, 
into  Italy,  Germany,  Greece,  and  Russia.  The  German  Empire 
should  have  all  the  Teutonic  peoples  for  its  own,  taking  in  portions 
of  Austria,  Switzerland,  and  Holland,  and  all  of  Norway,  Sweden, 
and  Denmark.  Russia  is  so  huge  in  proportions- as  to  need  no  en- 
largements, but  should  take  to  itself  all  such  Scandinavian  and 
Sclavic  peoples  as  are   not   necessary   to  the  symmetry  and  local 


384  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

requirements  of  any  other  nation.  Turkey  should  be  thrust  out  of 
Europe,  and  sent  to  the  regions  east  of  Asia  Minor,  where  an  Arabic 
Empire  might  live  and  flourish.  A  new  Grecian  Empire  should  then 
replace  Turkey  in  Europe  and  Asia  Minor,  in  Crete,  and  in  Cyprus. 
The  Uritish  Empire,  insular  and  Asiatic,  might,  for  the  present,  con- 
tinue as  it  is.  In  the  course  of  another  century  a  new  empire  of 
India  may  arise;  when  Brahm  and  Kudh  shall  have  made  their  bed 
together  in  nubibus,  and  floated  away  into  oblivion.  An  empire  yet 
to  be  should  hold  the  bulk  of  Africa;  Australasia  should  be  erected 
into  a  power  by  itself;  all  South  America  be  given  to  Brazil,  and  all 
North  America  to  the  Great  Republic.  The  unenumerated  fractions 
of  the  world  would  remain  to  be  adjusted  by  elective  affinities  and 
by  economical  considerations,  as  time  advanced.  If  it  should  be 
objected  that  some  of  these  empires  might  be  grand  despotisms,  it 
can  be  said  that  grand  despotisms  are  not  half  so  bad  as  small  des- 
potisms, not  half  so  expensive,  and  not  likely  to  last  half  so  long. 

It  is  obvious  that  one  of  the  earliest  measures  of  necessity  before, 
and  in,  such  a  re-adjustment  is  that  of  a  common  agreement  amongst 
all  the  nations  upon  a  unit  of  value,  a  good  money  standard,  and  a 
world  coinage,  a  general  system  of  weights  and  measures  for  all  sorts 
of  commodities  and  business,  for  estimating  the  tonnage  of  ships, 
and  for  deciding  upon  every  other  matter  important  in  the  intercourse 
of  men  in  trade,  travel,  science,  and  philosophy. 

Another,  and  perhaps  a  more  difficult  problem  to  be  .solved,  in 
this  order  of  things,  is  that  of  an  international  or  universal  langua^-e, 
and  a  general  grammar.  The  race  must  regain  what  it  lost — cer- 
tainly as  long  ago  as  when  the  tower  in  the  plains  of  Shinar  was 
building.  It  must,  practically,  become  again,  for  its  grand  affairs, 
"of  one  speech  and  one  language."  The  time  must  come  speedily 
when  a  cultured  man  can  go  around  the  world,  with  the  same  lan- 
guage, the  same  money,  the  same  dress,  the  same  methods  of  living, 
the  same  modes  of  travel,  to  which  he  has  accustomed  himself  at 
home,  as  a  cosmopolitan  in  prospect,  and  a  lord  of  the  world. 

It  is  not  desirable,  if  it  were  possible,  to  abolish  the  indigenous 
speech,  the  vernacular  tongue,  of  any  people.  The  traditions, 
habits,  language,  and  style  of  peoples  are  necessary  to  their  national 
life,  literature,  and  best  peculiarities;  and  these  ought  not  to  be 
rudely,  or  otherwise,  crushed  out,  or  driven  away.  But  the  common 
language  of  the  world  could   be  naturalized,  by   being  made  the 


APPENDIX.  38r. 

written  language  of  Indians,  Islanders,  and  other  tribes,  brought,  for 
the  first  time,  into  the  realm  of  civilization,  and  while  in  the  process 
of  being  transformed  into  new  peoples.  And  so  in"  the  process  of 
time  it  might  come  to  pass  that  the  universal  language  proposed 
should  become  the  language  of  second  nature  to  multitudes  and 
nations. 

At  the  present  time,  the  French  is  the  more  common  language  of 
the  social  and  polite  world — so  far  as  there  is  any;  and  the  English 
is  the  common  language  of  commerce  and  trade — so  far  as  there  is 
any.  But  neither  of  these  is  simple  enough  in  its  structure  for  the 
universal  language.  It  may  be  too  soon  to  show  how  such  a  language 
ought  to  be  constructed,  from  the  languages  of  modern  fLurope;  but 
philologists  might  prepare  one  for  trial — simple  in  its  structure  and 
of  broad  application,  which  should  be  written  in  the  Roman  char- 
acters, and  still  be  such  that  the  telegraphs  might  employ  it,  and  save 
all  trouble  of  changes  and  translations  in  every  new  kingdom  which 
the  lightning  has  traversed  with  measured  step.  A  very  wonderful 
thing  for  our  advancement,  to-day,  were  a  language  known  the  world 
round;  a  language  lofty  enough  for  worship,  dignified  enough  for 
courts  and  diplomacies,  concise  enough  for  science,  explicit  enough 
for  commerce,  and  smooth  enough  for  art,  and  tuneful  to  the  musical 
ear.  It  is  a  pressing  want  of  our  time,  and  will  be  of  all  the  coming 
times,  till  itself  has  come. 

The  progress  of  man  toward  dominion  is  greatly  hindered  by  the 
slowness  of  communication,  travel,  and  transportation;  by  the  ques- 
tion of  fuel,  the  question  of  friction,  and  the  question  of  safety.  A 
few  centuries  will  exhaust  the  coal  beds  of  the  world,  practically. 
Light  and  heat  obtained  by  artificial  processes  will  be  in  demand,  in 
a  geometrical  ratio  of  increase  in  the  centuries  before  us.  We  know- 
perfectly  well  where  these  exist,  in  unlimited  quantities,  and  how  to 
release  them  from  their  bonds.  The  great  lakes  and  oceans  are  re- 
positories of  oxygen  and  hydrogen,  and  comparatively  of  little  else. 
And  these  are  just  the  gases  needed  for  light  and  heat.  All  that  is 
required  to  enable  us  to  turn  rivers  and  oceans  into  light  and  heat, 
is  a  cheap  way  of  decomposing  water  into  its  elements.  Any  chem- 
ist can  decompose  water ;  but  every  known  way  is  an  expensive  way. 
The  question  of  cheap  fuel  and  high  speed  is  therefore  a  sim|)le 
question  of  chemistry.  When  the  ocean  steamer  can  pump  her  own 
fuel  from  the  sea  she  rides,  all  the  trouble  of  loading  herself  with 

25 


386  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

coals  will  have  passed  away.  It  seems  to  one,  when  he  thinks  of  it, 
a  small  and  simple  thing  to  do,  to  cheapen  the  process  for  the  de- 
composition of  water,  so  that  its  elements  may  be  gathered  up  and 
used  in  largest  quantities.  Yet  it  is  certain  that  such  a  discovery 
as  this  requires  would  revolutionize  the  industry  of  a  country  like 
England,  and  modify  the  travel  and  traffic  of  all  nations.  Neverthe- 
less, this  problem  is  before  the  world,  and  our  science  ought  to  be 
modest  till  it  has  solved  it.  It  used  to  be  enough  to  say  of  a  man, 
"  He  will  never  set  the  ocean  afire,"  to  consign  him  to  a  place  below 
mediocrity.  Till  he  does  set  the  ocean  aflame,  let  no  man  of  science 
now  be  accounted  wise  above  his  generation. 

There  is,  also,  a  grand  advance  to  be  made  into  the  unknown 
powers,  qualities,  and  applications  of  electricity.  These  ten  years 
we  have  seemed  to  be  on  the  verge  of  some  remarkable  discovery  in 
the  way  of  making  the  prodigious  forces  of  electricity  of  some  bene- 
fit to  the  world.  The  fleetness  of  the  lightning  we  have  secured ; 
but  the  power  of  it  we  have  never  firmly  grasped  and  managed. 
That  which  has  such  velocity,  which  instantaneously  makes  iron  run 
like  water,  must  have  the  most  terrific  energy  folded  up  in  it;  must 
have  a  hundred  times  the  power  of  steam  ;  must  carry  a  storm  in  the 
hulk  of  a  hogshead. 

The  intense  light  and  the  consuming  heat  of  electricity  we  are 
finding  out,  and  we  are  learning  every  year  some  of  its  numerous  and 
marvelous  applications.  But  the  sublimest  use  has  not  been  discov- 
ered— that  which  shall  make  it  by  far  the  most  efficient  motive  ]iower 
ever  known,  and,  at  the  same  time,  the  cheapest,  gentlest,  safest,  and 
most  manageable  power  possible  to  be  conceived  of,  absolutely  refus- 
ing to  be  a  party  to  an  accident. 

There  is  much  study  now  given  to  this  agent.  The  experiments 
with  it  are  very  numerous.  It  is  already  made  to  drive  machinery, 
but  only  in  a  child's  way,  and  in  the  movements  of  a  playlhing. 
The  secret  of  its  power  is  yet  locked  up  in  its  bo.som.  With  many 
batteries,  or  voltaic-piles,  and  numerous  helices,  we  corner  it  for  an 
instant,  or  c?itch  it  on  points  of  charcoal :  and  then  it  eludes  us,  and 
we  are  compelled  to  lay  our  gins  and  snares  for  it,  and  trap  it  over 
again,  in  the  hope  to  get  it  in  possession  long  enough  to  torture  the 
wonderful  secret  out  of  it.  \Ve  feel,  every  day  of  our  lives,  the  throb 
of  this,  the  most  puissant  thing  in  all  nature,  no  doubt;  yet  while  we 
pulse  it  we  know  not  where  the  heart   is,  nor  what   is  the  law  of  its 


APPENDIX.  .187 

inmost  movement,  nor  how  tremendous  its  circuits,  nor  where  are 
the  nerves  that  give  its  arteries  such  awful  impulses,  nor  how  their 
mysterious  center  shall  be  fpund. 

When  these  problems  in  physical  science  shall  have  been  hand- 
somely solved,  we  may  conclude  that  we  have,  as  a  human  race,  won 
our  empire  of  the  sea,  as  well  as  our  conquest  of  the  land. 

The  atmosphere  yet  remains,  the  splendid  home  of  airy  creatures, 
and  man  has  almost  no  dominion  there.  Hut  he  must  have  it.  It 
is  too  broad  a  domain  to  continue  as  a  mere  repository  for  human 
breath  and  an  ex[)anse  for  winged  fowl.  It  was  meant  for  man,  not 
only  as  a  robe  of  life,  warmth,  and  beauty,  wrapped  round  the  world 
he  treads,  but  also  a  scene  of  exploit,  and  a  highway  of  swift  travel, 
and  a  sphere  of  artistic  disi)lay  and  beautiful  exihibition.  The  same 
atmosphere  which  man  defiles  and  disfigures,  he  ought  to  be  able  to 
gild  and  adorn;  and  rainbows,  and  painted  clouds,  and  pictured 
skies  are  not  beyond  the  reach  of  art,  though,  like  fire-works,  possi- 
ble only  as  the  brief  pageantry  of  hours,  and  the  intimations  of  glories 
unrevealed.  All  our  ballooning  is  a  bulky  and  awkward  business, 
and  all  our  flying  machines  are  but  costly  failures.  We  can  look  for 
no  success  in  aerial  navigation,  of  any  lasting  and  constant  benefit, 
in  our  present  state  of  discovery  and  attainment.  Balloons  are  too 
cumbrous  and  unmanageable  to  be  of  regular  use  in  the  conveyance 
of  passengers  ;  and  no  flying  machine  will  ever  succeed,  beyond  a 
flattering  experiment,  until  we  know  more  than  we  do  now.  Even 
the  birds  of  the  air,  whose  skill  men  try  to  imitate,  can  carry  no  large 
weight,  can  convey  no  considerable  burdens,  and  arc,  literally,  but 
birds  of  passage.  Were  machines  constructed  by  which  one  could 
fly  like  a  bird,  each  one  must  still  fly  for  himself;  and  that  would  be 
hard  work  ;  too  much  like  a  long  land  journey  on  foot,  or  crossing 
seas  by  rowing  skiffs. 

The  successful,  swift-as-meteor,  cheap,  and  safe  navigation  of  the 
air  must  be  postponed  until  further  research  into  the  elements,  and 
the  elimination  of  new  elements,  or  combinations,  or  the  release  of 
some  new  gas,  cheaply  and  safely  procured,  and  in  large  quantities, 
which  shall  be  ten  times  lighter  than  hydrogen  gas,  or  one  hundred 
times.  Then  air  ships  can  be  floated  that  will  carry  loads  of  passen- 
gers, and  electric  motive  forces  can  drive  them,  like  lightnings, 
athwart  the  cope  of  heaven.  Nor  need  we  deem  this  altogether  a 
dream  of  the  fancy.     Somewhere,  amid  the  elements,  there  surely 


388  HTSTOR  V  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

must  be  a  vapor  that  shall  lift  our  air  ships  on  high,  like  as  air  does 
now  our  steamers  above  the  ocean  deeps. 

From  the  air  the  transition  is  easy  tcv  the  light,  in  which  beauty 
and  mystery  are  more  charmingly  combined  than  anywhere  else  in 
nature.  We  take  up  its  braided  beams  upon  our  hands,  and  hold 
them  as  patiently,  and  gaze  at  them  as  tenderly,  as  we  should  at  a 
tangled  skein  of  glossy  silk  and  a  charming  girl  trying  to  wind  it  off. 
AVe  begin  to  analyze  it,  and  it  becomes  more  like  a  wonder  and  a 
romance  at  every  stage  of  our  investigation.  Lending  grace  to  the 
form  which  the  touch  can  outline,  and  giving  brightness  to  all  its 
tints  and  hues,  by  blush  and  change  of  color  telling  the  secret  of  its 
love  for  the  electric  force,  in  what  is  known  as  its  polarity,  it  finally 
begins  to  disclose  to  us  the  nature  and  composition  of  the  materials 
of  the  sun  itself,  and  thus  delights  us  with  news  from  that  which  is, 
beyond  all  doubt,  "a  far  country." 

But  this  light,  already  revealing  much,  already  a  i)Owerful  agent  in 
vegetable  and  animal  chemistry,  and  in  other  natural  chemistries,  is 
even  now  employed  as  an  agent,  not  very  extensively,  indeed,  in  some 
of  the  arts,  in  bleaching,  dyeing,  painting,  and  the  laboratory  of  the 
|)hotographer.  The  .solar  spectrum  is  a  marvelous  thing,  and  there 
is  no  end  to  the  i)ossible  adaptation  of  it  to  human  amusement,  sat- 
isfaction, instruction,  and  benefit,  both  natural  and  moral.  The 
secret  of  landscape  i)ainting  is  certainly  in  the  light ;  and  our  inven- 
tion ou^ht  to  do  more  than  simply  shade  it  off,  as  in  the  pearl  pict- 
ure. The  time  must  come  when  the  sun  and  the  prepared  canvas 
shall  furnish  us  better  colors  and  forms,  and  groups  and  combinations, 
than  ever  grew  up  under  the  hand  of  Zeuxis  or  Appelles,  Raphael  or 
Titian.  And  we  are  not  to  scorn  the  idea  that,  if  the  light  can  do 
such  homely  work  as  to  bleach  clothes  and  assist  the  laundress,  there 
may  be  further  great  utilities  and  facilities  in  it,  which  shall  work  as 
many  more  transformations  than  the  rains  of  heaven  do,  as  the  floods 
of  light  exceed  the  floods  of  rain.  In  the  wonderful  chemistry  of 
the  world,  no  doubt,  as  in  the  composition  of  the  diamond,  the  light 
plays  some  active  part,  almost  beyond  our  present  ability  to  conjec- 
ture. And  it  may  yet  be  found  that  the  sunlight,  which  can  warp 
planks  so  as  to  draw  spikes  from  compact  timbers,  has  in  it  a  i)hys- 
ical  force  which  can  lift  mountains.  At  all  events  our  speculation 
has  no  need  to  fold  its  wings,  until  it  has  alighted  in  the  farthest 
East,  where  "  morn  exulting  springs." 


APPENDIX.  38<» 

Within  the  cin|)irc  uf  the  air  is  embraced,  also,  the  department  of 
sound  and  the  science  of  music.  As  yet,  the  music  of  the  spheres, 
and  the  harmonies  of  space,  and  the  melodies  of  the  interstellar  re- 
gions, if  any  music  they  have,  is  all  unwritten  music,  mere  improvisa- 
tion, or,  more  likely,  imagination;  and  we  cannot  venture  away  from 
our  more  solid  footing  into  those  realms  of  fancy.  We  are  so  far 
realists  that  we  cannot  be  sure  that  there  is  any  possibility  of  light, 
or  sound,  where  there  is  no  atmosphere.  Yet  we  cannot  certainly 
affirm  that  light  and  sound  are  impossible  where  atmospheres  exist 
which  are  unlike  this  of  the  earth.  And  our  thought  is,  that  the 
possibilities  of  music  as  a  science  have  not  been,  all  of  them,  reached 
hitherto.  There  are  peoi)le  who  have  no  ear  for  music,  it  is  said ; 
and  there  are  still  more  who  have  no  pleasure  at  all  in  it,  and  com- 
paratively few  are  they  who  have  any  special  delight  in  it.  If  all 
the  possibilities  of  the  science  were  reached  already,  and  if  all  the 
possible  instruments  for  the  expressing  of  music  were  known,  it  is 
proper  to  infer  from  analogy  that  every  ear  should  be  opened,  and 
every  nature  charmed  by  it,  in  some  of  the  varieties.  There  are 
sights  and  scenes  which  every  eye  loves  to  behold.  There  are  some 
articles  that  are  agreeable  to  every  palate.  There  are  some  odors 
that  come  up  as  fragrance  into  every  nostril.  'There  are  articles 
that  give  delight  to  every  hand  that  touches  them.  And  while  it  is 
so  comparatively  easy  to  find  those  things  which  shall  regale  all  the 
senses  of  the  great  majority  of  any  community  at  once,  except  the 
sense  of  hearing,  it  has  frequently  been  a  matter  of  surprise  that 
there  was  no  music  which  would  find  a  willing  ear  in  every  individ- 
ual. It  would  seem,  therefore,  from  the  analogy  of  nature  and  fact, 
that  our  music  has  not  reached  its  limits  in  development,  and  that 
there  are  yet  possible  inventions  of  musical  instruments,  and  speci- 
mens of  musical  composition,  which  shall  have  a  power  over  all  of 
us,  most  subduing,  or  exciting;  a  power  more  fraught  with  spells  and 
witcheries  than  was  ever  the  fabled  har[)  of  Orpheus,  or  the  song  of 
the  siren.  The  best  music  is  too  much  a  monopoly;  that  which  is 
common  is  much  of  it  too  rude.  In  the  good  time  coming,  our 
houses  shall  be  full  of  the  best  musical  instruments,  and  our  hearts 
and  mouths  full  of  glorious  songs. 

Turning  the  attention  again  to  things  more  palpable  and  material, 
has  it  never  occurred  to  you  that  men,  the  masses  of  men,  live  al- 
most like  the  troglodytes  still.?     What  are  human  abodes  made  of? 


390  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

What  are  our  dwellings?  What  are  our  cities  ?  What  more  melan- 
choly things  are  there  than  the  sites  of  some  of  the  famed  cities  of 
anticjuity  ?  How  mortifying  is  it  to  think  that  mankind  can  build  of 
nothing  that  will  last !  Going  to  the  places  where  mighty  cities  once 
flourished,  what  do  we  find?  Usually  fragments  of  stone,  and  brick, 
and  pottery,  and  heaps  of  rubbish,  and  dust  and  desolation.  If  we 
look  forth  among  the  stars,  among  the  clouds,  along  the  mountain- 
toi^s,  and  upon  the  grand  old  woods,  and  then  turn  to  our  abodes — 
how  mean  they  seem  !  How  like  the  structures  children  rear  of 
cobs,  and  blocks,  and  splinters!  Humcfri  abodes  and  human  mon- 
uments should  be  built  of  the  earth's  metals  or  crystals;  of  metals  that 
cannot  be  corroded  by  air  and  water,  as  iron  is ;  of  metals  that  can- 
not be  easily  tarnished  at  all;  of  metals  that  are  as  sweet  and  beautiful 
to  the  eye  as  Corinthian  brass  or  choicest  silver ;  and  of  metals  that 
can  be  everywhere  produced  in  abundance  and  at  the  cheapest 
rates. 

All  our  clay  beds  and  sand-hills  afford  the  raw  material  for  the 
beautiful  products  we  are  in  need  of.  These  deposits  we  resort  to 
now,  and  by  a  primitive  artificial  process  we  produce  from  clay  and 
sand  and  heat  so  marvelous  a  thing  as  an  almost  "  perfect  brick," 
with  which  to  build  our  houses,  construct  our  public  edifices,  and 
rear  our  great  monuments !  Could  we  release  it  from  its  bonds,  we 
might  procure  from  these  sand-hills  the  purest  rock  crystal  and  flint 
in  vast  quantities;  and  from  these  clay  beds  the  bright,  workable,  and 
beautiful  metal,  aluminum,  in  so  large  a  way  that  houses,  and  ships, 
and  other  structures  might  be  made  of  it,  and  made  as  it  were  for- 
ever. Not  corroded  like  more  common  metals  by  the  water  of  the  sea, 
scarcely  gnawed  by  the  tooth  of  time,  eaten  by  no  rust,  needing  no 
repairs,  plaster,  paint,  or  wash,  this  metal  and  like  ones,  and  this 
crystal  and  flint,  with  their  modifications,  produced  abundantly  and 
cheaply  in  every  land,  would  be  sources  of  profit,  comfort,  and  enjoy- 
ment to  the  human  race,  beyond  all  our  present  power  of  e.stimation. 
Certainly  it  is  not  asking  very  much  of  our  science,  grown  so  great 
and  so  proud  in  these  later  years,  that  it  shall  furnish  us,  out  of  its 
more  than  two  score  of  metals,  one  at  least  that  shall  be  fit  to  build 
our  houses  of,  and  our  cities  of,  so  that  they  may  continue  after  us, 
and  be  a  joy  forever.  It  is  time  we  were  building  of  something  be- 
sides "wood,  hay,  and  stubble,"  brick  and  niortar,  and  broken  frag- 
ments of  crumbling  rock.     The  huge  sand-tiunes  and  nmving  sand- 


APPENDIX.  391 

hills  of  the  globe  must  have  in  them  possibilities  of  use  beyond  that 
of  the  furnishin^  of  raw  material,  in  i)art,  for  glass,  pottery,  and  the 
like  manufactures;  and  it  remains  for  mankind  to  learn  how  to  utilize 
them  and  to  rejoice  in  them,  rather  than  to  continue  to  mourn  over 
their  desolations,  when  they  drift  upon  cultivated  acres,  and  bury 
once  fruitful  soils  hundreds  of  feet  below  the  light  of  the  sun. 

Moreover,  our  chemistry  has  been  teaching  us,  for  a  generation, 
how  like,  in  their  chemical  ecjuivalents,  are  the  substances  known  as 
starch  and  sugar.  Of  course  they  cannot  be  identical ;  but  they  are 
so  nearly  so  that  the  suggestion  was  long  ago  made  that  they  might 
be  transmuted,  each  into  the  other.  Chemistry  knows,  no  doubt,  al- 
ready, how  one  may  be  changed  into  the  other,  in  a  small  way,  and 
by  costly  manipulation;  but  no  [irocess  has  yet  been  made  public, 
that  I  am  aware  of,  in  America,  by  which  starch  can  be  made  into 
sugar,  in  a  large  way  and  cheaply.  The  question  of  the  supply  of 
sugar  for  the  increasing  use  in  the  colder  climates  of  the  world, 
without  resorting  to  the  cane  growths  of  the  tropics  for  the  saccharine 
matter,  is  an  important  one,  which  may  create  revolutions  in  com- 
merce and  modify  the  industries  of  some  of  the  races  of  mankind. 
When  fine  sugars  can  be  made  from  artichokes,  potatoes,  corn,  wheat, 
and  other  cereals,  as  well  as  from  sap,  sorghum,  beet-root,  and  sugar- 
cane, the  sugar  supply  will  be  a  question  of  chemistry,  and  ample  for 
the  largest  consumption  and  the  sweetest  tooth,  and  it  will  forever 
cease  to  be  a  source  of  perplexity. 

And  this  particular  chemical  change,  so  near  to  discovery,  if  not 
already  discovered,  and  soon  to  be  utilized,  suggests  ideas  that  range 
over  the  entire  field  of  experimental  chemistry,  but  especially  in  re- 
gard to  the  matter  of  artificial  compounds  and  the  manufactures  of 
articles,  chemically,  in  imitation  of  such  as  are  made  by  i)rocesses 
more  natural,  or  nearer  to  nature.  It  is  considered  an  honor  to  be 
able  to  construct  instruments  of  music  that  shall  imitate  the  human 
voice,  the  thunder,  the  sea,  the  cataract,  the  sounds  of  the  more  musical 
animals,  the  songs  of  birds,  and  all  the  pleasing  and  sublime  voices 
of  nature.  For  the  eye,  also,  nature  is  copied,  imitated,  plagiarized, 
and  followed  artificially  in  statuary,  painting,  etching,  architecture, 
and  the  decorative  arts,  as  well  as  by  miniature  representations  of 
her  scenery,  of  almost  every  kind,  as  in  the  Villa  Pallavicini,  near 
Genoa,  in  Italy;  and  men  obtain  place,  name,  honor,  and  wealth,  for 
doing  these  things  artistically,    beautifully,    successfully,    and    with 


392  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

enthusiasm.  It  is  perfectly  well  known  that  the  laboratory  of  the 
chemist  can  produce,  by  mainly  artificial  processes,  all  the  flavors, 
and  odors,  and  pleasant  aromas  that  are  found  among  the  world's 
leaves,  roots,  flowers,  earths,  minerals,  and  elsewhere,  distilled  by 
nature.  Nor  do  people  care  a  straw  how  the  odor  has  been  com- 
pounded whose  fragrance  is  that  of  violets,  roses,  or  new-mown  hay. 
And  the  nostrils  are  educated  by  these  fabrications  to  the  enjoyment 
of  sweet  sensations,  and  are  not  disturbed  by  an  inquiry  into  the 
history  and  extraction  of  the  perfume.  Thus,  by  art,  artfully  and 
artificially,  we  minister  to  the  seeing,  hearing,  and  smelling  organs. 
But  when  we  come  to  the  tasting  organs,  to  mouth  and  palate,  we 
are  very  fearful  of  the  laboratory  of  the  chemist,  and  of  things  arti- 
ficially made.  We  are  governed  by  our  prejudice,  when  our  reason 
will  teach  us  that  our  prejudice  is  absurd.  Slowly,  indeed,  we  are 
coming  to  eat  chemically  prepared  food,  and  to  drink  chemically 
compounded  drinks.  Nature's  processes  are,  all  of  them,  largely 
chemical  in  their  way;  and  because  the  human  chemist  reaches 
results  by  more  direct  ways,  we  are  childish  enough  to  reject  the 
products  even  when  we  are  not  able  to  distinguish  the  artificial  from 
the  natural.  I  had  occasion  to  look  into  the  purchase  of  mineral 
waters,  some  years  ago,  and  then  I  learned  that  every  celebrated 
medicinal  spring  of  Europe  was  imitated  by  chemists,  and  that  the 
waters  artificially  prepared  were  not  commonly  distinguishable  from 
the  genuine  by  the  taste,  were  not  inferior  in  medicinal  effects,  and 
were  used  (juite  indiscriminately  by  physicians  themselves.  I  met 
persons  in  Italy  and  France,  who  said  that  most  of  the  best  wines 
were  so  exacdy  imitated  that  few,  if  any,  could  tell  the  imitation  from 
the  original,  and  that  they  preferred  the  use  of  the  artificially  con- 
cocted— that  which  was  professedly  so — because  they  knew  what  it 
was  made  of,  when  and  where;  and  nobody  knew  what  was  in  much 
of  the  wine  of  the  markets,  which  was  almost  wholly  spurious,  but 
jiretended  not  to  be,  and  had  to  be  much  drugged  to  make  it  seem 
not  to  be*.  The  Old  World  is  probably  fuller,  even  than  the  New,  of 
all  sorts  of  imitations  and  adulterations  of  meats,  drinks,  drugs, 
medicines,  cosmetics,  and  all  articles  for  ornament  and  luxury. 
Many  of  the  articles  with  which  food  is  adulterated,  and  drugs  are 
adulterated,  are,  in  fact,  just  as  good,  for  the  ends  proposed,  as  the 
genuine  article.  'I'hey  are  cheaper  in  price,  and  are,  therefore,  im- 
properly palmed  ofT  as  genuine.     And  there  is  the  wrong.     If  those 


APPESDIX.  \\%\ 

who  find  out  these  cheaper  articles  would  manufacture  and  sell  ihein 
as  substitutes  for  the  real  ones,  but  equally  as  good  for  the  ends  pro- 
posed by  the  use  of  them,  while  less  costly,  there  would  be  good 
done  and  not  evil.  And  it  may  be  regarded  as  one  of  the  coming 
certainties  that  we  shall  go  to  the  chemists  for  a  hundred  things 
needed  for  the  table,  the  chamber,  and  the  nursery,  which  now  we 
cultivate  slowly,  rear  painfully,  import  expensively,  or  distill  watch- 
fully, because  we  can  have  them  made  to  order  artificially,  of  the 
best  quality,  and  can  pay  for  them  out  of  a  moderate  income— sci- 
ence and  art  having  made  many  of  the  most  sumptuous  articles  and 
greatest  luxuries  of  the  olden  times,  the  common  possession  of  all 
laboring  men. 

Last  of  all,  and  greatest,  is  the  dominion  over  man,  over  mind, 
over  all  the  inner  world,  the  problem  of  a  true  philosophy.  The 
human  mind  has  never  been  able  to  satisfy  itself  in  regard  to  the 
origin  of  its  ideas,  and  has  never  held  to  any  self-consistent  theory 
of  mental  development.  Human  speculation  has  flowed  mainly  in 
two  channels,  running  nearly  parallel,  sunk  deep  into  the  heart  of 
things,  with  a  high  promontory  between  them,  difficult,  or  impossible, 
to  be  passed  over. 

The  two  philosophic  tendencies  are  as  old,  certainly,  as  the  schools 
of  (ireece  ;  and  Plato  is  the  leading  early  man  of  the  one  school, 
and  Aristotle  of  the  other.  Under  each  general  division  there  were, 
and  have  always  been,  various  subdivisions.  The  one  large  class 
regarded  the  mind  itself  as  tlie  source  of  its  chief  ideas,  as  soon  as 
it  came  into  certain  conditions  and  relations.  The  other  large  class 
contended  that  the  mind  derived  all  its  ideas  from  its  sensations,  di- 
rectly or  indirectly. 

The  one  class  maintained  the  a  priori  method  of  reasoning  as  the 
grand  one.  The  other  planted  itself  squarely  upon  the  a  posteriori 
method.  The  one  professed  to  deal  with  causes,  essences,  substances, 
and  realities,  rather  than  with  facts  and  appearances.  Tjie  other 
professed  to  concern  itself  with  phenomena,  observed  facts,  things  as 
they  seem,  and  their  connections,  laws,  and  sequences.  The  one 
class  deduced — descended  from  general  statements  to  the  particu- 
lar Ones,  from  principles  to  their  applications.  The  other  class  in- 
duced— ascended  from  particulars  to  the  general  law,  and  from 
observed  facts  \x\,  to  the  great  principle.  These  classes  were  some- 
times known  as  idealists  and  realists,  or  as  spiritualists  and  material- 
ists. 


394  niSTORV  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

Now,  the  contest  that  was  carried  on  so  long  in  Greece  and  re- 
newed in  the  after  ages,  has  been  a  lively  one  in  Europe,  since  the 
Reformation,  and  has  been  maintained  with  no  little  vigor.  In  our 
time,  the  two  styles  of  philosophy  are  often  known  as  the  transcen- 
dental and  empiric,  or,  better,  as  absolutism  and  positivism.  The 
prominent  modern  names — on  each  side — are,  some  of  them — He- 
gel, Hamilton,  Cousin,  Comte.  The  positive  philosophy  is  particu- 
larly aggressive  in  the  more  recent  years.  It  is  advocated  in  England 
by  Mansel,  Spencer,  Lewes,  and  Mill.  Ic  is  a  fruitful  philosophy  in 
the  sphere  of  natural  science,  and  what  is  termed  the  practical  side 
of  things;  but  it  limits  itself  so  much,  and  conditions  its  knowledge 
so  repeatedly,  that  it  tends  to  lower  and  dwarf  the  immortal  soul 
and  the  spiritual  nature  of  man.  In  regard  to  the  validity  and  extent 
of  our  knowledge,  we  can  more  readily  sympathize  with  the  other 
class,  who  have  more  to  do  with  the  mind  itself,  and  employ  the  rea- 
son largely,  hold  to  intuitions,  make  reflections,  believe  in  insight, 
practice  synthesis,  indulge  m  hypothesis,  stand  by  genius,  and  admit 
a  revelation.  But  we  cannot  go  wholly  with  either  great  party  ;  nor 
can  peo[)le  generally  do  so.  The  world  has  groaned  long  with  this 
struggle.  Civilization  has  been  retarded  by  it.  Truth  has  suffered 
from  it.  The  church  has  gone  laboring  between  the  philosophies 
like  an  ocean  steamer  in  rough  seas,  with  now  one  wheel  clean  out, 
and  now  the  other,  while  the  opposite  one  has  been  at  the  same  mo- 
ment so  submerged  as  to  do  poor  service  or  none.  There  is  need, 
therefore,  of  a  philosophy  which  shall  not  call  itself  the  philosophy 
of  the  absolute,  nor  the  philosophy  of  the  conditioned,  which  shall 
take,  if  possible,  middle  ground  between  them,  and  take  all  the  truth 
from  both  of  them,  and  combine  them  into  a  harmonious  whole. 
And  this  is  the  probLm  in  mental  philoso|<hy  now  before  mankind  ; 
and  all  metaphysical  men  should  give  long  and  earnest  attention  to 
it.  It  may  be  true  that  eclecticism  has  heretofore  [)roved  a  failure; 
but  a  new  eclecticism  is  possible  now.  The  world  is  belter  prepared 
for  it.  "Melaphysicians  ought  to  re-examine  the  possibilities  of  the 
ca.se.  They  .should  do  so  all  the  more  hopefully,  because  the  extreme 
absolutists  and  the  extreme  posilivists  have  rushed  around  in  differ- 
ent directions  from  opposite  positions  into  nearly  the  same  cavern  of 
darkness — falling  off  into  almost  the  same  black  abyss.  The  extreme 
positivist,  at  the  end  of  his  research,  can  find  no  god  at  all.  The 
extreme  absolutist,  at  the  outmost  line  of  his  speculation,  as  yet,  can 


APPENDIX.  .10.-. 

(Ind  no  god  but  Pan.  Between  the  two  wc  should  utterly  refuse  to 
make  any  choice.  It  belongs  to  our  time  to  frame  and  build  out 
that  philosophy  which  can  logically  distinguish  between  essence  and 
phenomena,  substance  and  property,,  the  Creator  and  the  creation, 
the  Maker  and  the  man,  the  human  being  and  the  divine  Person, 
and  rightly  deal  with  them.  The  chariot  of  our  progress  cannot 
long  go  upon  a  single  wheel.  The  movements  of  both  of  the  philo- 
sophic tendencies  are  required  to  roll  on  the  vehicle  to  concjuest. 
And  if  wisest  hands  shall  guide  its  steeds,  its  track  shall  smoke  ere- 
long, but  with  the  dust  of  stars.  And  then,  one  of  the  grandest 
conditions  of  rest,  joy,  and  hope  for  our  human  race,  will  have  glad- 
dened the  world. 

It  is,  as  I  suppose,  by  glances  like  the.se  at  the  situation,  at  the 
possibilities  and  needs  of  our  age,  at  the  empires  to  be,  that  we,  as 
the  advanced  and  thoughtful  men  of  our  day,  forelooking  the  future, 
anticipating  the  grandeurs,  may  learn  whither  to  direct  our  energies, 
how  to  employ  our  several  abilities,  how  not  to  throw  our  short  lives 
away,  and  may  project  ourselves  farthest  into  the  future,  do  our  best 
for  the  sake  of  our  long-burdened  humanity,  and  most  fitly  prepare 
the  way  of  the  Lord  upon  the  earth. 

It  is  by  looking  away  from  the  accomplished  to  the  unaccomplished, 
from  the  known  to  the  unknown,  from  the  seen  to  the  unseen,  from 
the  little  that  is  to  the  much  that  needs  to  be,  that  we  get  our  bear- 
ings, lose  our  pride  of  attainment,  sec  our  failings,  admit  our  deficien- 
cies, and  regulate  our  attitudes.  We  have  need  to  remind  ourselves 
that  our  century  is  only  one  of  the  centuries  of  time,  and  not  a  very 
advanced  one  at  that;  that  we  simply  walk  the  corridors  and  enter  a 
few  of  the  outer  courts  of  the  great  temple  of  truth  eternal ;  that  it 
is  reserved  for  those  more  favored,  if  not  better  men,  who  shall  live 
many  ages  after  us,  to  possess  themselves  entirely  of  the  glorious 
structure,  penetrate  to  its  interiors,  behold  its  splendid  adytum,  han- 
dle its  sacred  arcana,  and  congratulate,  di.-port,  and  regale  themselves 
within  that  vast  rotunda,  whose  light  streams  through  a  'dome  of 
solid  crystal,  without  flaw  or  fracture,  and  paints  the  scene  within 
with  such  a  charm,  in  such  a  beauty,  as  never  was  on  land  or  sea. 

And  thus,  also,  in  our  little  individualities,  each  working  so  much 
alone  toward  his  destiny,  we  cling  and  creep,  snail-like,  up  the  steep 
and  broad  incline  of  fact,  and  thrust  out  for  a  time,  tentatively,  into 
these  empires  to  be,  the  long  antenn;t  of  our  knowledge  gained,  tipped 


396  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

with  the  eyes  of  our  faith.  And  then  we  retire,  leaving  at  least  our 
shells  as  the  waymarks  of  progress,  to  grow  more  shining  and  trans- 
lucent in  the  light  of  suns,  and  as  clear  white  specks  signaling  the 
march  of  the  Eternal  Wisdom  across  the  wastes  of  time. 


VII.    ADDRESS  HFFORIi  THE  ALUMNI 
ASS()(^IATION. 


By    Rev.    I.  E.  Dwinkll,  D.I). 


Mr.  President,  Brethren  ok  the  As.sociated  Alumni,  and 
Ladies  and  Gentlemen  :  Milton,  in  his  ideal  university,  counsels 
that,  while  the  "  young  and  pliant  affections ''  of  the  pupils  "are  led 
through  all  the  moral  works  of  Plato,  Xenophon,  Cicero,  Plutarch, 
l.aertius,"  they  shall  still  "be  reduced  in  their  nightward  studies 
wherewith  they  close  the  day's  work,  under  the  determinate  sentence 
of  David  or  Solomon,  or  the  Evangels  and  Apostolic  Scriptures."' 
The  institution  was  to  have  the  atmosijhere  and  inspiration  of  the 
presence  of  divine  ideas.  It  was  to  be  built  from  above  downwards, 
as  well  as  from  beneath  upwards. 

We  have  been  wearied  of  late  years  with  discussions  on  the  rela- 
tions of  faith  and  reason,  and  faith  and  science.  Rut  there  is  a 
deeper  question  lying  back  of  these,  that  is  (juite  neglected.  It  is 
the  relation  of  the  acceptance  of  supernatural  and  divine  ideas  to 
the  very  exisfetice  of  science  and  learning.  In  this  deeper  relation 
the  two  do  not  ajjpear  in  conflict,  but  in  their  natural  relationship  as 
mother  and  daughter.  When  we  get  back  to  .seminal  principles,  we 
find  that  the  apprehension  and  entrance  into  men  of  divine  faiths  is 
the  seed  from  which  all  efforts  to  know,  all  methods  of  incjuiry, 
all  institutions  of  learning  best  spring. 

I  propo.se  to  consider  this  subjed,  and  it  is  one  which  I  hope  you 
will  feel  appropriately  addresses  itself  to  scholars,  and  especially  the 
Alumni  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  when  building  a  home  for  learning  in 
this  new  world.  The  apprehension  and  entrance  of  divine  faiths,  of 
which  I   speak,   exists  when  the  soul  holds  itself  lovingly   under  the 


1  Works,  Vol.  I.,  p.  162. 


398  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CAIJFORNIA. 

power  of  spiritual  truths,  on  evidence  which  addresses  it  as  a 
spiritual  being.  It  does  not  come  from  authority  or  force.  It  is  the 
result  of  freedom  and  spirituality.  Regarded  as  a  habit  of  mind,  it 
differs  from  credulity  in  this,  that  it  does  not  make  haste  to  believe 
and  believe  without  evidence;  and  from  superstition,  in  not  putting 
spiritual  or  supernatural  things  back  of  material  ones  when  there  are 
no  such  things  there.  It  believes  and  believes  on  evidence,  and 
there  are  spiritual  or  supernatural  things  there,  beyond  sight,  where 
it  claims  to  find  them. 

It  would  be  a  sad  i:)erversion  and  profanation  to  advocate  super- 
natural and  divine  ideas  as  a  means  or  instrument  for  building  uni- 
versities. Better  make  them  the  end,  and  the  university  the  means. 
Yet,  if  their  presence  is  a  necessary  and  vital  element  in  our  .seats  of 
learning,  it  may  be  well  to  know  it,  that  we  may  be  the  more  willing 
to  welcome  them,  and  give  them  a  generous  and  grateful  home. 

Their  influence  in  founding  schools  is  remarkable.  Men  who  are 
imbued  with  them  take  kindly  and  naturally  to  learning.  They 
have  ever  before  them,  back  of  the  facts  and  forces  of  nature  and 
history,  a  higher  realm,  an  outlying  world,  and  they  try  to  thread 
their  way  through  the  intermediate  chaos  and  darkness  as  far  as  pos- 
sible uj)  towards  it,  resolving  ignorance,  and  making  nature  and 
history  a  transparency  and  not  a  curtain.  Thus  science  is  begotten 
not  of  curiosity  to  know  so  much,  as  of  faith  in  theknowable  and  in 
what  is  beyond  sight.  Combine  such  believing  spirits,  let  them 
touch  and  insi)ire  one  another,  let  them  attempt  in  numbers  the 
upward  march  together,  and  they  will  forthwith  employ  dWleges  as 
stafis  to  assist  them  in  the  journey,  or  as  lanterns  to  light  up  the  way. 
Institutions  of  learning  spring  up  s]»ontaneously  almost,  as  one  of 
the  fore-settled  facts,  in  communities  and  ages  in  which  men's 
minds  arc  alive  with  the  things  of  Clod.  The  very  air  in  such  a 
region  is  institutional,  educational,  constructive.  Men  consciously 
groping  through  the  world,  holding  on  to  God,  rear  from  the  eartli 
with  foundations  dcc])ly  bedded  in  it  these  light-houses,  the  summits 
of  which,  while  looking  out  towards  the  heavens  and  the  higher 
realms,  may  yet  throw  down  light  on  the  darkened  path  of  man. 

Unbelief,  on  the  other  hand,  severed  from  all  quickening  contact 
with  faith  by  unconscious  influence  or  antagonism,  exhibits  no  such 
constructive  tendencies.  It  does  not  run  to  schools  and  colleges  of 
its  own  motion.     It  may  overcome  its  indifference  and  build  them,  if 


AhPENDfX.  3.)9 

put  to  it,  and  for  a  purpose  ;  but  it  is  urj^cd  on  or  attracted  by  no 
drawings  from  higher  realms,  and  its  college  is  only  a  vanishing 
torch,  by  which  it  tries  to  relieve  the  gloom  as  it  travels  towards  dis- 
solution, gazing  at  the  sands  beneath  it.  And  misbelief  or  infidelity, 
in  its  ultimate  forms,  is  in  spirit  unsocial,  centrifugal,  divisive,  not 
tending  to  discipline  or  institutional  life.  It  does  not  knit  the 
human  kind,  but  unravels  it.  It  scatters  society  into  spray,  into 
repcllant  and  irreducible  ])ersonalities.  It  would  itself  never  suggest 
or  undertake  a  university,  and  if  pushed  into  organization  by  the 
combining  influences  about  il,  the  effort  necessary  to  maintain  the 
spasm  after  the  grit  is  gone  soon  limits  and  wastes  the  enterprise. 
It  rarely  reaches,  however,  a  positive  organization,  and  most  of  its 
ideas  perish  long  before  they  handle  brick  or  marble,  like  Comte's 
religion,  which  was  to  do  away  with  Christianity  and  absorb  all  man- 
kind, but  which  was  represented,  last  summer,  when  it  turned  out  in 
force  to  celebrate  the  birthday  of  its  founder,  by  a  score,  more  or 
le.ss,  of  queer-looking  men  and  women  past  the  prime  of  life,  who 
met  in  a  hired  hall,  on  an  obscure  street,  in  Paris.  Infidelity  is  not 
self-moved  to  lay  foundations  for  the  training  of  future  generations- 
The  eye  which  cannot  look  above  does  not  look  far  before  it.  It 
lives  in  the  present  and  for  the  present,  under  the  power  of  no 
spiritual  ideas  or  realities,  of  no  future. 

Where  we  come  on  the  domestication  of  divine  ideas,  there  we 
come  then  upon  the  real  organizer  and  builder.  These  are  institu- 
tional. There  is  something  about  an  age  swayed  by  them  that 
cau.ses  it  to  take  to  the  higher  walks  of  learning,  and  construct  them 
joyously  and  bounteously.  Such  ages  are  dotted  with  these  light- 
houses, which,  then  springing  into  being,  flash  out  their  light  on  the 
eye.  The  ages  of  unbelief  give  us  no  new  lights,  .ind  d.-irkcn  the 
windows  of  the  old  ones. 

But  sui)pose  the  institutions  founded,  endowed,  furnished.  Let 
us  enter  them,  and  consider  the  influence  of  the  ideas  on  their 
workings,  and  the  necessity  of  their  presence  for  their  highest 
success. 

They  have  an  effect  on  the  very  quality  of  the  />cr.wnm-i  of  the 
institution,  both  professor  and  student.  Their  presence  opens, 
deepens,  enlarges,  intensifies  manhood,  by  letting  in  the  powers  of 
the  spiritual  world  upon  it,  and  at  the  same  time  centering  and 
calming  the  soul  in  its  assured  gaze  at  them.     It  does  not  let  in  the 


400  rnSTOR  V  of  the  college  of  CALIFORNIA. 

supernatural  and  divine,  and  leave  one  in  a  whirl  and  tumult  of 
uncertainty,  but  gives  him  composure  and  rest  in  the  sweet  fellow- 
ship. At  the  same  time  his  mind  runs  out  on  lines  of  thought  and 
confidence  into  unseen  realms,  and  draws  nourishment  from  afar. 
And  it  can  be  aroused  to  its  highest  activity  and  broadest  culture 
only  when  solicited  and  sustained  by  the  felt  nearness  of  something, 
a  companionship  of  something,  greater  than  itself  and  the  worlds 
around  it.  As  the  brain  of  prisoners  separated  from  human  society 
by  long  solitary  confinement,  is  said  to  soften,  and  they  gradually 
lose  the  power  of  thought  and  will,  and  the  soul  seems  to  sink  into 
the  body,  so  men,  when  no  longer  inspired  by  commerce  with  God's 
ideas,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  and  wholly  and  long  secluded 
from  him  by  unbelief,  gradually  sink  below  their  level.  Our 
intellects  must  be  fed  from  the  heavens,  as  well  as  from  the  earth. 
We  walk  among  the  stars  in  our  true  greatness,  not  altogether  on 
the  sward.  Consequently  the  same  friendly  and  familiar  touch  from 
God  which  shakes  out  the  soul  from  the  folds  of  stupor  and  inactiv- 
ity, and  gives  it  wakefulness,  intelligence,  and  poise,  gives  it  enlarge- 
ment and  vigor  also,  and  prepares  it  for  the  struggles  of  letters  and 
learning.  A  college  filled  with  such  instructors  and  scholars  is  pre- 
pared for  work  and  means  work.  The  great,  ever  obtrusive  spiritual 
questions  are  settled.  'J'here  is  no  occasion  for  facing  them  over 
again,  and  fighting  them  down  in  some  new  way,  only  to  find  that 
they  come  back  with  fresh  torment.  There  is  no  necessity  of  going 
out  in  weariness  and  at  uncomfortable  hours,  to  picket  the  famish- 
ing soul  in  a  fresh  and  unexhausted  spot.  It  has,  indeed,  its  fasten- 
ing, but  it  is  th,e  throne  of  God,  and  from  that  center  it  has  the 
whole  range  and  liberty  of  truth,  and  the  nourishment  of  all  worlds 
within  reach. 

'i'he  working  spirit  of  an  institution  so  handled  and  pervaded 
must  be  of  a  (juickening  sort.  'l"he  very  place — the  courts,  the 
halls,  the  rooms,  the  chairs,  the  forms,  the  alcoves,  the  chapel—  all 
are  freighted  with  the  ministry  of  higher  ideas.  The  atmosphere  is 
pervadeil  with  an  unseen  electricity  which  unconsciously  charges 
those  who  linger  within  its  influence.  Thought  is  stirred,  aspiration 
enkindled,  character  moulded,  as  by  an  invisible  presence.  The 
jui(  as  of  manhood,  so  far  as  they  are  dependent  on  surroundings, 
are  not  sought  from  afar,  but  play  around  in  a  continuous  flow,  and 
are  absorbed  at  every  turn.     Order,   discipline,  drill,  fall  easily  into 


APPEjVn/X.  4^j|j 


place  in  an  atmosphere  instinct  with  the  thinps  of  (iod;  and  it  is  lu.i 
difficult  for  the  professors  to  secure  what  Milton  describes  '  as  "the 
main  skill  and  groundwork,"  viz. :  "  to  temper  "  the  students  "  such 
lectures  and  explanations  upon  every  opi)ortunity  as  may  lead  and 
draw  them  in  willing  obedience,  inflamed  with  the  study  of  learning 
and  the  admiration  of  virtue;  stirred  up  with  high  hopes  of  living  to 
be  brave  men  and  worthy  patriots,  dear  to  God  and  famous  to  all 
ages."  All  things  head  upward  in  an  institution  in  which  the  ideas 
of  God  and  duty  reign.  A  work  is  done,  larger  and  better  far  than 
can  be  distinctly  traced  to  any  of  its  specific  ministries  or  all  of 
them  combined.  It  works  as  a  whole,  as  a  subtle  but  mighty 
spiritual  power.  It  throws,  unseen,  ceaseless  persuasions  and 
attractions  around  the  yearning  soul  to  lead  it  upward. 

And  this  higher  spirit,  hardly  corporeally  present,  nowhere 
mechanically  obtrusive,  playing  around  common  themes,  lighting  up 
with  strange  splendor  the  instructions  of  sciences  and  letters,  radiant 
all  along  the  daily  routine  and  drill,  and  somehow — no  one  knowing 
how — lifting  the  heart  up  into  the  presence  of  God, — this  is  as  pow- 
erful and  effective  in  weaving  the  fiber  of  a  vigorous  and  tough 
institutional  life,  as  in  awaking  mind  and  developing  character.  It 
gives  the  institution  unity,  compactness,  and  growth  around  ideas 
and  out  of  ideas.  It  causes  it  to  be  itself  one  of  the  living  things, 
not  a  constructed  thing — its  law  life,  not  decay — its  ligatures  the 
vitalities  of  common  sympathies,  purposes,  faiths,  not  civil  parch- 
ments, subscriptions,  constitutions,  acts  of  incorporation.  Its  vigor 
is  compact,  unwasteful,  self-contained,  self-replenishing.  Such  an 
institution,  having  its  roots  in  the  faith  of  the  age,  and  having  the 
sap  of  divine  ideas  ever  flowing  through  it,  vitalizing  and  shaping  it, 
plants  itself  as  one  of  our  Calaveras  trees,  for  the  centuries  and  ages. 
It  does  not  grow  old  any  more  than  truth  grows  old,  or  duty,  or 
God;  but  increases  in  influence  and  power,  throws  out  larger  and 
broader  branches,  and  States  pass  under  it,  and  civilizations  make 
prilgrimages  to  it. 

Hut  there  is  no  such  institutional  life  in  the  colleges  of  unbelief. 
The  very  philosophy  of  unbelief  in  respect  to  institutions  may  be 
styled  the  philosophy  of  Slark-hi'ist.  It  relaxes  everywhere  the 
organic   fiber.     It  slackens  the  constructive   tendencies.     It  opens 


'  Works,  Vol.  I.,  p.  i6i. 
26 


402  If /STORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

numberless  invisible  apertures  in  the  veins  and  arteries  through 
which  the  life-giving  tide  circulates,  and  permits  it  to  waste  imper- 
ceptibly away.  It  brings  humanity  to  a  feeble  pitch,  and,  of  course, 
keys  the  institutions  of  humanity,  which  depend  on  the  simple  love 
of  ideas,  to  a  pitch  still  more  feeble.  Slack-hvist  makes  a  man  of 
weak  fiber,  and  Slack-twist  makes  the  rope  or  cable,  formed  by  such 
fibres  as  they  naturally  twist  themselves  together,  still  more  weak 
relatively,  and  unable  to  resist  the  strains  and  chafings  of  use. 

Unbelief  has  also  a  chilling  effect  when  it  prevails  as  the  atmos- 
phere in  a  college.  It  closes  up  the  vista  of  outlying  realms.  It 
takes  one  up  to  the  top  of  an  observatory,  amid  the  bending  and 
arching  worlds,  and  curtains  him  off  from  communion  with  them, 
and  bids  him  study  the  mechanism  of  the  observatory,  even  telling 
him  that  the  glass  that  brings  the  distant  orbs  nigh  was  a  mistake 
and  is  worthless.  It  beggars  his  soul  of  the  great  thoughts  and  the 
great  inspirations,  And  if  he  falls,  amid  the  general  slackness  and 
want  of  healthful  moral  tone,  making  the  college  drill  difficult  and 
the  college  discipline  troublesome,  he  thinks  he  has  fallen  only  a  few 
steps  down  the  observatory  stairs,  and  does  not  reckon  his  distance 
from  the  stars. 

'J'he  subject  which  we  are  considering  receives  not  a  little  elucida- 
tion from  history.  By  comparing  broadly  the  peoples  and  ages  of 
faith  with  the  peoples  and  ages  of  unbelief,  so  as  to  be  able  to  see 
something  of  the  ultimate  effect  of  each,  we  shall  have  no  doubt  of 
their  respective  bearings  on  the  interests  of  learning.  If,  however, 
we  contract  our  view  to  particular  institutions  and  brief  periods,  it 
will  be  more  difficult  to  measure  the  real  tendencies  of  the  two 
opposing  principles,  for  we  may  find  now  and  then  one  in  an 
exceptional  altitude — a  university  of  unbelief  in  an  age  or  among  a 
people  of  faith,  nourished  from  abroad  by  the  very  spirit  which  it 
repudiates;  or  a  university  of  faith  in  an  age  or  among  a  people  of 
unbelief,  stifled  and  gasping  by  the  thinness  of  the  air  which  sweeps 
through  it  from  without  ;  and  in  such  cases  we  really  have  the  work- 
ing of  the  rule,  but  must  wait  for  time  to  give  us  the  ultimate  facts. 
History,  broadly  and  fairly  interpreted,  shows  that  religious  ideas, 
when  grasped  by  the  real  will-power  of  a  people,  are  among  the  most 
active  and  effective  to  go  through  a  country,  arouse  and  shape  its 
thought,  and  plant  or  occupy  its  seats  of.  learning.  The  zones  of 
faith  around  Christendom  sparkle  with  these  brilliants;  those  of 
unbelief  arc  dim  by  their  absence  or  want  of  luster. 


APPENDIX.  403 

In  the  fourth  century,  in  some  portions  of  the  Roman  i:mpire, 
there  were  pagan  civil  schools.  These  schools  had  the  protection, 
support,  and  special  civil  immunities  of  the  State.  Such  emperors 
as  Augustus,  Gratianus,  Valentinian,  and  Thcodosius  II.  had  fav- 
ored them  with  imperial  aid;  and  the  decrepit  form  of  paganism, 
with  trembling  hope  and  frantic  expiring  zeal,  lingered  around  them. 
But  paganism  was  sick  at  heart,  and  its  ideas  were  dead.  Over 
against  it  was  the  youthful,  aggressive,  determined  Christian  faith, 
having  at  first  no  civil  support  or  encouragement.  "  It  was  necessary." 
says  Guizot,  describing  this  conflict,'  "  that  the  Christians  should 
draw  everything  from  themselves.  Their  doctrines,  and  the  empire 
of  their  doctrines  over  the  will — the  desire  which  they  had  to  projja- 
gate  themselves,  to  take  possession  of  the  world — that  was  their 
whole  power."  But  mark  the  issue  in  the  realm  of  learning,  as 
described  by  the  same  author:  ^  "For a  time  the  pagan  schools  still 
existed,  but  they  were  void — the  soul  had  quitted  the  body."  "  The 
activity  and  intellectual  strength  of  the  two  societies  were  prodigiously 
unequal.  \Vith  its  institutions,  its  professors,  its  privileges,  the  one 
was  nothing,  and  did  nothing;  with  its  single  ideas,  the  other  inces- 
santly labored  and  seized  everything." 

Subsequently,  and  in  consefjuence,  the  cathedral  and  conventual 
schools — the  ark  that  was  to  carry  letters  and  learning  across  the 
Dark  Ages — sprang  into  being.  They  were  hardly  completed,  how- 
ever, when  the  power  which  had  grasped  the  divine  verities,  degen- 
erating to  superstition,  bewildered  by  imperial  favor,  and  lowering 
its  gaze  from  heavenly  to  earthly  courts,  retired  with  its  entangle- 
ments and  degradation  into  the  ark,  closed  the  doors,  and  went  down 
the  medieval  flood.  That  was  a  dark  zone  for  Christian  learning — 
some  five  centuries  wide — unrelieved  except  by  gleams  of  light  in 
the  reign  of  Charlemagne,  especially  in  connection  with  the  schools 
of  Paris.  That  monarch  had  in  his  palace  a  movable  school,  taught 
by  Alcuin,  from  England,  which  accompanied  him  in  his  travels  and 
camjjaigns,  and  which  he  sometimes  attended  and  encouraged  by 
attempting,  late  in  life,  to  overcome  the  stubbornness  of  his  hand 
and  fingers,  stiffened  by  the  use  of  the  sword,  so  as  to  learn  to  write.' 

But  during  this  period  there  was  a  streak  of  light  from  an  unex- 


^  History  of  Civilization,  Vol.  II,  p.  9°- 

•^  Ibid. 

^  Ilase's  History  of  the  Christian  Church,  p.  179.  • 


404  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALLFORNIA. 

pected  quarter.  In  portions  of  Southern  Europe  and  Western  Asia, 
the  Saracens  had  no  sooner  sheathed  the  sword  than  they  made 
haste,  while  their  faith  was  yet  warm,  to  found  schools,  which  soon 
became  famous.  From  Cordova  and  Bagdad  the  stern  one-God 
faith,  which  had  gleamed  on  ten  thousand  Damascus  blades,  lighted 
the  torch  of  learning  and  relieved  the  darkness  of  the  world.  Furi- 
ous Mussulman  leaped  from  their  chargers  and  paced  academic 
groves;  and  chemistry,  algebra,  medicine,  Plato,  and  Aristotle  per- 
plexed brains  that  had  been  in  the  habit  of  reasoning  with  the 
scimiter.  When  the  Mussulman  faith  languished  into  the  Mussul- 
man creed,  the  glory  of  the  schools  departed,  the  torch  went  out. 
For  five  centuries,  however,  it  burned  brightly. 

As  early  as  the  eleventh  century  we  begin  to  see  evidences  of  a 
Christian  awakening  in  the  mind  of  Europe.  It  is  hardly  a  phcenix 
rising  from  its  ashes;  but  the  ashes  are  stirring  and  giving  proof  that 
there  is  a  living  thing  beneath.  Amid  the  endless  rounds  of  super- 
stition and  dialectic  skirmish,  generation  after  generation  going 
over  the  same  foolish  and  unprofitable  discussions,  an  Ansclm 
appears,  and  we  see  that  the  age  is  once  more  reaching  out  to  put  its 
hand  in  the  hand  of  God.  But  the  surgings  and  restlessness  even 
of  this  grotesque  and  half-formed  faith  were  marked  by  a  wonderful 
temporary  rush  to  schools.  Early  in  the  twelfih  century,  says 
Hallam,'  "  the  golden  age  of  the  universities  commenced,  and  it  is 
hard  to  say  whether  they  were  favored  most  by  their  own  sovereigns 
or  by  the  See  of  Rome."  In  a  short  time  the  universities  at  Pari.s, 
Bologna,  Oxford,  Cambridge,  Padua,  Naples,  Toulouse,  Montpelier, 
Salamanca,  and  Prague,  were  crowded  with  students  and  their  attend- 
ants. At  one  time  there  are  said — witli  some  exaggeration,  Hallam 
thinks — to  have  been  in  Oxford  thirty  thousand,  and  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Paris  more  than  the  rest  of  the  population  of  the  city. 

But  the  reviving  was  arrested.  The  higher  ideas  were  dimly  seen 
and  feebly  grasped,  'i'he  Arnolds  of  Brescia,  the  Wycliffes,  the 
Husses,  the  Jeromes  of  Prague,  were  not  welcomed.  And  though 
the  universities  had  great  power  while  the  scholastic  was  a  living 
faith  struggling  to  its  culmination,  the  plethora  did  not  show  intellect- 
ual health,  but  dropsy.  The  students,  wherever  they  began,  ended 
with  scholastic  theology  resolved  through  the  interminable  subtleties 
of  Aristotelian  metaphysics. 


Int.  tu  Hist,  of  Lit.,  Vol.  Ill,  \>.  525, 


APPENDIX,  405 

Here  was  a  narrow  zone  of  light,  with  more  promise  than  reaHty, 
followed  by  another  broad  belt  of  darkness. 

As  might  be  expected,  the  Reformation,  when  men's  minds  once 
more  touched  spiritual  realities,  ushered  in  a  new  era.  All  the 
schools  and  universities  in  countries  which  subsequently  became 
Protestant  were  at  that  time  in  the  interest  of  Rome;  but  the  Roman 
faith  had  passed  out  from  its  internal  supremacy  over  the  spirit  and 
become  a  system  of  credenda — things  to  be  believed,  but  not 
believed.  The  consequence  was  that  the  new  faith,  fresh  from  the 
mount  of  fire,  glided  into  the  halls  of  learning  and  took  possession. 
In  (ierinany  an  impulse  was  given  which  finally  resulted  in  placing 
that  country  in  the  front  ranks  for  research,  criticism,  and  philosophy. 
Germany,  however,  was  Protestantized  more  than  Christianized,  and 
it  trailed  after  it  into  the  new  era  much  of  the  old  scholasticism,  as 
seen  in  the  love  of  speculation,  baseless  system-building,  and  sub- 
jective philosophizing,  though  it  infused  into  them  an  improved 
spirit.  In  England  also  the  work  of  reformation  was  incomplete. 
Yet,  from  1521,  when  Henry  VIII.  wrote  his  book  to  oppose  the 
Protestant  doctrine,  there  were  added,  in  the  next  one  hundred  years', 
while  the  Reformation  was  in  progress,  to  the  University  of  Oxford 
six  new  colleges,  and  to  that  of  Cambridge  three. 

And  the  period  lying  around  the  revival  of  spiritual  ideas  up  to 
the  close  of  the  sixteenth  century,  and  while  England  looked  with  a 
more  adventurous  and  eagle  eye  than  ever  before  or  for  a  century 
afterward  at  thing?,  was  the  age  of  its  intellectual  glory.  In  its 
firmament  shone  then,  and  shine  still,  and  will  ever  shine — stars  of 
the  first  magnitude  :  Spencer,  Shakespeare,  Milton,  Bacon,  Barrow, 
Cudworth,  Bunyan,  Baxter,  and  most  of  the  life  of  Newton.  And 
those  who  were  in  the  vanguard  in  breaking  away  from  the  forms  and 
incrustations,  and  in  striding  forward  to  the  naked  truths,  were  also 
in  the  vanguard  in  the  cause  of  learning.  "  A  Puritan,"  says 
Palfrey,'  "  was  the  first  founder  of  a  college  in  an  English  university." 
Yet  the  Puritan  interests,  the  Puritan  manners,  the  Puritan  energy, 
the  Puritan  mind,  the  Puritan  love  of  learning,  were  jealously 
excluded  from  the  universities.  Francis  W.  Newman  more  than 
intimates  *  that  even  the  Thirty-nine  Articles  were  not  made  promi- 
nent in  the   courses    of    instruction    and   the   basis   of  theological 


'  History  of  New  England,  Vol.  I,  p.  279. 

''  Introduction  to  Huber's  English  Universities,  p.  27. 


406  mSTOR  Y  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNLA. 

studies  at  Oxford  and  Cambridge,  mainly  through  the  influence  of 
Archbishop  Laud,  who,  not  believing  the  Articles  himself,  feared  the 
Puritans  would  gain  too  much  influence  by  the  inculcation  of  Cal- 
vinistic  doctrine. 

Protestant  Europe,  therefore,  failed  of  receiving  the  largest  possi- 
ble benefits  from  the  Reformation.  But  mark  the  coincidence. 
The  jjremature  arrest  and  subsidence  of  divine  ideas  were  at  once 
followed  by  an  equal  arrest  and  subsidence  of  learning.  The  age 
that  followed,  from  the  latter  part  of  the  seventeenth  to  the  end  of 
the  eighteenth  century,  was  a  period  of  stagnation,  the  dark  age  oi 
Protestantism,  intellectually  as  well  as  spiritually. 

The  revived,  deepened,  purified  religious  feeling  of  the  present 
century  in  Europe,  enabling  multitudes  of  persons  in  comparison 
with  the  former  age  to  live  under  the  power  of  supernatural  ideas, 
permits  us  to  look  across  the  ocean  and  see  great  activity  and  vigor 
in  the  institutions  of  learning.  The  prospect  is  mixed,  compared 
with  what  should  be,  but  hopeful  compared  with  the  last  century. 

In  America,  not  descending  to  fluctuations  but  selecting  a  single 
section  and  people  where  spiritual  realities  have  been  most  vigor- 
ously grasped  and  handled — the  English  and  Puritan  belt  of  Amer- 
ica— and  contrasting  this  with  other  portions,  we  see  that  this  and 
this  only  is  dotted  from  ocean  to  ocean  with  schools  and  colleges 
and  universities.  In  America  it  is  clear  that  those  who  have  most 
felt  the  power  of  divine  things  arc  the  ones  who  have  shown  most 
energy  and  self-sacrifice  in  preparing  the  means  that  other  minds 
may  grasp  them,  and  be  moved  by  them.  'I'he  wide  reaches  of 
sui)erstition,  and  the  vast  stretches  of  unbelief,  in  America,  have 
done  little  for  education.  The  mind  that  is  stirred,  directly  or 
indirectly,  by  reading  the  mind  of  Clod  is  the  one  to  take  its  neigh- 
bor by  the  hand  and  lead  him  up  where  he  can  learn  the  alphabet, 
by  means  of  which  he  may  read  it  for  himself. 

Even  we,  who  meet  here  to-day,  are  proofs  and  illustrations  of 
this  truth.  We  come  bringing  with  us  the  signals  and  effects  of  the 
faith  of  our  fathers,  a  faith  which  has  awakened  our  power  to  think 
and  shaped  our  thinking,  formed  our  methods  and  directed  our 
tastes,  moulded  our  hearts  and  made  our  manhood,  far  more  than 
we  may  be  conscious  of  or  allow — and  behold,  true  to  our  origin, 
and  to  the  faith  that  is  in  us,  packed  it  may  be  in  our  bones,  we 
meet  under  the  shadow  of  a  college,  as  brothers  of  the  republic  of 


APPENDIX.  407 

letters,  the  friends  of  liberal  learning,  and  to  join  hands  around  the 
altar  of  a  new  university.  And  it  is  written  in  us — in  our  anteced- 
ents, history  and  traditions — that  if  divine  sanctities  loosen  and  dis- 
solve their  hold  upon  us,  if  this  power  which  has  crowned  our  lands 
with  seats  of  learning  ever  dies  out — dies  out  of  us  or  those  that 
come  after  us,  dies  out  of  the  land — we  shall  build  no  more  schools 
and  colleges,  and  we  shall  close  those  we  have,  and  another  dark  age 
will  set  in.  We  belong  to  an  institutional  race;  we  have  inherited 
divine  institutional  ideas;  and  while  this  spirit  is  in  us— while  we  see 
beyond  the  shadows  the  assured  rays  of  celestial  light,  while  we  look 
through  the  gloom  of  nature  and  see  divine  forms  beckoning  to 
us — we  shall  feel  the  institutional  inspiration,  and  shall  build  for 
our  sons  and  daughters,  and  for  the  coming  ages. 

Such  is  the  interpretation  of  history.  It  comes  to  us  with  all  the 
force  of  prophecy.  It  says  to  us:  The  believing  ages — not  the 
credulous  ages,  not  the  superstitious  ages,  but  the  ages  that  come 
lovingly  under  the  power  of  supernatural  ideas,  divine  revelations, 
the  ages  that  touch  God — these  shall  ever  be  the  building  ages,  and 
the  believing  people  the  building  people. 

Since,  then,  our  seats  of  learning  can  permanently  thrive  only 
when  surrounded  and  penetrated  by  an  atmosphere  of  supernatural 
ideas,  it  is  a  practical  question  of  no  little  interest,  What  are  some  of 
these  ideas  which  should  be  welcomed  and  encouraged  in  them  ? 
Of  course  I  am  saying  nothing  about  the  means  to  be  employed  to 
put  them  in.  I  am  not  about  to  advocate  the  imposition  of  credenda, 
and  subscriptions,  and  mechanical  prelections.  I  refer  to  a  principle 
of  life  working  freely  within  the  institution,  not  to  any  letter  imposed 
from  without.  And  in  reference  to  this,  I  agree  with  Francis  W. 
Newman,'  that  the  value  of  a  faith  for  university  purposes  "  is  not  to 
be  measured  by  the  numl>eroi  articles  in  a  creed,  but  by  i\\&  intensity 
with  which  the  grand  ideas  of  God,  and  duty,  and  holiness  are 
realized;  and  that  the  scanty  belief  of  an  Abraham  or  a  Job  may  be 
worth  more  than  the  full  confession  of  a  Bull  or  a  Hooker."  At 
the  same  time  it  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  to  broaden  out  a 
faith  to  a  few  points  is  not  necessarily  to  intensify  it.  To  broaden  it 
out  by  loosening  its  specific  holds  is  to  destroy  its  power  of  holding  on 
and  give  it  no  hold,  and  reduce  it  to  general  exhaustion  and  worthless- 


'  Introduction  to  Huber's  History  of  English  Universities,  p.  13. 


408  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORlflA. 

ness.  To  have  a  strong  and  intense  faith,  we  must  have  a  faith  that 
is  not  afraid  of  attaching  itself  to  specific  points. 

I  shall  begin  the  rapid  enumeration  by  referring  to  a  few  philo- 
sophical principles  and  ideas,  lying  above  sense,  and  coming  down 
from  above,  which  we  must  welcome  as  at  the  foundation  of  any 
successful  working  of  colleges  and  universities,  and  which  are  closely 
related  to  religious  truths. 

The  first  is  faith  in  our  intuitive  or  necessary  ideas.  Without  this 
there  can  be  no  sound  philosophy,  no  spiritual  philosophy — only 
sensationalism,  empiricism,  positivism,  the  collection  and  classifica- 
tion of  material  facts. 

The  second  is  faith  in  nature,  as  having  a  cause,  a  purpose,  an 
end,  and  pervaded  by  an  energy  above  sense,  above  the  range  and 
play  of  material  forces,  and  revealing  the  presence  and  power  of  a 
rational  mind,  the  life  of  nature.  ^Vithout  this,  science  is  impossible; 
for  it  is  impossible  to  trace  the  phenomena  of  nature  back  to  any 
fixed  and  intelligible  laws,  order,  or  unity,  only  as  we  accept  and  have 
confidence  in  the  verities  underlying  them. 

The  third  is  faith  in  man — in  his  spirituality,  accountability,  im- 
mortality, high  origin,  and  possible  destiny.  If  we  dig  him  out  of 
the  ground  to  lead  him  up  to  the  university,  rather  than  take  him 
from  the  hand  of  God  ;  nay,  if  we  allow  him  to  struggle  up  by  him- 
self from  the  base  elements  beneath,  rather  than  come  bounding 
down  with  a  celestial  shout  from  above,  our  respect  for  him  and  hope 
for  him  will  differ  only  in  quantity,  not  in  quality,  from  that  for  the 
deer,  or  the  cedar,  or  the  crystal,  that  he  has  chanced  to  outstrip  in 
the  upward  march.  All  systems  of  morals  and  moral  government, 
all  distinctions  of  goodness  and  virtue  and  their  opposites,  all  theo- 
ries of  a  higher  and  a  lower,  break  down  on  so  hopeless  a  subject. 
There  is  nothing  in  him  to  awaken  the  enthusiasm  or  concern  of  a 
university.  He  is  a  part  of  the  great  progressive  universe,  and  he 
will  work  him.self  into  his  proper  position  without  any  concern  of 
ours,  as  much  as  the  dew-drop  or  aroma  of  the  rose.  Better  far  is  it 
to  accept  at  once  even  the  sternest  Calvinistic  or  scriptural  idea, 
and  see  him  come  tumbling  down  from  a  paradisiacal  estate;  for 
then  there  is  an  electric  ring  in  his  half  human,  half  divine  wail, 
which  summons  to  his  relief  all  the  instruments  of  learning,  art,  and 
grace. 

At  the  same   time   the   individual   is   recojrnized  as  comiiu'  down 


APPENDIX.  40<> 

from  above  in  all  the  splendor  of  endowments  reflecting  the  nature 
of  God,  the  race  should  be  regarded  as  working  up,  under  a  great 
guiding  and  beneficent  plan,  by  interminable  interactions  and  intri- 
cate methods  and  dove-tailings  and  unfailing  connections,  to  a  noble 
destiny — the  whole  creation  of  rational  beings  and  all  history  groan- 
ing and  travailing  in  pain  together  in  the  great  birth.  Any  lower 
conception  breaks  the  race  into  fragments,  destroys  the  unity  of  his- 
tory, makes  philosophy  of  life  impossible,  and  the  mission  of  indi- 
viduals and  nations  unintelligible.  Each  is  a  letter  or  word  by  itself, 
and  not  in  its  place  in  the  divine  poem,  and  as  such  worthless  for  the 
inspiration  or  uses  of  learning. 

Such  a  philosophic  basis,  which  itself  has  connections  with  a 
higher  belief,  is  a  suitable  and  necessary  preparation.  Penetrating 
and  overrunning  this  there  should  be  a  warm  theistic  presence  in  all 
our  seats  of  letters  and  science — a  belief  in  a  personal,  rational,  liv- 
ing (lod.  This  should  be  something  more  than  an  architectural  or 
formative  conception — a  logical  matrix  in  which  to  mould  a  theory 
of  the  universe  otherwise  inexplicable — but  a  being  of  the  most  dis- 
tinct and  immediate  personality,  coming  into  the  closest  relations  to 
each  human  being,  and  working  everywhere  about  us  in  nature  and 
humanity.  There  must  be  the  influence  of  a  jjcrsonal  theism  at 
every  point  confronting,  inspiring,  guiding  the  inquirer.  The  con- 
ception of  pantheism,  of  the  mere  essence  of  a  divinity  that  has 
bewildered  and  lost  itself,  its  personality  and  consciousness,  in  its 
works,  and  comes  the  nearest  to  finding  itself  in  man,  has  no  insti- 
tutional force.  It  places  the  individual  who  needs  to  have  his  eyes 
opened  and  his  faculties  educed  and  strengthened,  and  his  capacities 
of  worth  wisely  occupied,  at  the  top  of  the  universe,  with  no  (lod 
above  him  —with  no  law,  no  truth,  no  beauty  that  does  not  have  its 
highest  authentication  in  himself;  and  there  it  leaves  him,  with  noth- 
ing to  lean  on,  no  hand  to  grasp,  no  sympathizing  Presence  beckon- 
ing him  on — leaves  him  to  grope  and  stumble  among  the  mysteries 
of  a  headless  universe  the  best  he  can.  Man,  so  left,  striking  upon 
no  lines  of  Ciod's  thought,  having  no  sense  of  a  present  Father  lead- 
ing him  on  to  the  holy  of  holies  of  his  abode,  makes  a  few  aimless 
turns  and  staggers,  and  soon  sinks  upon  the  incoherent  mass  beneath 
him,  dragging  schools  and  colleges  down  with  him.  Thought  must 
turn  Oodward,  science  must  point  Godward,  literature  must  look 
Godward,  history  must  be  interpreted  Godward,  the  whole  educa- 


410  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

tional  movement  must  be  conducted  Godward,  or  the  highest  insti- 
tutional influence  is  barred  out,  and  the  professors'  chairs  and  stu- 
dents' seats  are  hastening  on  to  their  doom  of  dissolution. 

While  the  flower  of  learning  can  be  made  to  bloom  only  in  a  warm 
theistic  atmosphere,  it  is  necessary  in  order  to  mature  and  ripen  its 
fruits,  that  there  should  be  also  confidence  in  the  revelations  of  God. 
These  are  designed  to  make  known,  not  only  the  truth,  but  also  the 
will  of  God.  The  glimmerings  of  such  revelations  are  found  in  nat- 
ure, our  intuitions,  conscience — in  our  reasonings,  possibly,  duskily — 
but  the  full  orb  appears  in  the  Bible.  The  spirit  of  unquestioning 
faith  in  this,  not  as  suspending  reason  or  contrary  to  it,  but  the  high- 
est act  of  reason— this  and  the  system  growing  out  of  it — this  and 
the  rich  and  g  lowing  religion  made  known  in  it — should  meet  and 
guide  the  curious,  restless  mind  of  the  inquirer  from  the  moment  he 
enters  the  temple  of  learning  till  he  leaves  it.  His  spiritual,  immor- 
tal nature  cannot  be  cribbed  in  with  the  things  of  sense;  and  if  you 
do  not  give  him  the  means  of  unmasking  his  vision  and  seeing  and 
moving  along  the  lines  of  revealed  truth,  he  will  be  sure  to  burst 
through  his  visible  bounds  and  rove  in  wild  and  treacherous  specula- 
tion through  the  realms  of  the  unknown.  Without  the  Bible  he  is 
an  orb  floating  through  the  spaces  of  eternity,  surrounded  with  a 
blinding  atmosphere,  not  knowing  where  he  is  nor  whither  he  is  going- 
Strip  off  the  bewildering  darkness;  let  him  see  the  center  he  is 
moving  around,  the  fellow  orbs,  the  interstellar  system;  let  in  the 
Cosmic  light.  In  God's  light  let  him  see  light.  It  is  necessary  to 
his  peace,  poise,  power,  as  a  scholar.  If  this  is  not  done,  his  restless 
nature  will  accept  something  else  for  light — anything  that  strikes  his 
fancy — possibly  some  phosphorescence  that  breaks  into  his  atmos- 
phere from  the  outer  realms — possibly  some  electric  or  auroral 
glimmerings  that  have  their  origin  in  it — or  perchance  the  lurid 
gleams  of  volcanic  eruptions  belched  from  his  own  passionate  nature. 
Where  you  can,  by  all  means  give  the  soul  the  benefit  of  the  revela- 
tions which  God  has  made.  Every  inspired  truth  welcomed  is  so 
much  added  to  the  intellectual  nourishment  and  force,  so  much  vital- 
ity infused  into  the  university,  so  much  strength  rescued  from  the 
mazes  of  unbelief,  and  saved  for  high  philosophical,  scientific,  and 
literary  thought.  The  more  a  student  helps  himself  up  to  God  by 
means  of  authoritative  statements  of  truth  and  duty,  the  more  he 
comes   in  quickening  contact  with   the    source   of  all   true  ideas  in 


APPENDIX.  411 

man,  nature,  and  history,  and  the  more  extended  the  contributions 
which  he  can  make  to  learning.  Socrates,  Plato,  Aristotle,  would 
have  been  able  to  do  inconceivably  more  for  (Ireece  and  the  world, 
could  they  thus  have  ascended  the  mount  of  (lod,  left  behind  them 
all  perplexing  mazes,  and  spoken  thence  to  mankind  on  themes  of 
sober  interest  and  profit  alone.  We  shall  do  well  to  build  our  col- 
leges on  mounts  of  God — never  down  in  the  dark  and  damp  jungles 
of  unbelief. 

These,  and  such  as  these,  are  some  of  the  supernatural  ideas  and 
truths  which  we  should  domesticate  in  our  literary  institutions.  They 
have,  indeed,  intrinsic  worth  and  virtue  at  the  same  time  that  they 
grace  and  invigorate  a  college  or  university,  and  give  it  its  highest  life. 
By  all  means,  therefore,  they  should  have  a  home  in  it. 

And  if  divine  ideas,  the  accumulated  verities  and  facts  underlying 
the  highest  spiritual  training  of  the  ages,  can  come  from  near  and  lar, 
bringing  with  them,  in  true,  loving  fellowship,  all  the  instruments, 
facilities,  and  enthusiasm  of  modern  learning,  science,  letters,  philos- 
ophy, the  highest  respect  for  man,  and  the  most  royal  use  of  reason, 
and  center  around  our  new  University,  brood  over  it,  and  nourisli  it, 
it  will  have  a  noble  career,  and  usher  in  a  new  era  for  learning,  and 
university  life  will  rise  to  a  higher  position  on  these  western  shores 
than  it  has  attained  elsewhere.  Methinks  I  see  it  on  this  new  and 
higher  mission,  as  Milton,  while  bringing  "  his  helpful  hand  to  the 
slow-moving  reformation  "  which  England  was  laboring  under,  had  a 
vision'  of  the  rising  glory  of  that  nation.  "  Methinks  I  see  in  my 
mind,"  to  adopt  with  a  slight  variation  his  words,  "  a  noble  and  jiuis- 
sant  University  rousing  herself  like  a  strong  man  after  sleep,  and 
shaking  her  invincible  locks;  methinks  I  see  her  as  an  eagle  mewing 
her  mighty  youth,  and  kindling  her  undazzled  eyes  at  the  full  midday 
beam ;  purging  and  unsealing  her  long-abused  sight  at  the  fountain 
itself  of  heavenly  radiance." 


'  Liberty  of  Unlicensed  Printing:  Works,  Vol.  I,  p.  iSS. 


VIII.     ALUMNI  RESIDENT  ON  THE 
PACIFIC  COAST. 


Name.  Residence.  Occupation.  College.  Year. 

Abbott,  John  E Benicia Lawyer Dartmouth 1858 

Ackerly,  iienjamin .  . .  Oakl.ind CIerg}'man 

Adams,  Robert  E  . . .   Crescent  City Williams 1858 

Aiken,  W.  II San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer Appleton  Univ.,  Wis.  1863 

Ainsa,  James San  Francisco  .  .Cust.   House. St.  John's,  N.  Y. .  . .  1S61 

Allen,  J\Iaj-Gen.  Robt..San  P'ranci.sco. .  .U.  S.  A West  Point 

Alexander,  James  AL.  .San  Leandro. ..  .Clergyman  ..Williams 1S58 

Allen,  Maj.   II.  A 2dU.  S.Artil.West  Point 

Allen,  Cen.    L.  II Sr.n  Francisco. .  .U.  S.  A West  Point 1S38 

Allyn,  John San  Francisco Lane Thco.  Seminary.  1848 

Ames,  Charles  G Santa  Cruz Clerg)-man  . .  Honorary , 

Applegate,  J.  11 San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer I'nion 1^37 

Archer,  L .San  Jos6 Lawyer University  of  Virginia. . . . 

Ashburner,  William. . . San  Francisco. .  . Min.  Engineer 

Atkinson,  G.  ll.,D.  D.Portland, Oregon. Clergyman  .  .Dartmouth 

Avery,  B.  P San  Francisco. . . Editor Honorary 

Avery,  Henry  R Pacheco Clergyman  .  .College  of  New  Jersey  1853 

Ayer,  W.,  M.  D San  Francisco. . .  Physician. . .  .Harvard  Med 1847 

Ayers,  W.  O.,  M.  D.  .San  Francisco. . .  Prof.  Toland's 

Med.  Col .  .Yale 1837 

Babbitt,  Gen.  E.  B. . .  Portland,  Or U.  S.  A West  Point 

Babbitt,  Lieut.  L.  S. .  Benicia U.  S.  A West  Point 

Bachelder,  T.  F San  Francisco . . .  Lawyer 

Bacon,  J.  S .San  Francisco. .  .Merchant.  . .  .Vale J845 

Bailey,  James .Sacramento Hamilton 

Bailey,  Prof.  Mark ....  Petaluma Teacher Brown  University   .  .  1849 

Bailey,  Whitman U.  S.  E.xpl.  E.xp. Botanist 

Baker,  Capt .  E.  M 1st  U.  S.  Cav.  West  Point 

Baldwin,  A.  S.,  M.  D.Snn  Francisco. .  .Physician. . .  .Western  Res.  Med 

Baldwin,  Hon.  A.  W.  VirginiaCity,NevU.  .S.  Dist.Ct.University  Virginia. .  1858 

Baldwin,  D.  M.,  M.  D.Columbia 1  hysician Dartmouth 1845 

Baldwin,  Lloyd San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer Union 1800 

Bannister,   E.,  D.  D.  .Santa  Clara Clergyman  .  .Wesleyan  University.  1838 

Barnard,  W.  E Seattle,  W.  T. .  .Collector I  )arlmouth 

Barnes,  W.  II.  L San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer Collegeof  Cal.,  M.  A.  1865 

Barstow,  D.  P Oakland Lawyer Honorary 

Barstow,  Hon.  Geo. .  .San  I'rancisco.  .   Lawyer L)artmouth 

Barstow,  Wm.,  M.  D.San  Francisco. . .  Editor Dartmouth 1842 

Bartlett,  W.  C San  Francisco. .  .Editor Marietta,  M.  A 1855 

Balchelor,  V..  P San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer Vale 1S58 

Bates,  Asher  B San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer..  . . '.  .Union 1828 

Bates,  George San  Francisco. .  .Teacher Cambridge 

Bat's,  fos.  C San  Irancisco.  .  .Lawyer liowdoin 1863 

Beard,  "John  L Centerville Coll.  of  Cal 1868 


APPENDIX.  413 

Name.  ResUnuc.  0,,ii/;7tioii.  Coll<\i;e.  Year. 

Beckwith.  Rev.    E.  ( '.  .O.iklan.l    . .  ,. .     Teacher.    ...Williams..! 1849 

Bcechcr,  Lyniau Santa  Cruz Williams 1857 

Behr,  H .,  M.  D San  Franciso  > . . .  Physician 

Belcher,  Hon.  I.   S   .  .Marysvillc Lawyer University  Vermunt ..  1S46 

Belcher,  William  C. .  .Marysvillc Lawyer University  Vermont.  .  I8.J3 

Belknap,  D.  P San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer University  N.  Y.  City.  i.'-44 

Hcn.-on,  H.  C,  D.  D.Portland,  Or Editor Ashiiry  University. .  .1S42 

Mcnton,  Rev.  Jos.  A.  .San  I'rancisco. .  .Clergyman  .  .Vale 1842 

])cnton.  Rev.  John  E.Dutch  P'lat Clergyman  ..  University  N.  Y. City.  1S47 

Hergin,  Thomas  I. ...San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer Santa  Clara iJ'57- 

Hidwdl,  Hon.  John... Chico M.  C Coll.  of  Cal.,  M.  A. .  ih'65 

IJigelow,  Samuel  C...San  Francisco. .  .Merchant Williams 1S45 

Bigelow,  T.    B Oakland Merchant.  . .  .Harvard 1820 

Binney,  W.   I San  Francisco Amherst i  S60 

Bissell,  Ixlwin  C San  Francisco. .  .Clergyman  .  .Amherst 1855 

Blake,  Charles  T Idaho  City,  L  T. Banker Yale 1847 

Blake,  G.  M Oakland Lawyer Honorary 

Blake,  Hon.  M.  C. . .  .San  Francisco.  .  .Lawyer Bowdoin 1838 

Blake,  Theo.  A San  Francisco. .  .Mining  Eng'r.CoU.  City  of  N.  V 

Blake,  Prof.  Wm.  P  .  .Oakland Mining  EngV.  j  Srtmout'hf  M."  a'.  !^^' 

Blakeslec,  Rev.  S.  V.  .Oakland Editor...   ...Western  Reserve. ..  .1844 

Blanchard,  N.  W Dutch  Fl.at Miner Colby  University 1854 

Blatchlcy,  J.  S San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer Yale 1850 

Bliss,  William  D Petaluma Lawyer Harvard 

Boise,  Hon.  R.   P Salem,  Or Sup.  Court. .   Williams 1S43 

Buoraem,  H.  T San  Franci.sco. .  .Lawyer 

Booth,  Hon.  Newton. Sacramento Merchant. . . .  Asbury  Univc  sity.     .... 

P>osworth,  S.  D Grass  Valley Miner Union 1851 

I'.owman,  Maj.  A.  W  .Fort  Gaston 9th  U.  S.  Inf. West  Point 

Bowman,  ].Y San  Francisco. .  .Editor University  N.  Y.  City.  1844 

Bradbury,"C.  W Virginia Clergyman  .  .Colby  University 1834 

Bradbury,  \V.  J Milwaukee,  Or.  .Merchant. .  .  .Bowdoin 

Bradley,  Theodore San  Francisco. .  .Teacher Honorary 

Braley,  Prof.  J.  H Mountain  View.  .Ter.cher Cumberland  Univer.sity. . . 

Brayton,  Chas.  E Oakland Hamilton 1852 

Brayton,  I.  H Oakland Prof.  Coll.  of 

Cnlifornia. .  Hamilton 1S46 

Brazer,  John Santa  Cruz Merchant  . . .  Dartmouth 1845 

Breed,  Henry  L San  Francisco. .  .Broker Yale 1859 

Brewer,  John   H Oakland Lawyer Yale 1S50 

Brier,  W'.   W Alvarado Clergyman  . .  Wabash   t?46 

Brier,  C.  C Oakland Teacher Honorary 

Briggs,  M.  C,  D.  D . .  San  Francisco. .  .Clergyman 

Briggs,  O.  W San  Francisco..  .Clergyman. .  .Brown  University.. .  1S40 

Brockway,  Hon.  S.  W.  Placerville Lawyer 

Brooking,  J.  H San  Jose Teacher Univ.  Rochester  ....i£64 

Brown,  J.  N.,  M,  D.  .San  Francisco. .  .Prof.    Toland 

Med.   Coll.  Miami  University 

Brown     H    W  Clergyman  ..  Harvard 1852 

Buck,  Thomas  B Big  Oak  Flat Colby  University  . . .  1851 

Buehler,   J.  M San  Francisco. .  .Clergyman  .  .Concordia iS(hd 

Buel,  Rev.  Frederick .. San  Francisco. .  .Ag't  American 

Bible  Soc.  .Yale 1836 

Bulkley,  Milton San  Francisco. .  .Merchant. . .  .Yale... . . . . . .....  . .  1861 

Bunnell,  Geo.  W San  Francisco ...  Teacher Coll.  ofCr.l.,  M.  A..18C.6 

Burbank,  Hon.  Caleb.  VirginiaCity,Nev.Law^-er    . . .  .Colby  University. . . . i8::9 

Burr,  G,  E.,  M.  D... Oakland Phy>ician. . .  .Univ.  ^.  \  .  City. ...  1^40 

Bush,  J.  P.,  M.  D San  Francisco. .  .Physician 


I 


414  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

Name.  Residence.  Occupation,  College.  Year. 

Butterworth,   S.  1'', . .  .New  Almaden Union 

Byrne,  II.  H San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer Chambly 

Caffrcy,  Piiilip  S rortland,Oregon.Clcrg)man. .  .College  N.  J 1854 

Cak-f,  Licul.  J.  II . . .  .San  Francisco. .  .2d  U.  .S.  Artil.West  Point 

Camphcll,  Alex San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer 

Campbell,  F.  M Oakland Teacher..    ..Coll.  of  Cal.,  M.  A..  1867 

Caperton,  Maj.  John.  .Oakland Lawyer University  Virginia 

Carlton,   II.   P San  Francisco. .  .Teacher .....  Coll.  of  Cal.,  M.  A.    1866 

Carman,  \Vm.,  M.  D.San  Francisco. .  .Physician. . .  .Yale 1842 

Carpenter,  Dyer  A. .  .San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer  . .    .  .Rochester  Univ 1864 

Carpenlier,  H.  W Oakland Lawyer Columbia 1848 

Casserly,  Hon.  Eugene.San  Francisco. .  .U.  S.  Senate 

Cavis,  lion.  J.  M. . .  .Columbia Lawyer Dartmouth 1846 

Chandler,  G.  C,  D. D.McMinnville,  Or.Clergyman. .  .Brown  University 

Chapin,  Col.  G Arizona 14th  U.  S.  Inf.  West  Point 

Chase,  Albert,  M.  D.  .Austin,  Nev Physician. . .  .Dartmouth 1844 

Chase,  Dudley Pctaluma Clergyman 

Chase,  Geo.  C.,  M.  D.Downieville Physician. . .  .Dartmouth 184 1 

Chase,  Marshall  S. . .  .Martinez Lawyer Colby  University. . . .  1S40 

Childs,  Perry  G VirginiaCity,Nev.Miner Wcsleyan  Univ 1846 

Clark,  J.  \V.,  M.  D.  .San  P'rancisco. .  .Merchant Yale  Med 1S37 

Clark,  Orange,  D.  D.  .San  Francisco. . .  Clergyman 

Clarke,  Lieut.  A.  S ist  U.  S.  Cav.Wcst  Point 

Clarke,  Rev.  Chas.  R.San  Francisco. .  .Teacher College  N.  J 1S53 

Clarke,  Jeremiah San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer Dartmouth 1S37 

Clarke,  Samuel  J Oakland Lawyer  ..    .  .Trinity 1845 

Clarke,  \Vm.  H San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer Bowdoin 

Cleveland,  H.  W. . .    .San  Francisco. .  .Architect Coll.  of  Cal.,  M.  A. .  1866 

Cleveland,  J.  J Humboldt  Co. .  .Clergjman. . .  Wesl.  University 1S49 

Cobb,  Moses  G. . .    .  .San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer. .....  Harvard 1S43 

Cobb,  J.  C,  M.  D. .  .San  Jose Physician. . .    Rens.  Institute 1S31 

Coffee,  Col.  A.J Oakland West  Point 

Cohn,  E.,  D.  D San  Francisco. .  .Clergyman. . .  Berlin  University 1S49 

Cole,  Hon.  Cornelius.  Santa  Cruz U.  S.  Senate. Wesl.  University. . .  .1847 

Cole,  R.  E Oakland Dentist Honorary 

Collins,  John  A VirginiaCity,Nev.Lawyer 

Comte,  A.,  Jr Sacramento . . .    .Lawjer Harvard 1863 

Coon,IIon.II.P., M.D.San  Francisco. .  .Mayor  S.  F.  .Williams 1844 

Cooper,  J.  G.,  M.  D..San  Francisco. .  .Physician. ..  .N.  Y.  Coll.  P.  &  S.  .1S51 

Cornelius,    Bernard . . .  Oswego,  Oregon .  Teacher University  Dublin 

Cornelius,  S.,  Jr Salem,  Oregon.  .Clergyman. .  .Columbia 

Cory,  A.  J.,  M.  D San  Jose Physician Mi.imi  University  . . .  1855 

Cory,  Benj.,  M.  D. . .  .San  Jose Physician. . .  .Miami  University  . . .  1842 

f'ory,  J.  Manning. ..  .San  Jose Lawyer Miami  University  ...  iS.;8 

Cowcs,Sam'lF.,M.  D.San  Francisco. .  .U.  S.  N Harvard 1845 

Crawford,  T.  H Salem,  Oregon.  .Teacher Willamette  Univ. . . .  1S63 

Creigh,  J.  D.,  Jr. . .    .San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer Washington 1S4S 

Crocker,  Hon.  E.  B.  .Sacramento Lawyer Kens.  Institute 1833 

Crockett,  Col.  J.  15   . .  San  Francisco . . .  L.iwycr Univ.  Tennessee  ....  1S28 

C^rockett,  John San  Francisco. .  .Sup.  Court 

Crook,  Gen.  G Idaho  Territory.  .U.  S.  A   ...  .West  Point 

Crosby,  1>.  S San  Bernardino.  .Clergyman. .  .Oberlin 1857 

Crosby,  Daniel  A San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer Dartmouth 1S57 

Crowell,  B.  W Austin,  Nevada.  .Miner Rutgers 

Cunningham,  Rev. W.  .Sonoma Teacher Cumberl.-.nd  Univ 

Curry,  Hon.  John. . .  .San  Francisco. .  .Sup.  Court. .  .Honorary 

Cutter,  S.   L.,  Jr San  I-'rancisco. .  .Lawyer Harvard 1854 

Daggett,  Ellsworth. . . VirginiaCity,Nev.Min.  Engin'r. Yale,  Ph.  B 1864 


APPENDIX. 


415 


Name. 

Dangerlield.IIon.W.r 

Daly,  Jas.  A 

Damour,  F.,  M.  D. . , 
Davis,  Lieut.  Murray.  , 

Davis,   Horace 

Day,  Hon.  Sherman .  . 

Day,    Clinton 

Dean,  Benj.  D.,  M-  D. 

Dean,    Charles 

Dearborn,  Alvah  B. . . 
Deering,  Hon.  Alex. . 
Decring,  James  H, . . . 
Des  Rochers,  C.  L. . . 
Deuprcy,  Eugene  N. . . 

Dickinson,  O 

Dillon,  Isaac 

Dobbins,  Hugh  H  . . . . 

Dodge,  Edward  E 

Dodge,  Hon.  Henry  L. 
Dodge,  Lieut.   H.  C . . 

Dodge,  W.  G 

Donaldson,  Z.  B 

Douglass,  Thomas. . . . 

Doyle,  John  T 

Drew,  J.  W 

Drown,  A.  N 

Du  Bois,  A.  S.,  M.  D. 

Dudley,  A.  P 

Dudley,  C.  A 

Dunn,  T.  S . . 

Durant,  Henry 


Resutence. 
San  Francisco. . 

Stockton 

San  Francisco . . 
San  Francisco . . 
San  Francisco. . 

Oakland 

Oakland 

San  Francisco. . 
San  l-'rancisco. . 
San  Francisco. . 

Mariposa 

San  Francisco . . 

Oakland 

San  Francisco. . 
Salem,  Oregon. 
Salem,  Oregon . 
Sutter  Creek. . . 

Portland 

San  Francisco.  . 


Oakland , 

Folsom 

San  Jos6 

San  Francisco . 
San  Francisco. , 
San  Francisco . 

Lincoln 

Mok.  Hill 

Mok.  Hill..  .. 

San  Josij , 

Oakland 


Dwinell,  L  E.,  D.  D. 
Dwindle,  John  W. . . 
Dwindle,  Hon.  S.  H 
Eastman,  Lieut.  J.  E. 

Easton,  G.  A 

Eddy,  Col.  A.  R 

Edwards,  John 

Eclls,  Cushing 

Eells,  James,  D.  D. . , 
Elliott,  Capt.  G.  H. . , 

Ellsworth,  Stukely 

Ely,  P,.  E.  S 

Emerson,  D.  L 

Emmons,  S.  F , 

Ernst,  Lieut.  O.  H. . , 

Ewer,  W.   B 

Fabens,  F.  A 

Fairbairn,  Alex 

Felton,  [ohn  B 

Fidd,  lion.   S.  J 


Sacramento 

Oakland 

San  Franci.sco. . . 
San  Francisco . . . 
San  Francisco. . . 
San  Francisco. . . 

Visalia 

WallaWalla,\V.T 
San  Francisco.  . . 
San  Francisco. . . 
Eugene  City,  Or. 

Hcaldsburg 

Oakland 

U.  S.  Expl.  Exp.. 
San  Francisco. . . 
San  Francisco. . . 
San  Francisco. . . 

Bloom  field 

San  Francisco. . . 
San  Francisco . . . 


Fisher,  L.  P , 

Fisher,  , 

Fisher,  H.  P.,  M.  D. 
Fitzgerald,  Rev.  O.  P, 


.San  Francisco. 

Coloma 

San  Francisco. 
San  Francisco. 


Oicupatitm.  College.  Year. 

Lawyer 

Clergyman. .   Coll.  of  Cal 1864 

Physician. . .  .Tolanil  Med 1865 

U.  S.  A Kenyon 1861 

Merchant Harvard 1849 

Min.  Engin'r  Yale 1826 

Coll.  .if  Cal 1868     ^ — — .^^ 

Physician Berkshire  Mt<l ^^'^Yc^^  i.\'d>H/\L 

Columbia .<  ^^       of  rnt 

: Bowdoin '^3  L  N I V  E  K  S r 

l^awyer }. . 

Merchant Bowdoin 184; 

Real  Est.  Agt.  Honorary 

Law}'cr University  Coll 1868 

Clergyman  .  .Marictia 1849 

Clergyman   . .  Dickinson 

Clergyman  .  .Jefferson 1858 

Willamette  Univ 1866 

Merchant ....  University  Vt 1S46 

2d  U.  S.  Artil.West  Point 

Teacher Honorary 

Pacific  Methodist 

Teacher.  . . .   Yale 1831 

Lawyer 

U.  S.  A Dartmouth 1844 

Brown  Univ 1861 

Physician. . .  .Toland  Med 1865 

Lawyer Honorary 

Col.  of  Cal 1S68 

Clcrg)'man  

Prof.  Coll.  of 

California.  .Yale 1827 

Clergyman  .  .Univ.  Vt 1S44 

Law)'er. Hamilton 

Lawyer Honorary 

U.  S.  A West  Point 

Clergyman  .  .Trinity 

West  Point 

Coll.  ofi\.  J I04S 

Williams 

Hamilton 

U.  S."  A W'est  Point 

I  -awyer Yale 1 847 

Clergyman  .  .  Honorary 

Real  Est.  Agt.CoU.  of  Cal 1864 

Geologist. .  . .  Harvard 

U.  S.  A West  Point 

Editor Colby  Univ.,  AL  A.  .1866 

Lawyer Harvard 1865 

Clergyman  .  .Lafayette 1848 

Lawyer Harvard 1847 

U.S.  Supreme 

Court Williams 

Advertis.  Agt.  Honorary 

Clergyman  ..Genesee 

Honorary 

State  Supt.  of 

Pub.  Schools 


U.  S.  A. 
Clergyman 
Clergyman 
Clergyman 


416  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALLFORNIA. 

Name.  Residence.  Oicufatioti .  College.  Year. 

Fletcher,  J.  A San  Francisco . . .  Lawyer 

Flint,  E.  D San  Franciscc . . .  Engineer  ....  Harvard 

Foster,  Maj.  S.  A. . . .  San  Francisco. . .  U.  S.  A West  Point. 

Frambes,  Kev.  O.  S.  .Portland,  Or. .  .  .Teacher Ohio  Wesl.  Univ 

Eraser,  Thos .Santa  Rosa Clergyman  .  .Union 1842 

I""rcar,  Walter. Santa  Cruz Clergyman  .  .Yale 1851 

Freelon,  T.  W San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer Dartmouth 1843 

French,  C .  G.  W Folsom Lawyer Brown  Univ 1842 

French,  Gen.  W.  H.  .San  Francisco. .  .U.  S.  A West  Point. . . 

Frink,  M.,  Jr Dutch  Flat Brown  Univ 

Frisbie,  W.  R San  Jos(5 Merchant...  Yale 1858 

Fry,  Gen.  J.  B San  Francisco. .  .U.  S.  A West  Point 

Callaway,  R.  M San  Francisco. .  .Merchant. . .  .Yale 1858 

Galloway,  Jas.  E San  Francisco Miami  Univ 1844 

Gamble.  Alex San  Francisco. .  .Merchant. . .  .Colby  Univ 1847 

Gamble,  John Oakland Colby  Univ 1851 

Garcelon,  S.,  M.  1). .  .Oakland Bowdoin  Med 1830 

Gardner,  J.  T U.  S.  Expl.  Exp.Topograph'r 

Garter,  Chas.  A Shasta Lawyer Coll.  of  Cal 1866 

Garter,  Hon.  E Shasta Lawyer Honorary 

fiassman,  J.  II Stockton Clergyman 

Gatch,  T.  "M Portland,  Or.  .  .  .Teacher Ohio  Wesl.  Univ 

Gates,  Freeman San  Josd Teacher Coll.  of  Cal.,  M.  A. .  1S67 

Gear,  Hiram  L Downieville  ....  Lawyer Marietta 1863 

tieary,  Edward  R  . . .  .Albany,  Or Clergyman. .  .Jefferson 1S31 

Geary,  J.  F.,  M.  D. .  .San  Francisco. .  .Physician. . .  .I.ond.  Univ 1S42 

Cicnung,  A.  W San  Francisco. .  .Cust.  House.  Wesl.  Univ 1846 

(Jibbons,  E.,  M.   D. .  .Oakland Physician 

Gibbons,  II.,  M.  D..  .San  Francisco. .  .Physician. . .  .Univ.  Penn 1S29 

Gibbons,  II.,  Jr.,  M.  D..San  Francisco ...  Physician  ..  .Univ.  Pacific 1863' 

(libbons,  William  . . .  .Alameda Law  Student. Coll.  nf  Cal 1867 

Clibbons,  W.  P.,  M.  D.Alameda Physician Univ.  N.  Y 1845 

(iibbs,  Fred.  A Sacramento Merchant. . .  .Harvard 1850 

( iibson,  M.  M San  Francisco. .  .Clergyman 

Gilcrest,  S.  F Oakland Lawyer Honorary' 

(liles,  J.  II San  Jos6 Clergyman   .  .Bristol,  Eng 

Gillespie,  Rev.  E.  J. .  .Sonoma Teacher Cumberland  Coll 

(ilascock,  John  R.    ...Oakland Coll.  of  Cal 1865 

( jlascock,  Wm.  H. . .  .Oakland Lawyer Honorary 

Goodwin,  H San  Francisco . .   Clergyman  ..Union 

Goodwin,  Hon.  Jno.  N.Arizona Ter.Delcgate.Dartmouth 1844 

(joodyear,  W.  A San  Francisco. .  .Min.and  Civil 

Engineer.  .Yale,  Ph.  B 1863 

Gough,  H.  D Napa Teacher Dickinson 185S 

(iraham,  Robert San  Francisco. .  .Clergyman  .  .Bethany 

Gray,  Geo.  D San  Francisco Amherst 1865 

Gray,  Giles  H San  Fr.ancisco. .  .Lawyer Coll.  of  City  of  N.Y.  1853 

Gray,  Henry  M San  Francisco.  .  .Merchant. . .  .Dartmouth 

Green,  Wm.  II Stockton Lawyer Bowdoin 1863 

Grovcr,  Hon.  !>.  F. .  .Portland,  Or. . .  .Lawyer Bowdoin 1844 

( Irover,  W.  A. ,  M.  D.  San  Francisco. . .  Physician ....  Berkshire  Med 1843 

<  Jrubbs,  Francis  A. . .  .Salem,  Or Professor  . . .  .Willamette  Univ. .  . .  1863 

Gunn,  L.  C.    San  Francisco. .  .Internal  Rev. 

Office Columbia 1 829 

T,  _       A       , ,  IT    c    T?     1    17       S  Mining  En- 1  Yale,  Ph.    B 1863 

Hague,  Arnold U.  S.  Lxpl.  Exp.  i         •    "^  -1  r-     1 

**  (      gmeer.  . .  (  r  reiburg 

Hague,  James  D U.  S.  Expl.  Exp.  Geologist 

Ilaight,  II.  H San  Francisco. .  .Governor. .  .  .Yale 1844 


APPEXIUX.  417 

Name.  ResUence.  Occupation.  Collft^e.  Year. 

Hailc,  Henry,  M.  D.  .Alanuda I'liysiciaii Middlelniry 1823 

Hr.ll,  II.  E Stockton Union 

IIalleck,MajGen.II.\VSan  Francisco. .  .U.  S.  A Union  and  West  Point... 

Hamilton,  li Idaho  City,  I.  T.  Clergy  man  ..Univ.  Mich 1848 

Hamilton,  L Oakland Clergyman  ..Hamilton 1S50 

Handy,  D.  C,  M.  D.. Angel  Island Toland  Med 1865 

llanna,  Jos.  A Corvallis,  Or. . .  .Clergyman  ^ 

1  lanson,  T.  C,  M.  D.Oakland Physician. . .  Toland  Med 1867 

Hardy,  Jacob Oakland Real  Estate.  .Honorary 

Hardy,  Lowell  J.,  Jr.. Oakland Coll.  ofCal 1866 

Harkness,H.W.,iM. D.Sacramento Physician Berkshire  Med 1847 

Harmon,  Rev.  S.  S. .  .Oakland Prof.  Pac.  F. 

College..  .  .Union 1843 

1  larpending,  O.  G. . .  .Forest  Grove Professor Rutgers 1864 

1  larris, .Stephen  R.M.DSan  Francisco. .  .Physician 

Harrison,  R.  C San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer Wesl.  University. ...  1853 

Ilarte,  F.  Bret San  Francisco. .  .Mint Honorary 

Hartson,  Hon.  C Napa Lawyer Hamilton 

Harwood,  William  D.Oakland Editor Coll.  ofCal 1S66 

Hastings,  Horace  M.  .San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer Union 1857 

Hatch,  V.  W.,  M.  D  .Sacramento Physician Union 

Hathaway,  E.  V.,^L D.San  Francisco. .  .Merchant Brown  University 

Haven,  E.  D  Oakland Teacher Hamilton 1865 

Head,  E.  F San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer Harvard  Law 1842 

Henderson,  E.  P Belpassi,  Or. . .  .Teacher Waynesburg 

IIendrickson,C.R.,DDSan  Francisco. .  .Clergyman 

Ilendrie,  J.  W San  Francisco. .  .Merchant. . .  .Yale 185 1 

Henry,  IL  A.,  D.  D..San  Francisco. .  .Clergyman  ..England '835 

Herrick, Portland,  Or Univ.  Vermont 

Hickman,  Lewis .Stockton Merchant. . .  .Coll.  N.  J 1852 

Higby,  Hon.  W Mokeliimne  Hill.M.  C Univ.  Vermont 

Ilillebrand,  Henr>'. . .  .Oakland City  Clerk. .  .Coll.  of  Cal.,  M.  A.  .1867 

Ilillycr,  C.  J Virginia  City. . .  .Lawyer Yale 1850 

Hilton,  Rev.  S San  Francisco. .  .Editor 

Hinchman,  A.  F San  Francisco..  .Lawyer Harvard 1845 

Hittell,  J.  S San  Francisco. .  .Editor Miami  University. .. .  1843 

Hittell,  T.  H San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer Yale 1S49 

Hodges,  Lt.-Col.  II. C.Vancouver,  W.  T.U.  S.  A West  Point 

Hoffman,   Hon.  O San  Francisco. .  .U.  S.  District 

Court Columbia 

Hogc,  Col.  J.  P San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer Jefferson 1829 

Hoitt,  Ira  G   San  Francisco. .  .Teacher Dartmouth ii6o 

liolman,  Geo.  P Salem,  Or Lawyer 

Hopkins,  C.  T. . . . . .  ..San  Francisco. .  .Insurance.  . .  .Univ.  Vermont 1847 

Houghton,  Hon.  J.  F.Sacramento Surv.General.Rens.  Institute 184S 

Howe,  J.  M Sacramento Teacher 

Howell,  Lieut.  R.  G 2d  U.  S.  Artil. West  Point 

lluddart,  R.  T.,  M.  D.San  Francisco. .  .Teacher Trinity,  Dub 

Hughes,  Capt.  W.  B.  .Fort  Yuma U.  S.  A West  Point 1856 

Huntington,  C.  A Olympia,  W.   1" Univ.  Vermont 

Ilurd,  I.  N San  Francisco. .  .Clergyman 

Huse,  Chas.  E Santa  Barbara. .  .Lawyer Harvard 1848 

Hyde,  Jer.  D Santa  Cruz Lawyer Williams 1859 

Irvine, "S.  G Albany,  Or Clergyman  .  .Ohio  Univ 1844 

Irving,  H.  P  San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer •  •  • 

Irwin,  William Yreka Merchant Marietta 1S48 

Janes,  Elijah Oakland Teacher Coll.  ofCal 1865 

Janes,  H.  B San  Francisco.  .  .Lawyer  ''niv.  Vermont 1838 

-7 


418  HISTORY  OF   THE   COLLEGE   OF  CALIFORNIA. 

Name.  Residence.         Occupation.  College.  Tear. 

Janes,  Capt.  Lcroy  L 2d  U.  S.  Artil.West  Point 

Jarboe,  J.  K San  Francisco, .  .Lawyer Yale 1855 

Jennings,  Joel San  Francisco. .  .Merchant. , .  .Williams 

Johnson,  J.  A Santa  Barbara. .  .Clergyman  .  .Bangor  Theol 

Jolmson,  John  W McMinnville . . .  .Teacher Yale 1862 

Johnson,  Sidney  L.. .  .San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer Yale 1827 

Jones,  Addison Santa  Clara Clergyman  .  .Dennison  University 

Jones,  Hon.  L.  F Mariposa Lawyer Wesl.  University. . . .  1846 

Jones,  Maj.  R San  Francisco. .  .U.  S.  A West  Point 

Jones,  R.  E Redwood  City Colby  University. . . .  1862 

Jones,  W.  L Eureka Clergyman  .  .Bowdoin 1849 

Jordan,  Maj.  W.  II gih  U.  S.  Inf. West  Point 

Kellogg,  L.  M San  Francisco.  .  .Cust.  House. Columbia 1848 

Kc.logg,  Martin Oakland Prof.  Coll.  of 

California..  Yale 1S50 

.  K  .'.y,  J.  K Dalles,  Or Lawyer Coll.  N.  J 1839 

Kcndig,  Daniel .San  Francisco . .  .  Clergyman  . .  Univ.  of  Penn 1844 

Keycs,  W.  S San  Francisco Yale 1S60 

Kil.iournc,  Lieut.  C.  E.San  Francisco. .  .U.  S.  A West  Point 

Kiiiiberlain,  J.  M Santa  Clara Professor.  . .  .Dickinson 

UiLtg,  Clarence Head  U.  S.  Expl. 

Exp. ,40lh Parallel Yale,  Ph.  B 1862 

King,  Gen.  John  H. .  .San  Francisco. .  .U.  S.  A West  Point 

King,  Rev.  R.  M Alamo Teacher Nashville  Univ 

Kingsley,  Calvin  S.. .  .Bannock  City.  .  .Clergyman  .  .Univ.  Michigan 

Kinney,  Capt.  S.  11  ...San  Francisco. .  .2d  U..S.  Artil.West  Point 

Kip, Kt. Rev. W.L, D.D.San  Francisco. .  .Clergyman  .  .Yale 1S31 

Kip,  William  I.,  Jr. .  .San  Francisco. .  .Merchant. . .  .Yale i860 

Kirkiiam,  Gen.  R.  W.Oakland U.  S.  A Wesl  Point 

Kirklaud,  Rev.  Thos.  .San  Francisco ...  Teacher . .    ..Univ.  Edinboro 

Klink,  N.  B Vallejo .Clergyman..  .Union 1849 

Knowlton,  Eben San  Francisco. .  .Teacher Amherst i860 

Knox,  L  W San  Francisco. .  .Iron  Works.  .Honorary 

Knox,  II.   E San  Francisco. . .  Dentist Philadelphia 

~i.aine,  T.  II San  Jose Lawyer Univ.  Pacific 1858"" 

Lake,  Delos .San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer  Coll.  ofCal.,  M.  A..1S65 

Lander,  C.  W Martinez Lawyer Walervillc (i^. .  .1S54 

Lander,  J.  H Los  Angeles Lawyer Harvard 1849 

Landcsman,  John  . . .  .San  I'rancisco. .  .Lawyer 

I*',  jc,  L.  C,  M.  D . . .  San  Francisco . . .  Physician 

Lr  Towe,  M.  D Austin,  Nev.  . .  .Lawyer Yale 1S54 

Lawrence,  Jos.  E San  Francisco.  .  .Editor Columbia 1S42 

I^iiwrence,  E.  A .San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer Univ.  Michigan 1S40 

L:'\  res.  Prof.  Aug. . .  .San  I'Vanc'sco. .  .  Auliiur i 

Lippinscott,    B.  C  . . . .  Portland,  Or. . . .  Clergyman. .  .Dickinson 

Lipiiitl,  Rev.  E.  S. . .  .Petaluma Teacher Wesl.  University. . . .  1S47 

Litl'.e,  Col,  W.  C  . . .  .Oakland Honorary 

Livcrmore,  II.  G Folsom Bar.ker Colby  Univ 

Livingston,  H.  B San  Francisco. .  .Editor Williams 1844 

Lockwood,  J.  A,,M.D,Napa Physician. .  .  .Union 1830 

Lock  wood,   T.  W San  Francisco. . .  Printer .....  Univ.  N.  Y.  City . . .  .1854 

Loomis,  Rev.  A.  W,  ..San  Francisco. .  .Missionary   to 

Chinese  . .  .Hamilton 1S41 

Lord,  Lieut.  J.    II. , .  ,.S.in  Francisco.    .2d  U.  S.  ArlikWest  Point 

Loucks,  Lieut.  M.  R 2d  U.  S..\rti!.West  Point 

Lovct t,  I  Ion.  W,  E . . . .San  Juan I .awyer .  . . .- 

Low,  1  Ion.  Fred.  F . . ,  San  Francisco . . .  Merchant ....  1  lonorary 

Lowndes,   A,  S San  Francisco. . .  Merchant , . .  .Oxford 1848 


APPENDIX.  xv^ 

Name.  Residence.  Ocaipatiou.  Colic  e.  Year. 

Lucky,  Rev.  W.  F San  Francisco. .  .Teacher M'Kendree  Cul] 184 1 

Ludlow,   James  V San  Francisco. .  .Clergyman..  .Univ.  Rochester 1S61 

Lull,  Louis  R San  Francisco . . .  Lawyer Univ.  Vermont 1846 

Luplon,  Samuel  L San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer Dickinson 1853 

Lyle,   A.  F San  Francisco Coll.  of  Cal '.  .1864 

Lyman,  Horace Forest  Grove,  Or.l'rof.  Pac.Uni. Williams 

Lyon,  Hon.  Caleb Idaho  Territory.  .Gov.  of  Ter. .  Univ.    Vermont . 

McAllister,  Cutler San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer Columbia 1854 

McAllister,  Hall San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer Vale 

McCann,  I*".  J Marysville Lawyer Mt.  St.    Mary's 1S45 

McChesney,  J.  B Oakland Teacher Union 

McClure,  Rev.  David. Oakland Teacher Delaware 1S48 

McCormac,  Johnston .  Eugene  City,  Or.Clerg}TOan. .  .Trinity 1853 

McCreary,   II.  C Sacramento Vale 1865 

McCullough,  Robert.  .Vreka Clergyman. .  .Belfast  Coll.,  Ireljind 

McCullough, Hon.  J.G.Sacramento Atty. -General 

McDonald,   C.  B Salem .Editor Dickinson 1847 

McDonald,  James  S.  .Sacramento Clergyman. .   Miami  University 1859 

Macguwan,  Dr.  D.  J.Shanghae N.  Y.  Coll.  1'.  and  S. .  . . 

McFarland, lion.  S.B.Nevada Lawyer 

Mclntyre,  Capt .  S .  B 2d  U.  S.  Artil.West  Point 

McKaig,  \V.,  D .    D . . Marysville Clergjman 

McKee,    Hon.  S.  B.  .Oakland Lawyer 

McKee,  W.  R San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer 

McLaughlin,  Rev.  J . .  Red  BlufT Teacher Illinois 1857 

Maclay,  W.  J Napa Clcrg}'nian. . .  Dickinson 

McLean,  Edward Oakland Merchant .Vale 'S43 

McLean, J.  T., M.D.San  Francisco.    .Surv.  of  Port.Wesl.  University. ..  .1845 

McMillan,  R.,  M.  D.San  Francisco. .  .Physician '. . 

McMonagle,  J.  H San  Francisco. .  .Clergyman..  .Knox 1S57 

McRuer,  Hon.  D.  C.San  Francisco. .  .Merchant. ..  .Honorary 

Mann,  Azro  L San  Francisco. .  .Teacher Middlebury 1860 

Marr,  Rev.  J  .  II San  Francisco.    .Clergyman 

Marrincr,  R.  K .San  Francisco. .  .Teacher Colby  Univ 1855 

Marsh,  .S.  II.,  D.   D.Forest  Grove,  Or.Pres.  Pac.  Un.University  Vl 

Marshall,  Maj.  L.  H.Idaho  Territory.  .14th  U.  S.  I. West  Point 

Martin,  J.  M Abingdon 1859 

Martin,  Rev.  B.  T. .  .Oakland Mint Honorary 

Martin,  II.  A Bear  Valley Univ.  N.  V.  City   .  .1854 

Maryc,  Lieut.  W^  A.   Benicia U.  S.  A West  Point 

Massey,  A.  P San  Francisco Yale,  Ph.  B 

Merrill,  Annis San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer Wesl.    Univ 1835 

Merrill,  Geo.  B San  Francisco. . . Lawyer I larvard 1S59 

Merritt,  Sam'l,  M .  D  .Oakland Merchant Bowdoin  Med 1S43 

Mesick,   Hon.  R.  S. .  VirginiaCity,NevLawyer Vale 

IMiel,  Prof.  Chas Sari  Francisco. .  .Teacher Univ.  France 1838 

Miller,  W.  G.,  M.  D. Grass  Valley Physician. . .  .Hobart  Free i860 

Mills,  Rev.  Cyrus  T.  .Benicia Teacher \\  illiams 1S44 

Mooar,    Geo Oakland Clergyman  .  ..Williams 1851 

Moore,  Eliot  J San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer Marietta 1S45 

Moore,   Gideon  E Virginia City,NevChcmist Yale,  Ph.  B 1861 

Moore,  Henry  K San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer Dartmouth 1S61 

Moore,  James  B San  Francisco. .  .Merchant University  Vl 1842 

Moore,  |os.  H San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer Woodward 

Moore,    J.  P San  Francisco.  .  .Clergyman. .  .Colby  University 

Moore,   f-  Preston San  Francisco.  •  . Merchant College  N .   J 

Moore,  N.  W San  Francisco. .  .Teacher Brown    University 

Moore,  Robert  S San  Francisco. .. Reporter Yale 1859 


420  FITSTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

Name.  Residence.  Occupation.  College.  Year 

Morrison,  James, M.  D.San  Francisco. .  .Physician. . .  .Harvard 1845 

Morris,  Maj.  Wm.  G. Suscol Harvard  Law 1854 

Morse,  Aug.,  Jr Martinez Teacher Trinity 

Mosher,  Rev.  W.  C.  .San  Francisco. .  .Teacher Union 1844 

MuHge,   B.   F Benicia Lawyer Wesl.  University.  . . .  1805 

Miilk'  y,  Marion  F Portland,  Or Lawyer Yale 1S62 

■"Murphy,  James,  M.  D.San  Francisco. .  .Physician. . . .  University  Pacific.  .. .  1861 

Naphtaly,  Jos San  Francisco Yale 1 863 

Newcomb,  W. ,  M.   D.  Oakland Physician ....  Castleton  Med   1 832 

Nichols,  Elijah San  Francisco . . .  Lawyer Rutgers 

Nichols,  James  San  Francisco . . .  Lawyer 

Nicholson,  A.  S Stockton Teacher 

Niles,  Hon.  A.  C Nevada  City Lawyer Williams 1852 

Nooney,  Prof.  Jas. . .  .San  Francisco. .  .Mining  Eng'r.Yale 1838 

North,  Hon.  J.  W. ..  .Virginia  City ...  .Lawyer Wesl.  University. ...  184 1 

Northrop,  D.  B San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer University  Vt 1844 

Nutting,  H.  N Redwood  City. .  .Teacher.  . ; .  .Colby  University. . . .  1863 

Nye,  Stephen  G San  Leandro  . . .  .Lawyer Alleghany   1858 

O'Connell,  Capt.  J.  D 14th  U.  S-  L.West  Point 

Oliver,  Aug.  W San  Jos6 Lawyer Bowdoin i860 

Olmsted,  J.  C San  Francisco.  .  .Merchant. . .  .Williams  i860 

"^wen,  Hon.  J.  W. . .  .San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer University  Pacific  . . .  185S 

Palmer,  C.  T.  H Folsom Banker Yale 1847 

Parker,  Alex Los  Angeles Clergyman  .  .Oberlin 

Parsons,  Lf vi San  Francisco . .  .  Lawyer 

Peabody,  W.  F.,  M.D.Santa  Cruz Physician 

Peachy,  Hon.  A.  C . . .  San  Francisco . . .  1-awyer 

Pearson,  Wm San  Francisco. . . Custom HouseYale 1S41 

Peck,  A.  W Vallejo Clergyman  . .  Madison  University 

Peck,  Geo.  H San  Francisco.  .  .Merchant. . .  .University  Vt   1837 

Peirce,  Edward San  Francisco Harvard 1866 

Perrin,  — ,  M.  D Physician Toland  Med 1865 

Phelps,  J.,  D.  D San  F"rancisco. .  .Clergyman  . .  Union 1838 

Pierce,  C.  C Placerville Clergyman 

Pierpont,  Jas San  Francisco . .  .  Clergyman  . .  Hamilton 

Pierson,  Geo.,  M.  D.  .Brooklyn Clergyman  .  .Illinois 1S4S 

Piatt,  Lieul.-Col.  E.  R 2d  U.  S.  Artil.  West  Point 

-^tomeroy,  A.  E San  Jos6 University  Pacific 

Pond,  Wm.  C Petaluma Clergyman  .  .Bowdoin 1848 

Pool,  I-awrencc  J San  Francisco Rutgers 

Pope,  C.  H Benicia Clergyman  . .  Bowdoin 1S62 

Porter,  Norman San  Jos(5 Merchant. . . .  Union 1844 

Poston,  R.  E Marysville Land  Office.  .Coll.  of  C^al 1868 

Potter,  Geo.  C Oakland Engineer  ....  Rens,  Institute 1840 

Powell,  Leonard Salem,  Or Teacher Delaware   

Power,  Frank Nevada  City.  . .  .Teacher Univ.  Mich 1856 

Powers,  (jeo.  H.,  M.  DSan  Francisco.  .  .Oculist Harvard 

Pratt,  Amasa San  Francisco. .  .Teacher Williams 1865 

Pratt,  Hon.  O.  C San  Francisco.  .  .Lawyer Honorary 

"-Prevost,  J.  R San  Jos(5 Santa  Clara i86i 

Pringle,  E.  J San  Francisco.  .  .Lawyer Harvard 1845 

Putnam,  R.  F San  F'rancisco . .  .Clergyman  

Pyle,  T.  W Salem,   Or Clerk P'armers"  Ohio 1864 

Reno,  Gen.  Marcus  A.Vancouver,  W.  T.U.  S.  A West  Point 

Quinlan,  A.  G.,  M.  D.San  Francisco. .  .Physician. .  ...Jefferson  Med '844 

Rankin,  Ira  P San  Francisco I  lonorary 

Rayle,  P.  W.  S Napa Lawyer Missouri  Univ 1854 


APPENDIX.  421 

Name.  Residence.  Oattpation.  College.  Year. 

Reardon,  T.  H San  Francisco . . .  Lawyer Kenyon 1 859 

Reddington,  A Sacramento C.  S.  N.  Co.Honorar)-.  ........!.. ._ 

Reed,  J  ohn Santa  Clara Farmer Williams . ! !  1848 

Rees,  C .  W Loyalton Clergyman  .  .  Kalamazoo 

Reynolds,  J  .  M Placerville Lawyer ! . ! ! 

Reynolds,  Hon.  S .  F. . San  Francisco . . . Lawyer Union isji 

Rhodes,  Hon.  A.  L...SanJost? Sup.  Court..  .Hamilton. .... ...... 

Rice,  D.  W.  C,  >L  D.San  Francisco. .  .Merchant Union 

Richardson,  H Oakland Clergyman  .  .Dartmouth 1841 

Rising,  Willard  B Oakland Prof.CoU.Cal.  Hamilton 18O4 

Rising,  Hon.  R.  S Virginia  City Lawyer Coll.  City  N.  V 

Ri.\,  Hon.  Alfred San  Francisco . .  .Lawyer Univ.  Vermont 1848 

Roberts,  — San  Francisco. . .  Banker Coll.  City  N.  Y 

Rodgers,  Maj.  J.J 2d  U  .  S.  Arti.West  I'oint 

Rodgers,  James San  Francisco. .  .Cust.  House.  Wesl.   University 1847 

Rosecrans,  Gen.  \V.  S.San  Francisco. .  .U.  S.  A West  Point 

Rosier,  Charles. Michigan  Bluff.  .Merchant University  Paris 1843 

Ross,  J .  W Sacramento Clerg)'man 

Rowell,  C .,  M .  D San  Francisco . . .  Physician 

Rowell,  Joseph San  Francisco. .  .Seamen's 

Chaplain  . .  Yale i  S48 

Rowell,  W.  K Oakland Teacher Dartmouth 1855 

Sample,  D.  R Marysville Lawyer Mich.  University 

Sanborn,  S.  S Oakland Lawyer Dartmouth 1863 

Sanderson,  Hon.  S.  W.Placerville Sup.  Court- 

Sanger,  Charles,  W. .  .San  Francisco. .  .Sec-  W.  Pacf. 

R.   R.  Co. Union 1856 

Sargent,  Hon.  A.  A. .  .Nevada  City Lawyer Coll.  of  Ma.  .\L  A. . .  1865 

Sawtelle,  H.  A San  Francisco. .  .Clergyman  ..Colby  University  ...1854 

Sawyer,  A.  V. ,  jNL  D.  .  San  Francisco .  . .  Physician ...    Harvard 1 849 

Sawyer,  Hon.  E.  D. .  .San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer Coll.  of  Cal.  M.  A.  ..i860 

Sawyer,  Hon.  L San  Francisco. .  .Sup.  Court  .  .Honorary 

Saxe,Arthur, W.,M.  D.Santa  Clara Physician. . .  .Wesl.  University 

Schultz,  Oakland .Merchant. .  .  .University  Pesth 

Scott,  Chalmers San  Francisco.  .  .Lawyer University  N.  Y.  City. . .  . 

Scott,  H.  W Portland,  Or.  ..  .Editor Pacific  University 1863 

Scott,  Wm.  H Grass  Valley Oberlin 1861 

Scudder,  H.  M.,  D.D.San  Francisco. .  .Clergyman. .  .UniversilyN.  Y.  City. 1840 

Sea  well,  James  M. . .  .San  Francisco.  .  .Lawyer Harvard '^55 

Seawell,  Gen.  W San  Francisco. .  .U.  S.  A West  Point 1825 

Selfridge,J.  M.,M.  D.Oakland Physician Jeff.  Med 

Selwood,  J.  A Salem,  Or Willamette  Univ^. .  1S66 

Selwood,  J.  R.  N Salem,  Or Teacher Willametfe^TTnTv. . .  '.iSGO 

Sessions,  John,  D.  D.. Oakland Clergyman  .  .Dartmouth 1822 

Seymour,  F San  Francisco Amherst 1867 

Seymour,  B.  N Haywood Clergyman  .  .Williams 1852 

Shafter,  Hon.  J.  McM.San  Francisco ...  Lawyer Wesl.  University 1838 

Shafter,HonO.L.LLDOakland Sup.  Court. ..  Wesl.  University 

.Sharp,  W.  H San  P'rancisco .  . .  Lawyer 

Shattuck,  Hon.   E.D.Portland,  Or Sup.  Court. .  .University  \t 

Shearer,  Lewis Oakland Lawyer Harvard   Law 1855 

Sheil,  Hon.  Geo.  K...  Salem,  Or Lawyer Miami  University. ..  .1842 

Sheldon,  Rev.   H.  B.   San  Francisco O.  Wesl.  University.  185 1 

Sherman,  Geo.  E Colusa Coll.  of  California. ..  1865 

Shorb,  J.  C,  M.  D .     San  Francisco -St.  Mary's 

Shorb,  J.  DeB San  Francisco St.  Mary's 

Sibley,  J.  M San  Francisco. .  .Teacher Yale 1843 


422  HISTORY  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

Name.  Resilience.  Occuf>alioii.  College.  Year. 

Simonds,  Rev.  S.  D  .  .San  Francisco. . . Editor 

Simpson,  S.  C Salem,  Or Lawyer Willamette   Univ. . .  .1864 

Simson,  Robt San  Francisco . . .  Lawyer Columbia 

Sinex,  T.  IL,  D.  D. .  .Santa  Clara.  .    .  .Pros.    Univer- 
sity Pacific. Asbury  University.  .    1842 

Skinner,  J.  A Stockton Clergyman  .  .Hamilton 1857 

Slater,  N Liberty Clergyman  . .  Union 183 1 

Smith,  Elbert  J Stockton Co.  Surveyor.  Yale 1847 

Smith,  J.  C.  F San  Francisco Amherst 

Smith,  Sidney  V.,  Jr.  .San  Francisco Vale 1865 

Smith,  Wm.  M .San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer Miami  University. . . .  1837 

Snodgras,  W.  J Orodell,  Or Merchant   . .  .Farmers'  Ohio 1S63 

.Snowden,  R.  B Redwood  City. .  .Clergj'man   .  .Williams 1854 

Soule,  A.  G.,  M.  D. . .  San  Francisco. . .  Physician. .  .  .  Berkshire  Med 1846 

Soule,  Frank San  Francisco Wesl.    University. ...  183S 

Southard,  Hon.  J.  B . .  Petaluma Lawyer 

Stanly,  lion.  E San  F'rancisco. .  .Lawyer University  N.  C 

Starr,  M.  B Saticoy Clergyman 

Stebbins,  Alfred San  P'rancisco. .  .Librarian,Mer 

Library  .  .  .  Amherst 1S60 

Stebbins,  Horatio.    . .  .San  Francisco. .  .Clergjman   . .  Harvard 1S48 

Stillman,  J.  D.  B.,  M.DSan  Francisco. .  .Physician.  . .  .Union 1S43 

Stinson,  J.  H Portland,  Or. . .  .Teacher College  N.  J 

Stivers,  C.  A.,  M.  D.  .San  Francisco. .  .Physician. . .  .Toland  .Med 1S65 

Stoddard,  Chas.  W. .  .San  Francisco. .  .Author Honorary 

Stone,  A.  L.,  D.  D. .  .San  Francisco. .  .Clergyman  .  .Vale 1837 

Stone,  D.  C Marysville Teacher Marietta 1846 

Sloy,  W.  H i'ortland.  Or. . .  .Clergyman  

.Strong,  Geo.  H. .  .    .  .San  Francisco Dartmouth 1859 

.Strong,  Wm Portland,  Or. . .  .Lawyer Vale 1S38 

Stump,  J.  W Carson  City,  Ncv.Clergj'man 

Swett,  Hon.  John. . .  .San  Francisco. .  .Teacher Coll.  of  C.il.,  M.  .'\.  .1865 

Swezey,  S.  L  C San  Francisco.  .  .Lawyer Coll.  of  Cal. ,  NL  A.  .  iSGs 

Sykes,  D.  E Nevada  City Vale 1838 

Sykes,  L.  W.,  ^L  D.  .Santa  Clara Physician. .  .  .Amherst 

Tail,  Geo Oakland Real  Estate. .  j  Univ.  Va 

I  Coll.  ofCal.,M.Ai.  1867 

Taylor,  Col.  J.  McL.  .San  Francisco. .  .U.  S.  A West  Point 

Taylor,  Rev.  T.  E Oakland H.  M.  Agent. Middlebury 1S44 

Temple,  Jackson San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer Williams 1851 

Tcnbroeck,!'.(i..S.,.M  DSan  F'rancisco. .  .U.  S.  A 

Tcnny,  W.  A San  Francisco. .  .Clergyman  . .  Bangor 1856 

Thatcher,  T Cache  Creek  ....  Clergyman   

Thayer,  A.  E San  Francisco.  .  .  Lawyer Harvard 1842 

Theobalds,  W.  W   . .  .San  Francisco.  .  .  Editor 

Thomas,  E.,  I).  D. . .  .San  Francisco. .  .Editor 

Thomas,  F.  F San  Francisco. .  .Chemist Yale,  Ph.  B 1866 

Thompson,  Lewis Astoria,  Or Clergyman  .  .Centre 

Thompson,  Hon.  R.  A.San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer 

'Ihorne,  L  N   San  F'rancisco  .  .Lawyer Union 1S43 

Thr()ckmorton,S.lv.,Tr.San  Francisco Vale 1S63 

Tidb.ill,  Gen.  J.  C. .' 2d  U.  .S.  Anil. West  Point 

Tilden,  W.  P.,  M.  D..Chico Physician 

Toland,  H.  H.,  M.  l)..San  Francisco. .  .I'res.    Toland 

Med.  Coll 

Tompkins,  I'.dwaiil.  .  .Oakland Lawyer t'nion 'S34 

Tompkins,  \i.  A.,  ^L  !>.(  irnss  Valley  .  .  .  .Physician. . .  .Geneva  Med 


APPENDIX.  : '^"^[^  ' 'MT^^ 

Name.  Residence.  Occupation.  College.,    ^^f.yEK.SITY 

Towusend,  Clarence  F.Saii  Francisco Coll.  of  Cal . . . Nsj^iiflBORNl^ 

Townsentl,  J  as.  15  ...  ..San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer Honorary ^""-7^7 

Tozer,  C.  W Virginia  City. . .  .Lawyer Univ.  Midi 

Tracy,  Chas.  T Uownicville Lawyer.    ...Coll.  of  Cal 1864 

Tr.ask,  Edward,  M.  D.San  Francisco. ..  Physician Univ.  N.N' '^39 

Trask,  J.  B.,  M.  l)...San  Francisco.  .  .I'liysician Yale  Med 1859 

Tread  well,  J.  V San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer Harvard 1844 

Trenor,  D.  E.,  M.  D.  .San  Francisco. .  .I'hysician. . .  .Columbia l8i)2 

Turner,  Hon.  Geo Carson  Lily,  Nev. Lawyer Washington 1848 

Turner,  Henry  H.   . .  .Woodland Teacher Yale 1858 

Turner,  W.  S Napa Teaclier Asbury  Univ 

Tuthill,  Rev.  L> Santa  Clara. .. .    I'rin.    Female 

Coll.  Inst. .  Univ.  N.  Y.  City ....  1854 

Tuthill,  M.  T Sacramento Editor Hamilton 1S50 

Tuttle,  Hon.  Chas.  A.Oakland Report.  Supr. 

Court Coll.  of  Cal.,  .M.  A..1S66 

Tyler,  Edwin Michigan  Bluft".  .Banker Ya|e 1S4S 

Tyler,  Geo.  W. ....  ..San  Francisco. .  .  Lawyer Harvard  Law 1S57 

Underhill,  Hon.  H.  B.Stockton Lawyer Amherst 

Van  Doren,  Prof.  W. .  Visalia Teacher 

Van  Wyck,  J.C.,M.  D.Oakland Physician Univ.  .Md 1S4S 

Veeder,  Rev.  P.  V.  ...San  Francisco.  . .  Prin.    Univer. 

College.. .  .Union 1S46 

Ver  Mehr,  T- L.,  Ph.D.  Sonoma Clergyman  ..Univ.   Leyden 

Voorhees,  |.  H San  Francisco Coll.  N.  J 1S41 

Vose,  Capt.  W.  P 2d  U.  S.  Artil.  West  Point 

Wadsworth,  C,  D.  D.San  Francisco.  .  .Clergyman   . .  Union 1837 

Wadsworth,  E.  M Yreka Phy.sician 

Wainwright.Lt.ColKABenicia U.  S.  A West  Point 

Walker,  L Oakland Clergyman 

Walker,  Hon.  Asa Brooklyn Lawyer 

Wallace,  C.  C Placerville Clergyman  ..Univ.  N.  V.  City 1853 

Walsworth,  Rev.  E.  B.Oakland Clergyman  ..Union 1844 

Ward,  Hubert  C Vale,  I'h.  B.. 1S62 

Warren,  Rev.  J.  H... San  Mateo A.   H.   M.  .S. 

Agent  . .  .   Knox 1847 

Waterman,  F.  H San  Francisco Univ.  Vt 1S54 

Watson,  Sereno Sacramento V.ale 1847 

WV-lmore,  C.  A Oakland NewsReport'rColl.  of  Cal i8()8 

Webber,  L.  P Santa  Clara. .    .  .Clergyman   .  .Williams 

Webster,  Geo.  G Forest  Hill Banker Vale 18.^7 

Weeks,  F.  L.,  M.  D.  .San  Francisco. .  .Physician Toland  .Med 1805 

Weeks,  Lt.  Col.  G.  H.Sitka U.  S.  A West  Point 

Wells,  S.  T Brooklyn Clergyman  ..Union 1839 

Wellsi  Wm.  R.,  M.  D.Petaluma Physician Harvard 

West,  C.  N Santa  Cruz Clergyman  ..  Alton 

Webb,  M.   S San  Francisco Harvard.. 1863 

Wetherby,  Hon.  O.  S.. San  Diego Lawyer Miami  Univ 1836 

Wheeler,  Lieut. ..San  Francisco. .  .U.  S.  A West  Pomt 

Wheeler,  O.  C San  Francisco. .  .Clergyman  .   Madison  Univ 1843 

Whitcomb  A.  C San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer.    .  ..Harvard 1S47 

White,  A.  F Carson  City,  Ncv.Clergyman  . .  \\  abash 104.? 

Whitei  E.  L San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer Harvard 1854 

White,  Wm Watsonville Teacher Williams 1858 

Whiting,  W.  P.  C San  Fr.ancisco. .  .Lawyer Univ.  Mich 

Whitman,  Hon.   B.  C.  VirginiaCity,  NevLawyer llarvard. . . 1840 

Whitney,  Geo.  E .San  Francisco ...  Lawyer Wesl.   University  ...  1857 


224  HISTOR  V  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

Name.  Residence.  Occupation.  College.  Year. 

Whitney,  Jas.  P.,  M.D.San  Francisco. .  .Physician. . .  .Jefferson 1834 

Whitworth,  Rev.  G.  F.Seattle,  W.  T. .  .Pres.   Univer. 

Wash.  Ter 

Wiggin,  Marcus  P Alameda Law  Student. Coll.  of  Cal 1867 

WiJles,  D.  E Brooklyn Clergyman  .  .Yale 1850 

Willey,  Rev.  S.  H Oakland VicePresident 

Coll.  of  Cal.  Dartmouth 1 845 

Williams,  Andrew. . .  .San  Francisco.  .  .Lawyer Union 1819 

Williams,  Gardiner  F.  .Oakland Coll.  of  Cal 1865 

Williams,  J.  F Martinez Lawyer 

Williams,  .Samuel San  Francisco. .  .Editor Williams 1851 

Williams,  Prof.  W.  f. G.San  Francisco. .  .Teacher 

Williamson,  Lt. Col.  RSSan  Francisco. .  .  U.  S.  A West  Point 

Willis,  P.  L Salem,  Or Lawyer Willamette  Univ 1865 

Wilson,  Chapen Santa  Cruz Lawyer Union 

Wilson,  Chas.  A San  Francisco Amherst 1S54 

Wilson,  D.  S San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer 

Wilson,  Cien.  Jas San  Francisco.  .  .Lawyer Middlebur}' 1820 

Wilson,  Lieut.  J.  E 2d  U.  S.Artil.West  Point 

Wilson,Ilon.J.G.  LLDDalles,  Or Sup.  Court. .  .iNIarietta 1846 

Wilson,  Jas.  H San  Francisco Harvard i860 

Wilson,  .S.  M San  Francisco . . .  Lawyer 

Winans,  J.  W San  Francisco.  .  .Lawyer Columbia 

Withington,  Jas.  H. .  .San  P'rancisco Har\-ard 1865 

Wittram,  Chas San  Francisco. .  .Lawyer Union 1850 

Woodbridge,  S.,  D.  D. Benicia Clergyman  . .  Union 1830 

Woods,  Lt.-Col.  Saml.  Oakland U.  S.  A West  Point 

Woodward,  Luther  T.Jacksonville,  Or. Clergyman  .  .Wabash 1817 

Wright,  C.  K Downieville  Middlcbury 

Wyatt,  C.  B San  Francisco.  . .  Clergyman 

Wychc,  Hon.  J.  E. . . .  Washington  Ter.U.  S.  Judge.. Granville 

Wylie,  James Napa Clergyman  .  .Coll.  of  Cal. ,  M.  A.  .1867 

Wylie,  Jas.  S San  Jos(5 Clergyman   .  .College  N.  J 1861 

Wylie,  Richard Napa Clergyman  .  .College  N.  J .  1861 

Wyman,  H .  N San  Francisco Amherst   

Wythe,Rev.J.H.,M.D  Salem,  Or Pres.      Willa- 
mette UnivDickinson 1854 

Wythe,  Wm Salem,  Or Willamette  Univ 1866 

Young,  R.  S. ,  M.  D  .  .San  Francisco. . .  Physician.  .  .  Harvard 1833 


i 


INDEX. 


J'Af.E. 

Aijricultural,  Mining,  anil  Mechanical  Arts  College 205 

Altii  California  on  the  Completion  of  the  Preliminary  Water-works  for  Col- 
lege of  California 301 

Alumni  Association  Planned — Difficulties  in  the  Way  of  it — How  Overcome     97 

Alumni,  List  of,  Present  at  First  Alumni  Meeting 264 

Alumni  Meeting — The  First  General  Description  of  It icx) 

Alumni  of  the  College  of  California,  List 245 

Alumni  Resident  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  1867 4'2 

Alvord,  William,  Committee  on  Application  to  P.  NL  S.  S.  Co 143 

Anderson.  Rev.  W.  C,  Pres.  Board  of  Trustees  of  College  of  California.  66,     So 

Anniversary — First  of  College  School,  1858 37 

Off-hand   Speeches 39-52 

Anniversary,  1859 54 

Anniversar)',  1861 74 

Anniversary,  1862 81 

Anniversary,  1863 87 

Apparatus  Needed  but  Not  Forthcoming 204 

Aspinwall,  W.   H. — Interview  with 14 

Barnard,  Pres.  W.  E. — Letter  to  the  Associated  Alumni 318 

Bell,  Garrett  W. — Death  of  and  Memorial  Resolutions  on 149-150 

Hell,  Rev.  Samuel  B.,  Academy  Trustee,  1853 8 

Petition  for  College  Charter 12 

Trustee  First  Board 12 

Bellows,  Rev.  Dr.  H.  W.— Alumni  Speech,  1864 270 

Benton,  Rev.  Joseph  A. — Proposed  Trustee,  1849 5 

Academy  Trustee,  1853 8 

College  Trustee,  1855 12 

Poem,   1858 38 

Speech  at  College  School  Anniversary,  1S58 47 

Suggests  Names  for  Streets  in  Berkeley '  5 ' 

Commencement  Oration,  1868 222,  380 

Benton,  Hon.  J.    E.— Alumni  Speech,   1864 3^5 

Berkeley— The  Name  Selected '52 

Site  Selected 3^ 

Publicly  Set  Apart 66 


426  INDEX. 

PAf;E. 

Streets   Named 151 

Water  Introduced 200 

Berkeley  Property — Attention  Required  for  Its  Protection  and  the  Further 

Security  of  the  Use  of  the  Water 105 

Billings,  Frederick,   Proposed  Trustee,  1849 5 

Applies  for  Charter 6 

Trustee  First  Board 12 

Speech 68 

Donor 68 

Leaves  California 103 

Names  the  Town  I'.erkeley 152 

Interviewed  Whether  He  Would  Accept  the  Presidency 103 

Regret  at  Transfer  of  the  College  to  the  State 215 

Blake,  Prof.  W.  P.,  Appointed  to  Professorship  of  Science 102 

Blakeslee,  Rev.  S.  V.,  Obtains  Promise  of  Land,  1849 4 

Proposed  Trustee 5 

Blatchley,  J.  S.— Alumni  Speech,  1864 293 

Booth,  Newton,  Orator  at  First  Commencement,  1864 99 

Bray  ton,  Rev.  Isaac  H.,  Appointed  Principal  of  College  School 58 

Appointed  Professor 73 

Letter  as  to  the  Vice- Presidency 78 

Term  Report ...     90 

Buys  College  School 107 

Increases  the  School 165 

Brewer,  Wm.  II.,  Elected  Professor  of  Natural  Science,  1863 — His  Letter  of 

Acceptance 86 

Goes  to  Yale 102 

Briggs,  Rev.  Dr.  M.  C. — Degree  of  D.D.  Conferred  on  Him 126 

Speech  before  the  Alumni  Meeting,  June,  1867 188 

Brockway,  Judge^ — Speech  at  Alumni  Meeting,  June,  1867 192 

Brummagim,  Mark ." 12,     37 

Buel,  Rev.  F.,  Poet  before  Alumni  Meeting,  1866 153 

Buildings  Erected  in  Oakland,  and  Subscriptions  for  the  .Same 37 

I'uildings,  New  and  More  of  Them  Retjuired 77 

Ihtllttiii,  Comments  on   Examinations,  Fall  Term,  1863 93 

Burns'    i\.anch  Chosen  as  the  Agricultural  Farm  and  Site  of  College  liy  the 

State  Commission 205 

Bushnell,  Rev.  Horace,  Comes  to  California 16 

Is   Chosen  President 17 

Letters  of 17-20 

Appeal 21-34 

C.italogue— Of  College  and  College  .School,  1S62  63 84 

Record  of  Numbers  in  College  and  College  School,  1865-66 130 

Champion,  Aristarcus — Interview  with 15 

Charier     Our  .Application  Denied  — Why 6 


INDEX.  427 

lAi.K. 

Churches,  Protestant,  in  California  in  1850 6 

Class,  the  F"irst  to  Prepare  for  College 35 

First  Freshman,  Examined  for  Admission — Names  o(  Members,  Kank  of 

Scholarship — Addressed  by  Hon.  Sherman  Day 67 

"  College  Blocks  "  Purchased  for  the  College  School 9 

Commencement — the  First,  1864 loi 

The    Second,   1S65 116 

The  Third,  1866 153 

The  Fourth,  1867 175 

The  Fifth,  1868 222 

Commencement — The  First — Special  Preparation 96 

Concentration,  Lack  of  in  the  Support  of  the  College  in  1S66-67 173 

Congregational — General  Association  of  California  Receive  a  Report    of  a 

Committee  Concerning  the  College  of  California, 110 

Constitutional  Convention,  Monterey,  1849— College  Consultations  There..        3 

Contributions  to  the  College  of  California,  Analysis  of 240 

Coon,  Hon.  H.    P.,  Alumni  Speech,   1864 274 

Speech  at  Anniversary,  1858 40 

Crane,  W.  W.,  Esq.,  Mayor  of  Oakland — Speech  before  the  Alumni  Meeting, 

June,    1867 191 

Crockett,  J.  B 39 

Crowell,  W.  L.,  Poet  before  the  College  at  Commencement,  June,  1S65. . . .    121 

Curriculum,  1863-64 88 

Day,  Hon.  Sherman,  I'roposed  Trustee 5 

Trustee  First  Board 12 

Address  to  First  Class 68 

Superintends  .Survey  for  Water-works .    171 

Remarks    at    Alumni    Meeting;,    1868,    on    the    Death  of   His    I-'ather, 

Pres.  Jeremiah  Day 227 

Alumni  Speech,  1864 277 

Day,  Pres.  Jeremiah,  Letter  to  the  Associated  .\lunini 313 

Remarks  on  Death  of 226  230 

I  )egrees.  Honorary,   Conferred,    1S65 126 

1866 152 

1867 175 

List 245 

Dodge,  \Vm.   E.,  Interview  with '4 

Durant,  Rev.  Henry,  .\rrives  in  California 8 

Takes  Possession  of  School  Building 10 

College  Trustee,  1855 12 

Anniversary  Speech,  1858 49 

Appointed  Professor 5^ 

Donor 68 

Term    Report 9  • 

"  «'        109 

"       «45 


428  INDEX. 

PAGE. 

Alumni  Speech,    1866 157  - 

College  Oration 321  r 

Dwindle,  Hon.  John  W.,  Presides  at  Alumni  Meeting,  1867 175 

Presides  at  Alumni  Meeting,  1866 154 

Opening  Speech 176 

Mis  "  Project"  for  a  University  Law 219 

Alumni  Speech,  1864 290 

Dwinell,  Rev.  I.  E. — Committee  Report  on  Examination,   1865 127 

Alumni  Oration,  1868 222,  397 

Eells,  Rev.  James,  D.  D.,  Speech  at  Alumni  Meeting,  June,  1867 184 

Project  for  a  University  Law 218 

Examination,  Winter  Term,  1864-65,  Scheme 108 

Faculty — Organization  of. 56 

Choice  of  Professors  Durant  and  Kellogg 56 

List 244 

Faculty  Reports  to  Trustees 109 

Fall  Term,  1866-67,  Number  of  .Students 170 

Fclton,  John  B.,  Anniversary  Address  before  the  College  School,  185S...3S,  252 

Orator  before  the  First  Meeting  of  the  Associated  Alumni 98 

Financial  Problem — Growing  Difficulty 1 30 

Its  Perplexing  Aspect,  1866-67 167 

Funds  Running  Short  in  1866-67 — Reasons  Why 173 

Funds  Sought  at  the  Fast — Professor  Kellogg  Appointed  to  Apply  for 69 

Gibbons,  Dr.  Henry,  Alumni  Speech,  1864 294 

Glascock,  John  R.,  .Speech  at  Alumni  Meeting,  1866 163 

Haight,  Henry  H.,  Governor 215 

Haight,  Judge  F.  M.,  Alumni  Speech,  1864 280 

Hamilton,  Rev.  L.,  Alumni  Speech,  1S64 279 

Harte,  Bret,  Poet  at  the  Alumni  Meeting,  June,  1867 375 

His  Poem  at  First  Commencement,  1864 375 

Hawes,  Hon.  Horace,  Asked  to  Give  to  the  College,  but  Declines 142 

Hitchcock,  Rev.  Dr.  R.  D.,  Elected  President  of  the  College,  1864 103 

Declines 1 50 

Homestead  Plan — How  It  Originated,  How  It  Was  Carried  Out,  and"  How- 
It  Solved  the  Water  Problem 106 

Hopkins,  President  Mark — His  Indorsement  of  the  College  Basis 70 

Hunt,  T.  Dwight 8,  I2 

Incorporation  of  the  College,  1855,  the  Declaration,  Names  of  Petitioners 

and  Trustees 12 

JiiJi/'cndent,  The,  of  New  York,  Comments  on  the  College  and  its  Impor- 
tance    65 

James,  H.  B.,  Speech  at  Anniversary,  1858 42 

"  Jumpers,"  Trouble  with 9 

Kellogg,  Rev.  Martin,  Appointed  Professor 56 

Pamphlet   I'ublished  at  the  East,  with  Indorsements  of  Leading  Edu- 
cators  69-73 


INDEX.  420 

PAGE. 

Seeks  Funds  in  the  East 69 

Term  Report 91 

"       109 

Faculty  Records 145 

Term  Report 147 

Alumni  Speech 1 94 

King,  Rev.  T.  Starr,  Anniversarj-  Address,   1S62 82 

Kip,  Bishop  W.  I.,  Indorses  the  College  Basis 70 

Annual  Address  before  the  College,  1863 87 

Speech  before  the  Alumni,  1866 155 

Letter  to  the  Associated  Alumni 318 

Kittredge,  Rev.  A.  E.,  Alumni  Speech,  1S64 2S7 

Lacy,  Rev.  E.  S.,  Speech  at  College  School  Anniversary. . .   44 

Setting  Apart  the  College  Grounds 66 

Loses  Health  and  Leaves  for  Foreign  Travel 104 

Regret  at  Transfer 215 

Larkin,  Thomas  O i 

Law  for  College  Charters,  1856   6 

Laws  of  the  College  of  California 59-63 

Legislature  Visit  University  Site  at  Berkeley 217 

Lick,  James,  Solicited  to  Give  to  the  College ...  142 

Livingston,  H.  B.,  Alumni  Speech,  1864 302 

Low,  Gov.  F.  F.,  at  Alumni  Meeting,  June,  1867 175,  177 

Conversation  with,  about  the  University  Plan 207 

Lyle,  Albert  F.,  Speech  at  College  School  Anniversary,  185S 50 

Lyman,  Chester  S.,  Proposed  Trustee,  1849 5 

Maclay's  University  Bill 220 

Marsh,  Pres.  S.  H.,  Letter  to  the  Associated  Alumni 319 

McClure,  David,  and  E.  S.  Lacy,  Report  of 52 

McDowell,  General,  Speech  before  Alumni,  June,  1865 119 

Speech  at  the  Alumni  Meeting,  June,  1867 183 

McLane,  Allan,  Donation  P.  M.  S.  S.  Co.  as  President 143 

McLean,  Edward 12,  18,  66,  68,  242,  244 

Mooar,  Rev.  Dr.,  Speech  before  the  Alumni  Meeting,  June,  1867 181 

Navigation  Company,  California  Steam,  Donates  Liberally 143 

Nevada  Journal,  Comments  on  the  College  and  its  Basis 64 

Nevada  Meeting  Indorses  the  College  Project 8 

Olmsted,  Fred  Law,  Landscape  Study  of  College  Grounds 108 

Is  Engaged  to  Make  Topographical  Survey 126 

Suggests  Town  Names 151 

Plan  Reviewed 209 

His  Completed  Report 334 

"  Organic  Basis  "  of  the  College 57 

Pacific  Mail  Steamship  Company  Makes  the  Largest  Single  Donation 143 

Pacific — The  Remarks  on  the  Condition  of  the  College  School,  1859 54 

On  the  Members  of  Faculty 56 


430  INDEX. 

PAGE. 

Account  of  Anniversary,  1862 , .     81 

Of  Commencement,   1864 100 

Of  Commencement,  1865 121 

Educational  Articles 132-141 

On  P.  M.  S.  S.  Donation 143 

On  the  College  School  for  1865-66 165 

On  College   Water-works 198,   200 

On  the  Transfer  of  the  College  to  the  State 215 

Palmer,  C.  T.  li.,  Poet  at  the  Meeting  of  Alumni,  May,  1S64 98 

Park,  Prof.  Edwards  A.,  Indorses  the  College  Basis 71 

Plan  of  Work  Adopted,  1862-63 85 

Pond,  Kev.  W.  C,  Committee  Report i  ro 

Presbytery  of  San  P'rancisco  Approve  Action  tf)  I'uund  a  College 5 

Presidency — Endowment 85 

Property,  Estimate  of,  in  1862,  in  Oakland  and  in  Berkeley 84 

Rankin,  Ira  P.,  Elected  Trustee — Speech,  College  School  Anniversary 43 

On  Committee  on  Site 37 

Among  Donors 37 

Alumni  Sjieech,  1864 3ro 

Regents  of  the  University  of  California,  Organized 245 

Accept  the  College  of  California 246 

Religion  in  the  College  and  College  School — Some  Memoranda  Made  at  the 

Time 114 

Report  of  Examiners,  1S58 52 

Report  of  Examiners,  Rev.  Dr.  ]  »uini.ll  and  Rev.  Mr.  Pond,  to  Trustees.  .  .    127 

Report  of  Faculty,  1861-62,  to  the  'J'rustees 81 

Report  of  Faculty,  1865-66 145 

Reports  of  Faculty  to  Trustees,  Covering  the  Fall  Term,  1863 89  93 

Report  of  Vice-President  Relative  to  Hindrances  and  Interruptions 113 

Report  of  Vice-President  t'>  Trustees,  June,  1862 82-84 

June,  1865 123 

June,  1868 237 

Review  of  Entire  Work  of  College 237 

Ridge,  John  R.,  Poet,  Anniversary,  1861 77 

Rising,   Willard   B.,  Comes  from    Michigan    University  to   Teach    Natural 

Science 1 99 

Robert,  Christopher  R.,  Interview  with 14 

Rogers,  Rev.  Dr.  VV.  M.,  Letter  Concerning  the  Organization  of  a  Colitgc       2 

Sanborn,  Prof.  E.  D.,  Letter  to  the  Associated  Alumni 314 

Sawtelle,  Rev.  H.  A.,  Speech  at  the  Meeting  of  Alumni 193 

Sawyer,  Hon.  Loren/.o,  Alumni  S|)eech,  1S68 ...    231 

School,  College,  Anniversary,  1866,  Account  Given  by  the  riuijic 165 

Anniversary,  June,  i860 73 

Commenced  in  Oakland,  1853 8 

Sold  to  Professor  Brayton 104 

School-huiise  First  Rented  in  Oakland 9 


INDEX.  ^.  UNlvWfl.SITY 

Schools,  Common,  Organizcil  in  San  Francisco,  185 1 ;  —  7 

Sectarian  Breeze,  Mow  Met 57 

Seminary,  Young  Ladies',  at  Benicia,  1852 7 

Sliafter,  Hon.  O.  L.,  Orator  before  the  Ahimni,  1866 153 

Shctld,  Kev.  Dr.  W.  G.  T.,  Elected  President,  1862 86 

Declines 102 

Sill,  Y..  R.,  I'oel  before  the  Alumni,  June,  1S65 1 16 

Silliman,  Prof.  B.,  Speech  before  Alumni  Meeting,  June,  1867   179 

Orator  at  Commencement,  1S67 175 

Letter  to  the  Associated  Alumni 317 

Simson,  Robert,  Petitions  with  Otliers  for  College  Charter 12 

Is  Appointeil  on  First  Board  of  Trustees 12 

Smith,  Prof.  Henry  B.,  Indorses  the  College  Basis 70 

Letter  to  the  Associated  Alumni 315 

Society  "for  the  Promotion  of  Collegiate  and  'Iheological  Education  in  the 

West  "  Indorses  the  College 15 

Slebhins,  Rev.  H.,  D.  D.,  Orator  before  Alumni,  June,  1865 116 

Orator  before  the  College,  1866 153 

Stevens,  Bishop  W.  B.,  Indorses  the  College  Basis 72 

Stiles,  Anson  G.,  Committee  on  Application  to  P.  M.  S.  S.  Co 143 

Stokes,  James  and  K.  II.  Dimmick,  Ofler  Land  (df  College  .Site  in  San  Jo^m-       4 

Stone,  Rev.  Dr.  A.  L.,  Orator  before  the  Alumni  Meetin;^,  June,  1S67 175 

Presides  at  Alumni  Meeting,  1868 223 

Alumni  Oration 360 

Storrs,  Rev.  R.  S.,  Indorses  the  College  Basis 72 

Strawberry  Creek  Utilized 168 

Sturtevant,  Pres.  J.  M.,  Letter  to  the  Associated  Alumni 314 

Subscriptions  Made,  Names  and  Amounts 68 

Survey  Comprehending  the  Whole  Property,  Size  of  Homestead   Lots,  Price 

and  Terms  of  Payment — Water  Supply  to  Be  Furnished 107 

Swelt,  Hon.  John,  Alumni  Speech,  1864 303 

Tappan,  Dr.  II.  P.,  Chancellor  Michigan  University 206 

Thompson,  Rev.  J.  P.,  Indorses  the  College  Basis 71 

Todd,  Dr.  John,  Letters  from  .Michigan  University 206 

Tompkins,  Hon.  Edward,  President  at  P'irst  Alumni  Meeting 99 

Presides  at  Second  Alumni  Dinner,  June,  1865 — Speech  Reporteil 117 

Remarks 225 

President  at  Second  Alumni  Meeting 116 

President  of  Alumni  Meeting,  1864 263 

Address 267 

Transfer  of  the  College  to  the  State,  Motive  of 217 

Resolutions  for 211 

Trustees  Agree  to  Aid  the  Vice-President  in  Securing  Income 170 

Trustees,  Board  of  Academy,  1853 8 

Trustees,  First  List  of  Names  Proposed 4 

Second  List .        5 


432  INDEX. 

PAGE. 

List  of,  from  1855  to  1870 242 

Officers   of 244 

Trustees,  First,  of  College  of  California 12 

Trustees,  Meetings  of 66,  210,  237 

Trustees,  the  Large  Number  of  Able  and   Kxpericnced  Members  Lost  from 

the  Board,  in  1864 103 

Turner,  Hon.  George,  Alumni  Speech,  1864 282 

Tuthill,  Dr.  Franklin,  Alumni  Speech,  1864 297 

Twining,  Kev.  Kinsley,  Report  Examining  Committee no 

Alumni  Speech,  1864 307 

University,  the  Idea  of  Organizing  One 205 

Influence  Due  to  College  of  California  in  Organizing 208 

Pattern  Idea  of  a  University,  That  of  Michigan 207 

Organized 215 

Bill  Signed 221 

Vanderbilt,  Commodore — Interview  with 14 

Vice-President  Appointed,  Rev.   S.  II.   Willey — Letters  Concerning  Action 

of  the  I'rustees  and  the  Reply 78,  79 

Walsworth,  Rev.  E.  B.,  Applies  for  College  Charter 12 

Appointed  on  the  First  Board  of  Trustees 12 

Speech,  College  .School  Anniversary 45 

Alumni  Speech,  1864 309 

Water  Company  Organized f68 

Water  Supply  Acquired  by  the  Water  Company,  Value  of 172 

Water  Supply  and  Properly  Improvement  at  Berkeley 167 

Whitney,  Prof.  J.  D.,  Anniversary  Address,  June,   1861 .  .   74-76 

Chairman  of  State  Commission  to  Report  on  Agricultural  College. 205,  206 

Wild  Cat  Creek  Measured,  and  a  Survey  Made  to  Bring  It  in 169 

Court  Authorizes  Use  of  Its  Waters 172 

Willey,  Rev.  S.  H.,  Proposed  Trustee 5 

Trustee  First  Board 12 

Appointed  Secretary 15 

Speech  at  College  School  Anniversary,  1858 46 

Appointed  Vice-President 79 

Report  to  Trustees,  1862 82 

Term  Report 93 

Alumni  Initiation 98 

Annual  Report,  1865 123 

Vice-President's  Report   127 

Removal  to  Berkeley   131 

Inauguration  of  Water-works 200 

Woolsey,  President — His  Indorsement  of  the  College  Basis 69 

Work,  Inside  View — Scheme  of  College  Exercises 88 

Wright,  General  George,  .\lumni  Speech,  1864 286 


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